Impact of Globalization – Business in India, Maps of India.

9 Smocking - A Magnificent Endeavour Shikha Bajaj and Harminder Kaur Saini The art of adornment on fabric pieces been always been a matter of interest for the craft lovers and designers. For centuries, arts and crafts have been distinguished for their great aesthetic and functional value 1 . In the present world of fashion, demand of variety and new interesting creations are cherished more than anything. This present attempt entitled, ‘Smocking - A magnificent endeavour’ was aimed at designing and shaping of merchandise with pleasing exotic concepts. The study was carried out in Ludhiana city. A total of ten utility articles namely cushion cover, pillow cover, bolster cover, trimming for bedsheet, curtain canopy, lampshade, handbag, jewellery box, folder and footwear were prepared by using various smocking techniques and designs. Two designs for each article were sketched on corelDRAW X3 and after evaluation by a panel of judges, one design of each article, was selected for development of the article. Selected designs were then developed by using suitable fabrics and embellishments. [ Keywords : Smocking, Utility, Design, Judges, Articles] 1. Introduction Embroidery can be a wonderfully meditative practice. It is a creative way to play with color, shape, line and texture and adorn the simple pieces of fabric. Creative and innovative thoughts of mind can bring up numerous ideas of embellishment and adding value to the merchandise. Smocking is one of the magnificent and elegant arts of ornamentation which carries its roots in England, but over the years, it has found its worthy place in many parts of the world. It is an art form which has been handed down from generation to generation much CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES, Vol. 24, Number 3 July-September, 2015 Research Scholar, Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab India E-mail: shikhabajaj26gmail.com Professor, Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home-Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India E-mail: harminderctpau.edu like the sagas, songs and myths, however its roots are traceable to a point through looking at the art of the past and specifically at the stitchery on the clothing 2 . While other major embroidery styles were purely decorative and represented status symbols, Smocking was practical for garments for both form fitting and flexibility in the past 3 . It carries extreme potential to add to the array of prevalent embellishment techniques in the market as it reveals unending ideas of adornment with involvement of different stitches, stitch sizes and design placements. Also, it has an engaging charm of handwork associated with it. The craft is not only bearer of traditional adoption of historical perceptions but also foundation of modern design innovations. The embroidery fascinates people from all classes of society without any boundaries. A lot of work in the past has been done on children’s garments and nightwear involving smocking stitches and this study carries the magic further by incorporating smocking designs in utility articles. The present study paper focuses on designing utility articles through computer aided designing and then preparation by using smocking techniques. 2. Methodology Two designs for each of the article were sketched by using graphics and tools of corelDRAW X3 . A total of twenty designs, for ten articles were shown to a panel of judges which included faculty members and PG students from Department of Apparel and Textile Science and Department of Family resource management. The data collected from a panel of judges were coded, tabulated and analyzed. Simple percentages were calculated to obtain the information regarding preferences of judges. On the basis of the rankings given by judges, the most preferred design for each article was selected for development. The ten articles selected for preparation with smocking technique included cushion cover, pillow cover, bolster cover, trimming for bedsheet, curtain canopy, lampshade, handbag, jewellery box, folder and footwear. u Prepartion of Articles l Cutting the fabrics : Fabrics were selected for each of the article and then cutting was done according to the final measurements required. A little extra length or width of the fabric was kept according to the smocking stitch to be used while cutting the fabric. In general, if smocking is done after pleating the fabric, it consumes almost three times the actual fabric, however if it is done without pleating, it takes two times of actual fabric inside the stitches. 84 Shikha Bajaj and Harminder Kaur Saini l Marking of patterns on the fabrics : According to the placement and measurement of area to be smocked, markings in the form of square boxes were done on the fabrics by using pencil, ball pen or coloured sketch pen. On the fabrics, where pen or pencil could not be used, squares of uniform size were printed on the wrong side by using a light colour. The corners of these square boxes were then filled with the smocking pattern to be developed for respective articles Fig. 1. Smocking - A Magnificent Endeavour 85 l Smocking on the fabrics : Smocking was done with thread colour matching to the fabric Fig. 2. Double thread was taken in crewel needle and stitches were made on the fabric according to the pattern. Smocking stitches include pulling of thread at one point, generally at one corner of a square and usually ending at the same point after stretching one or two more corners of the same square. The thread pulling pattern may vary depending on the smocking pattern and design to be achieved. l Stitching : After the smocking was done, fabrics were rechecked for required measurements. Minor adjustments were made here by increasing or decreasing smocked area, or cutting a short length of fabric in order to suit the required specifications of articles. After this, articles were stitched separately by using single needle lock stitch machine or by hand, as suited for various articles. The embellishments like beads and laces were applied on the stitched articles. 