Summary BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)

condition, or a necessary condition. The longitudinal single case study or the comparative case study is the second-best strategy for testing a deterministic relation. We will discuss in detail how to design and conduct a theory-testing case study in Chapters 5–7.

4.7 References

Goertz, G. 2003, The substantive importance of necessary conditions, Chapter 4 pp. 65–94 in Goertz and Starr 2003, Necessary con- ditions, theory, methodology, and applications. Oxford: Rowman Littlefield. Goertz, G. and Starr, H. eds 2003, Necessary conditions: theory, method- ology, and applications. Oxford: Rowman Littlefield. Ragin, C. 2000, Fuzzy-set social science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Van de Ven, A.H. 1989, Nothing is quite so practical as a good theory. Academy of Management Review ; 144: 486–489. As discussed in Chapter 4 “Theory-testing research”, case studies can be used to test theory by testing propositions. A test of a proposition is determining whether a hypothesis that is derived from the proposition is confirmed or rejected in an instance of the object of study. A hypoth- esis is confirmed if the observed pattern of scores is the same as the pat- tern predicted by the hypothesis, and rejected if the scores are not the same. Depending on the outcome of the test, the proposition from which it is derived will be supported or not supported. This chapter discusses how to design and conduct a case study in which a proposition with a sufficient condition or a necessary condi- tion is tested. The case study methodology for testing a sufficient con- dition is in almost all respects the same as for testing a necessary condition. The only difference is how a case is selected for the test. In all other respects, the way in which the case study is designed and con- ducted is the same in testing both types of conditions. In this chapter we first present a “How to do” guide to the testing of a sufficient condition or a necessary condition. We then present two examples of actual case studies, which are both presented in the same format as the “How to do” guide. Each example is followed by a “methodological reflection” in which the case study is discussed in detail and evaluated. Testing sufficient and necessary conditions with a case study