Review of Related Studies

journal. This article created the survey of qualifications of AIDS patients. How AIDS came to the United States and the statistics of the originated people who came from Europeans, Africa and Asia, and the cause of AIDS at that time which is still unknown. According to this journal, there are some indication of a person that gets this disease. There are also some effects on the public. Many AIDS victims have been fired from their jobs, driven out from their home by terrified and ashamed families, and abandoned by similarly disposed lovers. The body of patient often disowned by family, and even the funeral director refuse to the handle their bodies as seen in the The Normal Heart the movie. The media have played a role in feeding the public a huge amount of sometimes misleading information. Eventually, most AIDS patient only contacted with their nurse with their masks, and gloves. The effects of the attitudes towards the patient are horrible. From subtle cognitive changes, lack of sex drives and withdrawal from the society, this journal helps the researcher to show the impact of AIDS in New York from the Psycho – Social Aspects since AIDS is not simply a concern for scientists, doctors and medical researchers, it has important social dimensions as well. And from the data of this journal helps the researcher to analyze other aspects aside from the loss of the New York citizens Problem Formulation no.1. The third entry of the related studies is a dissertation written by Jessica De Young Kander entitled: Reading Queer Subtext in Children’s Literature: Finding LGBT Voices in Literature for Children and Young Adults. This project is about how the children and adolescent especially those with lesbian, gay, bisexual andor transgendered LGBT identities to find depictions of queerness in subtext underlying seemingly ―straight‖ texts. This journal analyze on how these children and teenagers can see children books as a queer literary work. The researcher uses five children‘s texts: Ferdinand, Elmer, Ivy and Bean, Speak, and Harry Potter. These examples are used to illustrate binaries in our culture between what is considered normative the expected norm and identities that are labeled as deviant in opposition to the constructed norms. She uses Queer theory as a ‗surgical equipment‘ to identify the children literature one by one. As a result, each of the children text which can identify as a ‗straight‘ text can be seen as a Queer text also. The dissertation by Jessica De Young Kander helps the researcher to use the Queer theory as an analytical tool as seen on her dissertation.

B. Review of Related Theories

Here are some of the theories that are necessary to support the analysis.

1. Queer Theory

Queer can be adjective, a noun, or a verb. In widespread use, it is most commonly an adjective, meaning ―not normal,‖ or, more specifically, not heterosexual Dilley, 1999: 37. Queer is by definition whatever is at odds with the normal, the legitimate, the dominant. There is nothing in particular to which it necessarily refers. It is an identity without an essence. Queer then, demarcates not a positivity but a positionality vis-à-vis the normative Halperin, 1997: 62. Queer theory is a field of post-structural critical theory that emerges in the early 1990s. Queer theory is grounded in gender and sexuality. The theory mostly derived from post-structuralist theory and deconstruction and was originally associated with radical gay politics of ACT UP, OutRage And other groups which embraced queer as an identity label that pointed to a separatist, non-assimilations politics Blackburn, 1996: 31. ‗Drawing on both Michael Foucault and Jacques Derrida, queer theory explores the ways in which homosexual subjectivity is at once produced and excluded within culture, both inside and outside its borders ’ Namaste, 1994: 229 . Queer theory is grounded in gender and sexuality. Due to this association, a debate emerges as to whether sexual orientation is natural or essential to the person, as an essentialist believes, or if sexuality is a social construction and subject to change Barry: 2002, 139-155. The essentialist feminists believed that genders have an essential nature e.g. nurturing and caring versus being aggressive and selfish, as opposed to differing by a variety of accidental or contingent features brought about by social forces‖. Due to this belief in the essential nature of a person, it is also natural to assume that a persons sexual preference would be natural and essential to a per son‘s personality. Blackburn: 1996: 34. Queer theory attempts to maintain a critique more than define a specific identity . The Queer theory started by the statement that there is no ‗natural‘ sexuality- a traditional accorded to heterosexuality- there is no stable relationship between biological sexuality.