3. Results and Discussion The use of computer aided softwares in the field of designing has increased to the productivity of the designer by improving the quality of design, communications through documentation, and by creating a database for manufacturing 4 . Computer aided designing is an important industrial art extensively used in development of two dimensional and three dimensional compositions which in turn enhances the understanding and clarity of the concept and makes the accomplishment simpler, therefore, the designs prepared for smocked utility articles have been developed on CorelDrawX3 Fig. 3. The results pertaining to the preferences of judges have been furnished in table-1. The data revealed that in case of article A 1, cushion cover, majority of the judges 82.00 preferred design 1 whereas design 2 was liked by only 18.00 per cent of the judges. For article A 2, bolster cover, 58.00 percent of the judges preferred design 2 followed by 42.00 percent who preferred design 1. As regards to article A 3, a bolster cover, majority of the judges 80.00 liked design 1 whereas only 20.00 percent of the judges preferred design2. In case of article A 4, trimming for bedsheet, 56.00 percent of the judges opined that design 2 was better; however 44.00 percent of the judges liked design 1. For A 5, curtain canopy, 62.00 percent of the judges preferred design 2 followed by 38.00 percent of judges who liked design-1. 86 Shikha Bajaj and Harminder Kaur Saini Smocking - A Magnificent Endeavour 87 For article, A 6 lampshade, 54.00 percent of the judges opined that design 2 was better, however, 46.00 percent of the judges preferred design 1. As regards to A 7, handbag, majority of the judges 74 rated design 1 as better, followed by 26.00 percent of the judges who liked design 2. In case of A 8, jewellery box, 68.00 percent of the judges preferred design 2, however 38.00 percent of the judges preferred design 1. For article A 9, folder, 66.00 percent of the judges liked design 1 however 34.00 percent of the judges preferred design 2. In case of article A 10, footwear, 56.00 percent of the judges opined that design 2 was better, however 44.00 percent of the judges preferred design-1. Table- 1 : Design preferences by the judges for smocked utility articles n=50 Article code and name Design 1 Design 2 A 1 Cushion cover 41 82.00 9 18.00 A 2 Pillow cover 21 42.00 29 58.00 A 3 Bolster cover 40 80.00 10 20.00 A 4 Trimming for bedsheet 22 44.00 28 56.00 A 5 Curtain canopy 19 38.00 31 62.00 A 6 Lampshade 23 46.00 27 54.00 A 7 Handbag 37 74.00 13 26.00 A 8 Jewellery box 16 32.00 34 68.00 A 9 Folder 17 34.00 33 66.00 A 10 Footwear 22 44.00 28 56.00 Figures in parentheses indicate percentages 3.1 Prepared Smocked Utility Articles Article A 1 : Article A1 was a cushion cover in round shape which was made by using velour fabric in purple colour. Canadian smocking stitches were used in cushion cover and were worked out by using polyester yarn. The diameter of the cushion cover was 30.48 cm. In order to fix the pleats developed by smocking stitches, a round plastic button of 2” diameter had been used. The button had been covered with same velour fabric and pleats were sewn and fixed in the centre. A casing was stitched on the back side of cushion cover and a drawstring 88 Shikha Bajaj and Harminder Kaur Saini Smocking - A Magnificent Endeavour 89 stitched with same velour fabric was inserted in it. The cushion cover could be opened by pulling the drawstring Fig 4a. Article A 2 : Article A 2 was a pillow cover in rectangular shape. Plain glazed cotton fabric was used for this. The article was made in pink colour and lattice smocking pattern was used. The stitches had been made by using polyester yarn. The dimensions of pillow cover were 59.69 x 42.55 cm. The pillow cover was embellished by using a white lace on all sides. For opening of pillow cover, a zipper was attached on the unsmocked back side Fig 4b. Article A 3 : Article A 3 was a bolster cover of length 68.58 cm and diameter 21.59 cm. This article was developed by using thick cotton fabric with red and white check. The smocking stitches were worked out by using shell smocking pattern. Polyester yarn was used for making smocking stitches on the wrong side of fabric. The stitches were made in the centre portion of bolster cover. On both ends of bolster cover, casings were used for putting up drawstrings, which facilitate its opening and closing. Tassels made of acrylic yarn and beads were used to enhance the look of bolster cover Fig 4c. Article A 4 : The article was trimming for bedsheet of size 31.75 cm. The trimming was prepared by using Lozenge smocking pattern on the wrong side of white coloured net fabric having thickly woven vertical stripes each at 1”of interval. It was attached on pink coloured cotton bed sheet having self printed stripes. White coloured polyester yarn was used for working out smocking stitches. Trimming was attached on the sides of bedsheet. The trimming for bedsheet has been finished at the bottom by white coloured pom pom lace Fig. 4d. Article A 5 : Article A 5 was curtain canopy of single door width. The length of the canopy at both ends was 59.69 cm and in the centre was 31.75 cm. The canopy has been made by using blended self printed fabric in blue colour and pleated smocking was done in five rows. The smocking was carried out by using polyester yarn on the right side of the fabric. A casing was sewn on the top of canopy for a curtain rod. The bottom of the canopy was finished with beaded lace to give it a fancy look. Off white beads were used to embellish the smocking rows of canopy Fig. 4e. Article A 6 : This was a lampshade. It was made by using organdy fabric of blue colour and two tints of blue were used to make it more attractive. Panels of 30.48 x 20.83 cm size of both colours were dyed, cut and smocked separately and 90 Shikha Bajaj and Harminder Kaur Saini were fixed alternatively on the base for lampshade. Pleated smocking pattern was used for this. The smocking stitches were worked by using cotton yarn of contrast blue colour, for each of the panel separately. Five rows of smocking stitches were done on panels. Lace, sequins and silver beads were used to embellish the lampshade Fig. 5f. Article A 7 : Article A 7 was a handbag. The handbag was prepared by using a woven cotton fabric in white and yellow stripes. The smocking pattern was worked out in such a way that white stripes were shown and yellow stripes were hidden in some areas, while yellow stripes were shown and white were hidden in other areas. White cotton yarn was used for working out smocking stitches on the right side of fabric and it was left uncut and visible. A zig zag pattern of smocking was used. Small off white beads were used in the smocked area for embellishment. The shape of the handbag was semicircle with a diameter of 45.72 cm. Two stripes of same striped woven fabric were attached on both sides of the handbag. Elastic of 0.64 cm width was sewn on both