Statistical Hypothesis RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

essential the same result consistently in different occasion when the condition of the rest remains the same. 1 Instruments Validity The writer uses Pearson Product Formula to calculate the validity of the test and Alpha method in calculate the reliability of the test to achieve the appropriateness of the test. Arikunto, 2009, p.18. The following is the formulation of Pearson Product Formula. Note: r 1 = time score result X and Y for each respondent ∑ = score of test instrument X ∑ = score of test instrument Y ∑ = quadratic score instrument X ∑ = quadratic score instrument Y The validity of each item from the column corrected item total correction r count compare with r table . If r count r table that item is valid or otherwise using α = 0,05. 2 Instrument Reliability To analyze the reliability of the instrument, the writer uses Cronbach Alpha Method. It is used to determine the consistency of the interval among the variables and instruments. �� = � ∑ � � − ∑ �. ∑ � �. ∑ � − ∑ � �. ∑ � − ∑ � r 11 = � �−1 1 − ∑ � � 2 � � 2 Note : r 11 = reliability score ∑ = total variance score = total variance n = item score 3 Validity and Reliability Test of Listening Test Instrument The writer didn’t make the test of Listening by herself; she used from the TOEFL Junior, a test which was made from a trusted institution. So, the writer believes that the test items that have been used for the research are valid and reliable. 4 Validity and Reliability of Learning Motivation Instrument Both validity and reliability of the other research instrument, learning motivation questionnaire, had to be tested as well. The questionnaire consists of 20 items to indicate student intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation. Likert scale was used to me asure students’ responses to series of statement of continuum from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The respondents were offered a choice of five responses with the neutral point to be agreed or disagreed. Each of five responses had numerical value which was used to measure the motivation under investigation. - Validity Test for Learning Motivation Table 3.6 The Result of Validity Test from The Learning Motivation Questionnaire No r Hitung r Tabel Keterangan 1 0,729 0,349 Valid 2 0,913 0,349 Valid 3 0,913 0,349 Valid 4 0,835 0,349 Valid 5 0,835 0,349 Valid 6 0,839 0,349 Valid 7 0,920 0,349 Valid 8 0,845 0,349 Valid 9 0,802 0,349 Valid 10 0,846 0,349 Valid 11 0,799 0,349 Valid 12 0,702 0,349 Valid 13 0,812 0,349 Valid 14 0,880 0,349 Valid 15 0,803 0,349 Valid 16 0,865 0,349 Valid 17 0,891 0,349 Valid 18 0,929 0,349 Valid 19 0,910 0,349 Valid 20 0,625 0,349 Valid If the r account value of one test item was more than the r table, the item was categorized as valid one. The result of validity test showed that r table was 0,349. The result of validity test for the learning motivation instrument from the 20 items showed that all of the items are valid. - Reliability Test for Learning Motivation Questionnaire The reliability test for the learning Motivation questionnaire used Alpha methods, the result showed that from the 20 items in the questionnaire gained good r alpha coefficient which was 0,975. Case Processing Summary N Cases Valid 32 50.0 Excluded a 32 50.0 Total 64 100.0 Reliability Statistics J. The Technique of Data Analysis Technique of data analysis used in this study will be aimed to examine the four statements of hypotheses as mentioned previously. Therefore, the technique that will be used is ANAVA 2 two ways or two dimensional analysis of variance. The purpose of using this kind of technique to get the result about significance differentiate from two independent variables to dependent variable. The independent variables are the A factor which are, Video A1 and Picture A2. The other independent variables are the B factors which are High Motivation Students’ B1 and Low Motivation Students’ B2. Before using ANAVA 2 two ways, there are some steps that must be accomplished, they are: 1. Normality Test Normality test is conducted to know whether the population of Y and X variable are distributed normally or not. In this study, the normality test used Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. Suparman, 2012, p.34. Data is considered normal if F observed F table tested with a significance level α = 0,05. As for the linear data if F observed F table tested with a significance level 2 = 0.05 Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .975 20 2. Homogeneity Test Homogeneity test is used to test the variance homogeneity between Y variable score which is categorized based on the similarity of X score. Homogeneity test in this study is done by the help of SPSS. This is commonly referred to as the assumption of homogeneity of variance. The data research which has been collected from a homogeneous population if adequate significance is α = 0,005. If F observed F table , so it can conclude that the data is homogeny. \

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the effect of video and picture and learning motivation to enhance students’ listening comprehension in the eighth grade students’ of SMPN 8 Tangerang Selatan. Descriptive analysis of data, testing of hypotheses is explained and the findings are discussed.

A. Research Findings 1. The Data Description

As indicated in the previous chapter, the research question generates three hypotheses used to address the difference between the two types of listening instruction with pictures and with video in terms of their effect on students’ scores of listening exercises. This section, however, mainly presents the gathered data and their analysis. The data description was taken from the population with 32 students as sample of the research. The data described in this chapter are: 1 Data of students’ listening comprehension using video, 2 Data of students’ listening comprehension using picture, 3 Data of students’ listening comprehension with high learning motivation, 4 Data of students’ listening comprehension with low learning motivation, 5 Data of listening comprehension of students with high learning motivation using video, 6 Data of listening comprehension of students with high learning motivation using picture, 7 Data of listening comprehension of students with low learning motivation using video, and 8 Data of listening comprehension of students with low learning motivation using picture. The data presented in the data labels. Three variables researched were two independent and one dependent. The independent ones were teaching –learning media and students’ learning motivation. The dependent one was students’ listening comprehension. The data analyzed was obtained from test and questionnaire both of which were scored in numeric. The scores of the test were 1 for a correct answer and 0 for an incorrect one. The total score for listening test was 100, minimum score was 0 and maximum score for listening test was 100 of 42 items of questions. The questionnaire showed respondents’ response to each item of statements by scale which begins from 5 to respond strongly agreement to 1 to show strongly disagreement. The data of listening comprehension test was taken two times that was before and after treatment. Each data contained group scores of students learning by video as an experiment gro up and students’ learning picture as a controlled group. Data of students’ learning motivation was taken once before treatment given. It contained two group data of learning motivation of students in video and picture class. In next discussion, the data of each group were simply labeled as what in the table below. 53 Table 4.1 The Data Labels No. Label Meaning 1 A1 Data of students’ listening comprehension using video 2 A2 Data of students’ listening comprehension using picture 3 B1 Data of students’ listening comprehension with high learning motivation 4 B2 Data of students’ listening comprehension with low learning motivation 5 A1B1 Data of listening comprehension of students with high learning motivation using video 6 A2B1 Data of listening comprehension of students with high learning motivation using picture 7 A1B2 Data of listening comprehension of students with low learning motivation using video 8 A2B2 Data of listening comprehension of students with low learning motivation using picture The data analyzed was obtained from test and questionnaire both of which were scored in numeric. The data analyzed with ANAVA 2 two ways. Based on the results, the data can be described as listed in the data analysis table below.