2003: 50 explains that in order to communicate well in another language, one has to make herself understood by people she is speaking with. Of course this is
such a difficult task to do especially at the beginning and intermediate level.
b. The Process of Speaking
Rivers 1968: 158 explains that learning a foreign language is more than learning the description of it. Nevertheless, speaking and listening are involved in
the process. Therefore, it is necessary to know what are involved in the process. Shannon and Weaver as cited in Rivers 1968: 158 provide the model of
communication system as follows:
Signal Received signal
Information source
Destination Receiver
Transmitter Transmitter
Information source
Noise Source
Figure 2.1: The Process of Communication System Rivers, 1968: 158 c. Teaching Speaking
In order to do the research to teach speaking to the twelfth grade students of SMA Stella Duce Bantul, the theory of teaching speaking was explored. The
theory that becomes the basic understanding to speaking that involves learning by doing some principles will be described below.
Rivers 1970: 160-162 explains that to teach speaking skill, it is necessary to have the understanding of the process involved in speech. Teaching speaking
skill is more demanding on the teacher than the teaching of any other language skill. Accordingly, it is necessary for the teacher to give the students opportunities
to practice the speaking skill. Furthermore, they will develop greater and greater skill in encoding their thoughts even in a complicated foreign language speech.
Time by time, their native speech habits also reassert themselves when they try to express their messages in the foreign language. Teaching speaking is sometimes
considered as a simple process because it is totally natural. Nevertheless, according to Nunan 2003: 48 teaching speaking as a foreign language is
anything but simple. People who learn a foreign language from textbooks often sound bookish when they speak.
In recent years there are still many teachers who teach speaking by having students repeat sentences and recite textbook dialogues. Unfortunately, actual
conversation does not sound like the textbook dialogues. People acquiring languages learn the pieces by interacting with other people. Therefore, learners
should interact during lessons. That is why Communicative Language Teaching arose.
Paulstan and Bruder 1976: 56 explain that teaching language skills as speaking is based on Communicative Competence. Communicative competence is
the ability of the speaker to produce and communicate in a target language. Teaching points are to instruct the students or learners how to get the meaning
across and to be able to communicate some referential meaning in the target language.
1. Teaching Techniques