sides of handbag to give it proper shape. For opening and closing of handbag, white coloured velcro was sewn inside the opening of handbag Fig. 5g. Article A 8 : Article A 8 was a jewellery box which was made in dark blue coloured velour fabric. Floral smocking pattern was worked all over the fabric and it was then attached to the wooden box. The dimensions of the jewellery box were 20.83 x 13.2 x 12.7 cm. The smocking stitches were made by using matching blue polyester yarn on the right side of fabric. Small silver stones were used for the embellishment Fig. 5h. Article A 9 : Article A 9 was a folder with dimensions 36.83 x 27.3 cm. The folder was made by using khaddar fabric of brown colour. The smocking pattern used for folder was floral mesh and it was worked on the front side. The stitches were made by using matching brown coloured polyester yarn. The folder was covered with the same khaddar fabric from inside and two patch pockets were also made. Lace and sequins were used to embellish the folder Fig. 5i. Article A 10 : Article A 10 was footwear. For this, smocking has been done on pink cotton canvas fabric having dimensions of 45.72 x 20.32 cm. The smocking was carried out on the wrong side of the fabric to create zig zag pattern on the right side using matching pink coloured polyester yarn. The ready fabric was cut and fixed onto a footwear and the edges were sewn inside the base to achieve finished look Fig. 5j. Smocking - A Magnificent Endeavour 91 92 Shikha Bajaj and Harminder Kaur Saini 4. Conclusion The attempt revealed new impressions of contemporary use of smocking techniques and the findings of the study provide an overview of the preferences of judges for smocked utility articles which was intended to provide inspiration to its designers for development of designs of more practical use. The adoption of various smocking techniques and mix and match of type of fabrics can greatly add element of emphasis to the articles and increase their relevance in terms of market sellability. This art needs all the possible encouragement to make the producers enjoy contentment arising out of their stock. The present endeavour was an earliest attempt directed towards preservation, promotion and propagation of the art of smocking before it completely loses its distinctiveness. The idea is to reform the present portrait of the art thereby retaining the treasure of charm and delight. The result related to type of fabrics, yarns and colours would be beneficial to the artisans and housewives for developing diverse range of articles by making use of different stitches, fabrics, design placements etc. The study in this way adds a great deal of variety in assortments of handloom and upholstery markets and provides a firm traditional base in terms of design and development. Acknowledgement Heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness to my major advisor, Dr. Mrs Harminder Kaur Saini, Professor, Department of Apparel and Textile Science, for her adept guidance, inspiring directions, enthusiastic interest and constructive criticism throughout the course of this study without which it would have been impossible to accomplish the present work. I owe sincere thanks to the members of Advisory Committee, Dr Mrs Harinder Kaur Saggu, Professor, Department of Apparel and Textile Science, Dr. Sukhdev Singh, Professor, Department of Economics and Sociology and Dr Mrs Vandana Gandotra, Associate Professor, Department of Apparel and Textile Science for their valuable suggestions and timely help in successful completion of the work. References 1. Karolia, A. and Sardiwal S. Namda, The Traditional felted craft of Rajasthan, Indian J Traditional knowledge, Vol. 13 2, 2014, 409-415. 93 Smocking - A Magnificent Endeavour 2. Kaiman, B. K., What is English smocking, 2010-2011. Available at: http:www.smockingstore.com what.html 3. Cecilia, E. and Toth K ., Good Housekeeping : The Illustrated Book of Needlecrafts , New York : Hearst Books, 1994, 50. 4. Narayan, K. Lalit, Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing, New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India, 2008, 3. ê 94 Shikha Bajaj and Harminder Kaur Saini Article Received on June 18, 2015; Accepted on July 08, 2015 10 The Role of Psychological Capital to Organizational Commitment of Tenured Employees Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista Though the interest in positive psychology considerably expanded to include organizational commitment in various settings in recent years, further research has yet to be made on psychological capital and its effect on the organizational commitment of tenured employees. Tenure is said to have different effects on commitment. To contribute to the growing interest in understanding psychological capital in this context, we anchored the study to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and surveyed 57 tenured employees in a private manufacturing firm. Data revealed that there is a strong correlation between psychological capital and organizational commitment. This study has implications in creating and nurturing work environments which allow positive emotions to flourish as it is crucial to enable employees build personal resources which includes creativity and social support especially critical to those tenured personnel who are influential to the company. [Keywords : Positive Psychology, Psychological capital, Tenure, Organizational commitment ] CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES, Vol. 24, Number 3 July-September, 2015 Faculty Member, Human Resource Management Program of the School of Management and Information Technology, De La Salle – College of St. Benilde, 2544 Taft Avenue, Manila Philippines E-mail: anne.camitbenilde.edu.ph College Registrar and Coordinator of the Student Learning Center, De La Salle – College of St. Benilde, Manila Philippines E-mail: soc.bacaybenilde.edu.ph Chairperson at the Human Resource Management Program of the School of Management and Information Technology, De La Salle – College of St. Benilde, Manila Philippines E-mail: lesil.artistabenilde.edu.ph 1. Introduction Work ends up dehumanizing people. Francis, 2015 The above quotation ironically captures how work, though mainly beneficial to people, can affect employees negatively if not managed well. It also describes in a nutshell the intent of the researchers to investigate whether certain aspects of positivity can affect a tenured employee’s level of organizational commitment. The following discussions aim to discuss relevant studies involving psychological