Background of Study INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Language is one aspect of culture. It expressed the human who use the culture. Linguistic is one of element of culture. If we analyze and describe about language, automatically we must analyze and describe of culture. No one can be separeted from language. It holds an important sociocultural in human life, and it is always used in every activities of human life. Tarigan 987:6 explained that language is the principal modality of human communication and as a tool to convey human activities in the term of communication. Sumarlam 2004:173 states that cohession is semantic relation between one element in the text and some other element that is crucial for its interpretation. This other element must also be found within the text. Cohesion refers to the range of publisities that exist for linking something with what has gone before. Without cohesion the sentence system cannot be effectively activated all. Hassan and Halliday 1976 in their website, www:en.m.wikipedia.orgwiki cohesion_ linguistics, state that cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence. Further Hassan and Halliday 1976 said that kinds of relationship refer to reference, including lexical cohesion and conjunction. Universitas Sumatera Utara Then Halliday and Hassan 1976:298-299 say that cohesion is a necessary though not sufficient condition for the creation of a text. What creates text i textual or text forming, components of linguistic system, of which cohesion is one part. The sentence of a text, however, are related to each other with substantively and by cohesion, and it is a characteristic of a text that the sequence of the sentence can not be disturbed without destroying or altering the meaning radically. Within a text, the meaning of each sentence depends on its environment, including its cohesive relations with other sentences. Cahyono 1995:231 states about cohesion in the context of linguistic follows: “Teks biasanya memiliki struktur tertentu. Struktur itu juga ditentukan oleh kelengkapan struktur kalimat, sebagian faktor yang menentukan kelengkapan struktur kalimat itu diberikan dalam kohesi. Kohesi adalah ikatan-ikatan dan hubungan- hubungan yang ada dalam teks.” Texts usually have certain structure. The structure is also determined by the completeness of sentence structure. Some of the factor determining the completeness of sentence structure is given in the form of cohesion. Cohesion is the ties and ulationship found in the texts. According with Cahyono’s statements, writer should know that the analysis of the cohesive relation will give us a clear view how the speaker conveys his ideas. Besides, we would know what his conveyence is in good speaking or not. Furthermore, the meaning of cohesion Halliday 1994:170 refers to the sources within language that provide continuity in a text, above and over that is provided by clause structures and clause complexes. Therefore, cohesive relations are non-structural relations which help the text to be understood together. Universitas Sumatera Utara Lexical cohesion refers to the relationship between or among word in a text. It is concerned with the content words and primarily related to that field. The field is discovered through the content words within a text. This field tends to have specialized vocabularies and tend to engage in specialized activities. Hassan 1984:320 presents five categories of general lexical cohesion: 1. Repetition Re-iteration including inflection and derivation. Repetition is the act or process instance of repeating or being repeated. Example: Rebecca is in the race on Saturday. Everyone believes that she will win the 2. Synonymy similarity of meaning race. Synonymy is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language. For example: They are taken to the clinic - they are taken to the hospital 3. Antonimy opposite or contrastive meaning . Antonymy is a word having a meaning opposite that of another word. For examples: Wet season - dry 4. Hyponymy classes super ordination and subclasses is a type of season Hyponymy is relation between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of another words. For example: She’ll win a trophy. The prize won’t mean much to her. Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. Meronymy whole part relation Meronymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is subtituted for another with which is closely. For example: Law – family law, civil law, contract law, government law, international law, and compesation law. Cook in Abdul Rani et al. 2006:872 said that penggunaan alat kohesi itu memang penting untuk membentuk wacana yang utuh, tetapi tidak cukup menggunakan penanda katon tersebut. Ada faktor lain seperti relevansi dan faktor tekstual luar extratextual factor yang ikut mennetukan keutuhan wacana. the use of cohesion is important to form a whole discourse, but it is not enough if it uses such katon marker. There are other factors such as relevance and external textual factors extratextual factor that will determine the integrity of the discourse. The short story entitled “A Good Man It’s Hard to Find” is a short of written discourse wich provide the relationships between or among words in a text. In this short story, there are many such as repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy. They are used to give pressure and bolder in a context to describe similarity difference, role, result, position, and interaction. They are also used a way of understanding a text written discourse. The previous explain has motivated the writer to analyze the lexical cohesion used in the short story “A Good Man It’s Hard to Find.” Universitas Sumatera Utara

1.2 Problem of the Analysis