The Instrument of Collecting Data

F. The Instrument of Collecting Data

In collecting the data, the researcher will use the quantitative data. A reading comprehension test is used as the instrument of collecting data. The type of test is constructed in multiple choice tests. It consist of 20 items questions. The students will

be asked to answer the reading text based on the text given to them in the form of narrative text. If the students are able to answer all the questions given to them will be scored 100 scores. The researcher uses the multiple choice because it has many advantage as explained in chapter II. In multiple choice provides clear cut right and wrong answer this avoids endless organizing and avoids debates about whether a particular answer is correct or no.

To find t he average of the student’s ability related to the quantitative data, the researcher will use a simple formula stated by Depdiknas (2004:15) as follows:

Score  X 100

Which: S = Score

B = the amount of the student’s right answer

= the total number of the questions

Then, the obtained score interpreted to a formula to get the students’ value or the students’ mark written by Cartier 1968; Cziko 1983; Hudson and Lynch 1984;

Bachman 1987; and Brown 1984a, 1988a, 1989a, 1990, 1993, 1995 in Brown (1996: 1-8) as follows:

Obtained score Value 

X 100

Maximum score After getting the students’ value which describes the students’ ability, then the researcher will categorize their ability level as Cartier in Nurgiyantoro (1986: 363)

classifies that 0%-39% is fail, 40%-59% is less, 60%-74% is enough, and 75%-84%

is good, 85%- 100% is very good. To decide the percentage of the students’ ability to comprehend narrative text with answering the questions will be provided by the researcher, the researcher used the formula as Tuckman in Nurgiantoro (1986: 345- 347) formulates:

FB TP(%) 

X100

N Which: TP

: Tingkat percentil FB : Jumlah frequensi kumulatif dibawahnya (jumlah frequensi

dibawah skor yang akan dihitung tingkat percentilnya) N

: Jumlah subjek 100

: Bilangan konstan The criteria of the degree of mastery are: 0%

: Very low

90% - 100% : Very high In this research, the instrument will be tried out at SMP Negeri 1 Idanogawo grade VII-1 to get the validity and reliability. There were some indicators the researcher used, they are:

1. Identifying the characteristic of narrative text

2. Determining the reference from the text

3. Understanding the meaning of vocabulary based on the reading text

4. Understanding the content of the reading text

5. Answering the questions based on the reading text

1. Validity of the Test.

Ary, et al, (2002:227) say, “Validity concerns to the extent to which the scale really measures the attitude construct.” It means, the test is valid if the test really

measures the students’ ability of what they have learnt in advance. If the test cannot measure the students’ ability in this research, the test is invalid and it must be changed with another test.

To know the validity of the test, the researcher will use internal validity (rational validity). It is determined by expert judgement. The researcher will give the sheet of instrument validity test to the qualified teachers or lectures who are competent in languange testing to validate the test.

For more clearly, the ways to fill the sheet of instrument validity test as follows:

1) The qualified teachers or lectures determine “Yes” or “No” whether the test is composed base on the kind of hoped prerequisite.

2) The qualified teachers or lectures determine scoring scale for each kind of prerequisite based on the composing of the test.

3) The qualified teachers or lectures determine the test is valid, valid enough, less valid, or not valid based on the result of their analysis about the est in point 1) and

point 2) above.

If Valid

= 4, means the item can be without any revision Valid enough

= 3, means the item can be used with less revision Less valid

= 2, means the item cannot be used, need a consultation Not valid

= 1, means the item cannot be used.

2. Reliability of the Test

Ary, et ,al, ( 2002:227) say, “Reliability is concerned with the extent to which the measure would yield consistent results each time it is used.” It means, reliability indicates how consistently a test measures whatever it does measure. The reliability of a test concerns its precision as a measuring instrument. It asks whether a test instrument administrated to the same respondents a second time would yield the same result. The test is unreliable if the test result is different when the researcher is testing it again. As gay (2000:170) says, “This illustrated an interesting relationship between validity and reliability: a valid test always reliable but a reliable test is not always valid.” It means, if a test is valid, so it will be always reliable. Because of that, the researcher will not do the reliability test for the research instrument oral test in this research. It is considered the researcher will use internal validity ( rational validity)