capital as it relates with organizational commitment while emphasizing the scant literature involved in linking the mentioned concepts with tenured employees. Thus shedding light on the possibility that there is more to dwindling organizational commitment in a seasoned employee than job burnout. Recent research on positive psychological capital is inspired by the idea that the organization’s strength and success is more than its economic, human and social capital. The study of positive psychological capital is a response to the call of psychologists Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s challenge for the field of psychology to shift its focus from the negative to the positive aspects of human attitude and behavior Luthans, Luthans, Luthans, 2004; Larson Luthans, 2006; Avey, Nimnicht, Pigeon, 2010. “Psychological capital PsyCap is an individual’s positive psychological state of development and is characterized by: 1 having confidence self-efficacy to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks; 2 making a positive attribution optimism about succeeding now and in the future; 3 persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals hope in order to succeed; and 4 when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond resiliency to absenteeism attain success” Luthans, Youssef, Avolio, 2007 : 3 Review of literature shows that these psychological states of hope, self-efficacy, resiliency, and optimism may, individually andor collectively i.e., psychological capital, affect employee attitudes, behaviors and performance. A meta-analysis conducted by Avey, Reichard, Luthans, Mhatre 2011 showed that PsyCap is positively correlated with desirable work attitudes satisfaction, commitment and well-being, and behavior organizational citizenship behaviors, but negatively correlated with undesirable attitudes cynicism, turnover intentions, and stress and anxiety and behaviors workplace deviance. Further, the meta-analysis showed that PsyCap was significantly correlated with 96 Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista self-rated, supervisor-rated, and objective measures of job performance e.g., sales. For example, PsyCap negatively correlated with job stress, intentions to quit, and job search behaviors Avey, Luthans, Jensen, 2009. Another variable linked with psychological capital is organizational commitment. For this study, organizational commitment is defined as the psychological basis of a person’s attachment in the organization which would include the desire to identify with the organization due to the similarity of personal values to that of the organization Caldwell, Chatman, O’ Reilly, 1990 citing O’ Reilly Chatman, 1986. Comparing datasets collected from different respondent groups at different intervals, Luthans, Avolio, Avey Norman 2007 showed that PsyCap contributed to organizational commitment over and beyond the contribution of personality traits conscientiousness and extraversion. Their research also showed that global measure PsyCap contributed to organizational commitment more significantly than the individual facets did. Interestingly, PsyCap did not only predict desirable organizational attitudes and behavior, and negatively related to those that are undesirable, but it also predicted what Chen and Lim 2012 called ‘strength in diversity’. PsyCap moderately correlates with perceived employability but only slightly with preparatory and active job search. Another research among female nurses in Xi’an City, China, showed significant correlation between PsyCap and organizational commitment, where OC further partially mediated between PsyCap and job burnout Peng, et al., 2013. On the other hand, a research on absenteeism Avey, Patera, West, 2006 showed that respondents’ demographics age, gender, tenure, level within the organization were not correlated with the variable but more importantly, the study showed that PsyCap was shown to be a better predictor of absenteeism than organizational commitment and job satisfaction Avey, et al., 2006. However, in a research conducted by Kipkebut 2013, position tenure was a negative predictor of normative commitment Kipkebut, 2013, a component of organizational commitment that has to do with one’s “perceived obligation to remain in the organization” Allen Meyer, 1990. That is, an employee who has stayed too long in his position becomes ‘frustrated and disillusioned’ Kipkebut, 2013:30, and his intent to quit increases. In a more recent research tenure was also found to predict a decrease in employees’ general productivity among local The Role of Psychological Capital to Organizational Commitment 97 govenrment employees in Australia Muchiri Ayoko, 2013. In another research conducted by Wang 2014 among 238 Chinese employees, tenure strengthened the relationship between perceived supervisor support and organizational commitment, such that the longer the tenure, the greater the relationship between the two variables. From the discussion above, it can be noted that though there are studies linking commitment and tenure the relationship between variables vary. Moreover, in spite of the studies done linking psychological capital to commitment, considering tenured employees in the context are not studied in depth. Hence, this study further investigates on the role of tenure in the relationship between PsyCap and OC. Figure 1 illustrates the model of the study treating both psychological capital and organizational commitment as a global concepts. Psychological Capital Organizational Commitment Fig.-1 : Theoretical Framework of the Study The broaden and build theory of positive emotions is used in the study to explain the intended relationship of psychological capital to organizational commitment. This theory states that positive emotions can broaden mindsets to build an individual’s personal resources such as creativity and social bonds creating long-term adaptive benefits which can be used in coping successfully for any individual Friedrickson, 2004 . 2. Method Descriptive correlational research design was used by the researchers of this study. The design associates the connection between the predictor and the outcome which is psychological capital and organizational commitment respectively. The survey instrument was administered to tenured employees in a private firm in the manufacturing industry using purposive sampling. The researchers provided questionnaires and administered the survey directly to volunteered employees. The employees were given the instruction to answer the survey forms as honestly as possible to make the data valid. From 80 questionnaires that were released, only 57 results were considered valid yielding a final response rate of 71.25. 