text, and then examines the work itself. The historical criticisms not only examine the work itself but also examine the work in relation to others work from the same
author or different authors from the same periods. Two important factors in this approach are: first, accuracy in the historical presentation is important for the
historian, but not necessarily to the author and second, work of literature might have historical significance but not necessarily literary significance.
b. The Psychological Approach
This approach sees a work of literature from a different knowledge. This approach is offered by Sigmund Freud and his followers. This approach tries to
locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns by analyzing the structure and dreams. The dreams can be the symbols that can be interpreted in individual’s
experience. The individual’s experience related to individual’s behavioral patterns. To find the behavioral patterns, the reader should not take part for the
whole and reduce a piece of literature. The reader should avoid reading a piece of literature as a case study because it will be used to analyze the psychoanalysis of
the author. In this study, the writer used the socio-cultural historical approach and
psychological approach. These approaches are suitable in this study, since this study analyzes how Ammu struggles to get her equality in the caste society.
2. Character and Characterization
Character is one important element in a story. Character makes the story become interesting to the reader. Characters are often defined as the individuals
who appear in a story Stanton, 17. Every character brings some mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principal that build them in a story to be the
believable person. Rohrberger and Woods Jr. state another opinion. He states that character
must be credible, which means a character must be believed as a believable person by the reader 20. Every character has different personalities and appearances
that differentiate every character in a story. According to Murphy 161-173 there are nine ways to understand a
character. There are: a. Personal Description
The character can be understood from their appearances and clothes. The reader can understand the character from the author’s description.
b. Character as seen by another The author describes the character from others character opinion. The author
helps the reader to understand the character by revealing other character opinion about the character being observed.
c. Speech The readers are able to know the character more deeply from what the
character says. When the character speaks, gets involved in a conversation, or gives opinion, the character gives some clues about his character.
d. Past life When the author reveals some past memories, the author guides the reader to
find what circumstances or tragedies that shaped a person’s character. This PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
can be done from the direct comment of the author, through the person’s thought, conversation or through the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others From the other characters’ conversation, the author tries to help the reader to
know about a character more deeply. What the other character talks guide the reader to find the clue of the character.
f. Reactions The reaction of a character in facing some events and situation can be the
other way to find a person’s character. How he faces the situation and events can reveal his real character.
g. Direct comments The author’s direct comments on a character can describe the character.
h. Thought The author gives the reader insight of a character by letting the reader knows
what the character is thinking about. i. Mannerism
The author description of a character mannerism and habits also tells the readers about the character.
A story will be nothing without characters. To help the reader understand a story better, the author creates the character. They create the character that will
appear in the story. The process of making the character is called characterization. As states by Rohrberger and Woods, characterization is a process by which an
author creates a character 20. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Through a character, a reader can experience what character does. According to Henkle 86, characterization is central to the fictional experience. It
means that characterization is the principle objectives of characters in novel that enables the reader to understand and experience the people.
3. Struggle
