CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF REPATED PITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three parts. First part is the criticism for the novel and the source of this study. Second is the review of related theories, contain the
theories to analyze the novel. Third is the framework, it is used to guide in answering the problem formulations.
2.1 Theoretical Regiew
Theoretical review consists of four parts, which are the theory of literature, the theory of critical approach and the theory of personality changes. Theory of literature
explains the meaning of character and characterization. Theory of critical approach discusses the used approach, and theory of personality changes is used to analyze the
changes on the personality.
2.1.1 Theory of Piterature
The theory of literature has a purpose to make easier the process of analyzing the novel. Theory of character and characterization help to recognize the characters that
exist along the story in the novel.
2.1.1.1 Theory of Character
The story of the novel conveys through a character. A character conveys the story through what heshe says, that is the dialogue and what heshe does, that is the
action. Since this study discusses the character of Polly, the theory of character is used.
The writer would like to use the theory of character as stated by Stanton, Holman and Harmon, and Foster.
Stanton :1965: 17-18 divides the characters based on their roles into two. They are major or central character and minor character. A major or central character is a
character that may dominate the whole story and is presented frequently to develop the main story that will never be developed by him. A minor character is presented to
explain and help the other characters especially the major character. He may do important character in the story, yet he is still to be a minor character to help the major
or other characters. Holman and Harmon :1986: 83 divide character into static and dynamic. A
static character is the one who changes little or who does not change at all. Until the end of the story, heshe remains as heshe is in the beginning of the story. It means that the
actions and problems happen on himher does not influence himher to develop hisher characteristic and hisher way of thinking. On the contrary, dynamic character is the one
who changes very often. The character may change to a better character or to a worse character. The changes occur because of the action and the experience that happens to
himher. Some aspects that may changes are behavior, way of thinking, the appearance, and disposition.
Foster, cited in Abrams :1981: 23-24 clarifies a character into two types, namely flat character and round character. A flat character presents without much
individualizing detail and with a little change or does not change at all. The character can be described in a single phase or sentence. A round character has complex aspects
in temperament and motivation. The character is capable surprising the readers because the character cannot be predicted, the character is never static.
2.1.1.2 Theory of Characterization
To get the description of Polly’s character, the writer also uses the theory of characterization. The writer presents the theory of characterization by Redman and
Murphy. By using the theory, the writer is able to get Polly’s characterization clearly.
According to Redman :1964: 363, characterization is the development of a character through what heshe says and does and through what other characters say
about him. Murphy :1972:161-173 mentions nine methods of how the author reveals
the character’s traits. The first method is personal description. In this method, the author describes the character through the person’s appearance and clothes. The
readers are given the telling details, such as the skin, the eyes, the face, and the character’s extraordinary clothing. The way heshe wears can show hisher
personality. The second method is character as seen by another. Instead of describing a
character directly, the author can describe himher through the eyes and opinion of another. The readers understand the character through the others character’s opinion.
The third method is through the character’s speech. The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the person in the book through what the
person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever heshe is in conversation with another, whenever heshe puts forward an opinion, heshe is giving the readers some
clues to hisher character.
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