98 Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista 3. Measures Organizational commitment was measured using an eight item modification of a scale of organizational commitment developed by O’ Reilly and Chatman’s Organizational Commitment Scale 1986 where alpha =.90. Sample items for OC include: “What this organization stands for is important to me.” This measure used a 7-point Likert Scale ranging from 1 having the entry “Completely Disagree” to 7 “Completely Agree.” Psychological Capital was measured using thirty-item scale developed by Luthans, Youssef, et.al. 2007 with a cronbach alpha of .90. Sample item for this measure include “I feel confident analyzing a long-term problem to find a solution.” The measure used a 7-Point Likert Scale ranging from 1 having the entry “Completely Disagree” to 7 “Completely Agree.” 4. Results and Discussion Descriptive statistics of the study shows in Figure 2 that majority of the respondents are male with 63 followed by the female respondents comprising of 35 of the respondents. From among the group 2 of the population did not answer the entry for gender. Figure 2. Gender Profile of Respondents On the other hand, figure 3 on next page states that their average age is 35.6 years old SD=8.02 years old with range 27 to 43 years old. The Role of Psychological Capital to Organizational Commitment 99 n M SD Range Respondents 57 35.61 ±8.02 27 to 43 Figure 3. Profile of Respondents in Age It was hypothesized that tenured employees’ psychological capital is positively correlated to organizational commitment. Using pearson r, there is a significant correlation in the relationship with r = 0.687 at 0.01 level 2-tailed. Tenured employees who have high psychological capital leads to increased organizational commitment. This is consistent to the findings of Arvey et.al. 2008 employees’ positive emotions helps increased their coping mechanism which leads to effective organizational change. Acceptance to change and supporting new strategies as dictated by management shows high organizational commitment. Tenured employees in a organization indicates that they are happy with their organization and that they can cope up with the changes in the orgaization. These is the primary reason why they stayed long in their current organization. The high psychological capital can also be related to high organizational fit. If an employee sees that their values are aligned with the organization, they find satisfaction in their work which explains the why they got tenured. 4.1 Organizational Commitment and PsyCap Results show a strong correlation between OC and PsyCap : Table-1 : Correlation between organizational commitment and psychological capital Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .712 a .507 .469 5.298 a Predictors : Constant optimism, efficacy, resiliency, hope Next we tested for the correlation of OC with each of the dimensions of PsyCap. The table of correlations on next page shows that each of the dimensions of PsyCap was significantly correlated with OC. Stepwise linear regression was conducted to further determine the effects of each of the PsyCap measures. Analysis shows that hope and resiliency were better predictors of OC. 100 Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista Table-2 : Correlation table Table-3 : Stepwise linear regression Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .647 a .418 .408 5.594 2 .692 b .478 .459 5.345 a. Predictors : Constant, hope; b. Predictors : Constant, hope, resiliency Among the individual measures under the two domains, item 20 “At the present time, I am energetically pursuing my goals”, which is a measure of Hope, is the best predictor. This is followed by items 26 Resiliency: “In my job, I usually manage difficulties one way or another.”, item 22 Hope: “Right now, I see myself as being pretty successful in my goals.”, and 28 Resiliency: “I usually take stressful things in my job in stride.”. The regression model summary is as follows : Table-4. Regression table model summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .666 a .444 .434 5.468 2 .760 b .578 .562 4.810 3 .789 c .623 .602 4.588 4 .811 d .658 .631 4.413 a. Predictors : Constant, Psych Cap 20 b. Predictors : Constant, Psych Cap 20, Psych Cap 26 The Role of Psychological Capital to Organizational Commitment 101 c. Predictors : Constant, Psych Cap 20, Psych Cap 26, Psych Cap 22 d. Predictors : Constant, Psych Cap 20, Psych Cap 26, Psych Cap 22, Psych Cap 28 Finally, we tested for the effect, if any, of tenure in the relationship between OC and PsyCap measures. Results showed that tenure did not correlate with any of the variables. This means that the attenuating effect of tenure is not statistically significant for this sample set. This is possibly because of small sample size. Table-5 : Attenuating effect of tenure in the relationship between organizational commitment to psychological capital N Valid 57 Missing Mean 11.22 Median 12.00 Mode 18 5. Recommendation From the results of the study given in the previous paragraphs, the researchers suggest exploring psychological capital as a faceted concept in studying organizational commitment. And since hope turned out to be the best predictor than tenure in increasing organizational commitment, find avenues to explore developing this among employees. Studies to further investigate causes of hope for example could assist in developing this facet of psychological capital. This is consistent with the study of Luthans, Youssef and Avolio 2007 which mentions that in as much as the best places to work are those where employees are provided, the “opportunities, resources, and flexibility for sustainable growth, learning, and development p. 6”, and whereas PsyCap predicts positive organizational attitudes and behaviors, helping employees to develop their PsyCap would benefit both the organization and the employees. A series of studies further affirms the suggestion of using psychological capital in employee development especially among managers and staff. Hope, optimism, self-efficacy and resilience, being state-like psychological resources, are open to training and development Luthans Youssef, 2004; Luthans, Avolio, Avey, Norman, 2007. Furthermore, the researchers highly recommend nurturing positive emotions because it fuels resiliency and catapults people to greater heights as they also elicit positive emotions as a