Chapter Three is Research Methodology and Research Findings, which consists of Purpose of the Research, Place and Time of Research, Population and
Sample, Instrument of the Research, Technique of Data Collection, Technique of Data Analysis, Data Description, Data Analysis, Data Interpretation.
Chapter Four is Conclusion. In this chapter, the writer tried to describe some conclusions that related to the problems. The writer also enclosed Appendices and
Bibliography.
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. GRAMMAR
1. Definition of Grammar
According to James R. Hurford in Grammar a Student’s Guide, “Grammar
of language is a conventional system of rules for making and putting together the expression e.g. sentences and phrases that belong to the language.”
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Grammar includes two aspects: the arrangement of words and the internal structure of
words.
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It can be concluded that grammar is the study of rules that defines the way the language manipulates and combines words.
2. Types of Grammar
Kathryn Riley and Frank Parker in English Grammar: Prescriptive, Descriptive, Generative, Performance satated four types of grammar; Prescriptive
grammar is primarily interested in constructing rules of usage for the prestige variety of a language, descriptive grammar is primarily interested in describing
the basic sentence patterns of all varieties of a language, generative grammar is primarily interested in discovering those principles of sentence formation that are
4
James R. Hurford, Grammar a Student’s Guide, Cambridge: Cambridge University,
1994, p. 87
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Graham Lock, Fuctional English Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1996, p.4
part of the human biological endowment. Performance grammar is primarily interested in the effects of context and real-time limitations on language use.
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From the explanations above, the writer agrees with Kathryn Riley and frank Parker that there are four types of grammar; prescriptive grammar,
descriptive grammar, generative grammar and performance grammar.
B. TENSES
1. Definition of Tenses
One of the important things in learning grammar is tenses. In Oxford dvanced Learner’s Dictionary it has been mentioned that “Tenses is any of form
of a verb that may be used to indicate the time of the action or state expressed by the verb.”
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According to Longman Dictionary of American English, Tense is “one of the forms of a verb that shows activities or states in the past, now or in the
future .”
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Michael Swan wrote that tense “the verb-forms which show differences in time are called tenses. Tenses are formed either by changing the verb e.g. know;
work, worked or by adding auxiliary verb e.g. will kno w; had worked.”
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Meanwhile, Otto Jesperson states “Tenses is the linguaistic expression of time- relations, so far as these are indicated in verb forms.”
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Other and more detailed, A.S. Hornby says that “ Tense stands for a verb form or series of verb form used
6
Kathryn Riley and Frank Parker, English Grammar: Prescriptive, Descriptive, Generative, Performance Boston: A Pearson Education Company, 1998, p.3.
7
A. S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary New York: Oxford University
Press, 1995, p. 1231
8
Longman Dictionary of American English, second edition New York: pearson education, 2002, p. 830.
9
Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, Oxford: ELBSOxford University Press, 1980, p. 500.
10
Otto Jesperson, Essential of English Grammar, London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1933, p. 230.