response reaction from others when they manifest the same Friedrickson, 2004. This is consistent to the broaden-and-build-theory of positive emotions. Managers and practitioners can 102 Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista make use of this cost effective strategy in all stages of human resource development. This can acculturate employees towards a culture of mental and physical wellness which enables personnel to not only signal productivity but also create peak states in productivity Friedrickson, 2004 Caldwell, Chatman, O’ Reilly, 1990. Lastly, the researchers envision that this study would open avenues for more studies involving larger sample sizes and explore other industries to increase the generalizability of the results. This can start initiatives to pay more attention to positive psychology so it can take equal footing with operational and strategic goals of the company as maintenance of this is critical to making employees stay committed in a company. Tenured employees last very long in organizations for various reasons. Ensuring that these seasoned mentors display positive realistic job previews to new hires begin with consistent efforts to reward manifestations of positive emotions or psychological capital in the work place. Though the interest in psychological capital is not as exhaustive as negative emotions e.g. dark triad etc. it is more close to our innate human nature as Friedrickson’s theory mentions: that positive emotions seldom occur in life-threatening situations which makes it more likely to outlast Friedrickson, 2004. References Allen, N. J., Meyer, J. P., “The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization”, Journal of Occupational Psychology , Vol. 63, 1990, 1–18. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Jensen, S. M., “Psychological Capital : A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 48 5, September-October 2009, 677-693. doi:10.1002hrm.20294 Avey, J. B., Nimnicht, J. L., Pigeon, N. G., “Two field studies examining the association between positive psychological capital and employee performance”, Leadership Organization Development Journal, 31 5, 2010, 384-401. Arvey, J. B., Luthans F. Wernsing S., “Can Positive Employees Help Positive Organizational Change? Impact of Psychological Capital and Emotions on Relevant Attitudes and Behaviors”, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 44 1, 2008, 48-70. Avey, J. B., Patera, J. L., West, B. J., “The implications of positive capital on employee absenteeism”, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, Vol. 13 2, 2006, 42-60. Avey, J. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., Mhatre, K. H., “Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and The Role of Psychological Capital to Organizational Commitment 103 performance”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 2 22, Summer 2011, 127-152. doi:10.1002hrdq.20070 Caldwell, D., Chatman, J., O’ Reilly, C., “Buidling organizational commitment : A multifirm study”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 63, 1990, 245-261. Cetin, F., “The effect of organizational psychological capital on the attitudes of commitment and satisfaction: A public sample in Turkey”, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 21 3, 2011, 373-380. Chen, D. J., LIm, V. K., “Strength in adversity”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 33, June 25, 2012, 811-839. doi:10.1002job.1814 Etebarian, A., Tavakoli, S., Abzari, M., “The relationship between psychological capital and organizational commitment”, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 6 14, April 11, 2012, 5057=5060. doi:10.5897AJBM11.2844 Francis, P., 2015 January 17. Retrieved January 17, 2015, from Brainy Quote: http:www.brainyquote.comquotesquotesppopefranci521191.html Friedrickson, B. L., “The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 2004 359, 1367-1377. Kipkebut, D. J., “The effects of demographic charateristics on organisational commitment, hob satisfaction and turnover intentions: The case of employees in Kenyan universities”, Journal of Organisation and Human Behaviour, Vol. 2 1, 2013, 20-33. Larson, M., Luthans, F., “Potential added value of psychological capital in predicting work attitudes”, Journal of leadership organizational studies, Vol. 13 1, 2006, 45-62. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., “Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage”, Organizational Dynamics, 33 , 2004, 143-160. Retrieved from http:doi.orgbdpv5w Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., Combs, G. M., “Psychological capital development : Toward a micro-intervention”, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Vol. 27, 2006, 387-393. doi:10.1002job.373 Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., Norman, S. M., “Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction”, Personnel Psychology , Vol. 60 3, Autumn 2007, 541-572. Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., Steven, N., “Positive Psychological Capital: Mesurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 60 3, 2007, 541-572. Luthans, F., B, A. J., Avolio, B. J., Peterson, S. J., “The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital”, Human Resource Development Quarterly , Spring 2010, 41-67. doi:10.1002hrdq 104 Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C. 2004, January-February. “Positive psychological capital : Beyond human and social capital”, Business Horizons, Vol. 47 1, 45-50. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., Avolio, B. J., Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge, New York : Oxford University Press, 2007. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., Topolnytsky, L., “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2002, 20-52. doi:10.1006jvbe.2001.1842 Muchiri, M. K., Ayoko, O. B., “Linking demographic diversity to organisational outcomes: The moderating role of transformational leadership”, Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 34 5, 2013, 384-406. doi:10.1108 LODJ- 11-0086 Peng, J., Jiang, X., Zhang, J., Xiao, R., Song, Y., Feng, X., . . . Miao, D., “The impact of psychological capital on job burnout of Chinese nurses: The mediator role of organizatinal commitment”, PLOS One, 2013, 1-7. Retrieved from www. plosone.org Simons, J. C., Buitendach, J. H., “Psychological capital, work engagement and organisational commitment amongst call centre employees in South Africa. SA”, Journal of Industrial PsychologySA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, Vol. 39 2, 2013,12. Retrieved from http:dx.doi.org10.4012sajip.v39i2.1071 Wang, Z., “Perceived supervisor support and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of organizational commitment”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 5 1, January 2014. Zhang, X., Li, Y.-L., Ma, S., Hu, J., Jiang, L., “A structured readhing materials-based intervention program to develop the psychological capital of Chinese employees”, Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 423, 2014. doi:http: dx.doi.org10.2224sbp.2014.42.3.503 Appendix : Questionnaire Control Number : ............................... Dear Respondent: This project concentrates how certain traits and procedures might be improved to enhance commitment among employees. It will take approximately 10-15 minutes to complete. When you have completed the survey, please place in the box provided. Rest assured the responses are completely confidential and anonymous, so please be as honest and open as possible. The Role of Psychological Capital to Organizational Commitment 105 Section A : Background Information The following information is only needed to help analyze the data and draw more meaningful conclusions from the survey results. Your responses will remain completely confidential. Your survey will be handled with confidentiality and no one at your current organization will have access to this information. We appreciate your help in providing these very important information. 01. Gender please encircle: 1. Male 2. Female 02. Age as of last birthday: 03. What is your position in the company? 04. How long have you been working as a tenured employee? For the sections below, think about your current situation in the organization as you answer the questions which follow Section B : About Commitment Please use the following rating scale : Completely Disagree 1 Disagree 2 Somewhat Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Somewhat Agree 5 Agree 6 Completely Agree 7 05. What this organization stands for is important to me. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 06. I talk up this organization to my friends as a great organization to work for 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 07. If the values of this organization were different, I would not be as attached to the organization 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 08. Since joining this organization, my personal values and those of the organization have become more similar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 09. I am proud to tell others that I am part of this organization 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10. The reason I prefer this organization to other organizations is because of what it stands for, its values 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. I feel a sense of “ownership” for this organization rather than being just an employee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12. My attachment to this organization is primarily based on the similarity between my values and those of the organization 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 106 Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista Section C : About Psychological Capital 13. I feel confident analyzing a long-tem problem to find a solution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. In my current job, I feel confident in representing my area of work in meetings with management 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. In my current job, I feel confident that I am able to contribute to discussions about the company’s strategy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. In my current job, I feel confident about helping to set targetsgoals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. In my current job, I feel confident contacting people outside the company e.g., suppliers, customers to discuss problems 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18. I feel confident presenting information to a group of colleagues in the current field 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19. If I should find myself facing a problem in my job , I could think of many ways to get out of it 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20. At the present time, I am energetically pursuing my goals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21. There are lots of ways around my job-related problems 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22. Right now, I see myself as being pretty successful in my goals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. I can think of many ways to reach my current goals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. At this time, I am meeting the goals that I have set for myself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 25. When I have a setback in my job, I have trouble recovering from it 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26. In my job , I usually mange difficulties one way or another 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27. I can be “on my own”, in my job , if I have to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. I usually take stressful things in my job in stride 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. I can get through difficult times in my job because I’ve experienced the difficulty before 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30. I can feel I can handle many things at a time in my job 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. When things are uncertain for me in my job, I usually expect the best 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. If something can go wrong for me during my job , it will 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. I always look on the bright side of things regarding my job 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Role of Psychological Capital to Organizational Commitment 107 34. I’m optimistic about what will happen to me in my job 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35. While on the job , things never work out the way I want them 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. While on the job, I maintain the attitude that something positive will always turn out no matter how difficult it might be 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37. There is generally a strong demand in job market for people like me at the present time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. There are plenty of vacancies in the area where I hold a job 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 39. I can easily find out about job opportunities in my chosen area of work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 40. The skills and abilities I possess are what employers are looking for 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 41. If circumstances arise, I am generally confident of success in the job interview and selection process 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 42. If circumstances arise, feel I could get any job as long as my skills and experiences are reasonable and relevant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thank You ê 108 Anne C. Camit, Ma. Socorro C. Bacay and Lesil E. Artista Article Received on June 01, 2015; Accepted on July 18, 2015 11 Role of NABARD in the Development of Agriculture Sector in India V. K. Gautam and Yogesh Kumar NABARD is a Development Bank with a mandate for providing and regulating credit and other facilities for the promotion and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting integrated rural development and securing prosperity of rural areas, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. The aim of the present paper is to examine role of NABARD in the development of agriculture sector in India. It has been emphasized that NABARD is not just a bank, it is an institution primarily intended to develop agriculture. [Keywords : Agriculture sector, NABARD, Agricultural credit, Rural poverty] 1. Introduction India predominantly an agricultural economy till date, remained a food deficit country for about two decades after its independence. The situation started gradually improving after the mid sixties with introduction of High Yielding Variety HYV seeds, especially of rice and wheat, improved technology and infra-structural development, especially irrigation, rural roads, rural electrification together with opportunities for assured and remunerative marketing which ushered India in the era of Green Revolution. Today India is more or less self dependent in the area of food production and scope still remains there for improvement in the field of pulses, oilseeds and the areas of rainfed farming. CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES, Vol. 24, Number 3 July-September, 2015 Principal, N. A. S. PG College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India E-mail: principalnas college.org;principalnascollegegmail.com 43, B. I. Lines, Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh India, Uttar Pradesh India In the recent past we have observed the deceleration in the food grain production too, which forced our country to import the wheat in last two years. As agriculture has a major role in alleviating the rural poverty, the deceleration in its growth has affected the generation of income of rural population. This is evident from the paradox of a very substantial population below the poverty line in rural areas and increasing mountains of food grains stocks in the reserve pool with public agencies. The moment an over 200 million children, women and men, who are currently undernourished, start consuming their optimum requirements, the countrys self sufficiency in food grains would be put to severe test. Therefore, to create a sustained basis for increase in agricultural output and to increase the productivity of land, labour and capital we need a strong base of agricultural credit. Agricultural credit may be explained as the amount of investable funds made available for the purpose of development of farm productivity. 2. The Present Study With the introduction of social control over banks in 1967, and the nationalization of the 14 commercial banks in 1969 and subsequently 6 banks in 1980 had one important aim, namely to ensure that banks to play a dynamic role in the development process of rural and backward areas and for the uplift of the poorer sections of society. To fill the gap between cooperatives and nationalized banks Regional Rural Banks sponsored by Commercial banks were established in 1975. The intention in having these new banks was that there should be and institutional device which combined the feel and familiarity with the rural problems which the cooperatives possessed and the degree or business, organization and modernized outlook which the commercial banks had, with a view to reach the rural poor more extensively. Over the years the institutional credit system of agriculture and rural sector continued to suffer from certain basic short coming viz emphasis on credit worthiness of borrowers, rather than on purpose of loans, scattered lending to individuals, lack of much needed bias in favour of small and marginal farmers, artisans. It is in this context that need for imparting development orientation to banking in the rural sector was felt. 3. NABARD and its Role in the Development of Agriculture Sector The setting up of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NABARD in July 1982 is the landmark in the evolution of agricultural and rural 110 V. K. Gautam and Yogesh Kumar credit in India. Designed specifically as an organizational device for providing undivided attention, forceful direction and pointed focus to the credit problems of the rural sector, NABARD is now the apex bank for agricultural and rural credit. It inherited the credit functions of Agriculture Credit Department of RBI and the refinance functions of the erstwhile Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation and has, during last 25 years, built upon that legacy. NABARD, today, is a household word, especially in rural India. It can confidently be said that most of the innovative financial products and services developed and mainstreamed over the last two decades are either directly attributed to NABARD or have been positively influenced by NABARD. An in-depth analysis of organization objectives and operations of NABARD has been made in preceding chapters. Based on our analysis broad conclusions are forwarded as under : u NABARD as an apex institution in the field of agricultural finance has the objective of promoting the health and strength of credit institutions forming, the front of credit delivery system of credit institutions forming, the front of credit delivery system i.e Co-operative, commercial banks and RRBs, to coordinate the activities of different agencies engaged in the development work at the field level and to keep liaison with government and other agencies. u The management of NABARD is vested in a broad based Board of 15 members which includes persons from cooperative banks, commercial banks, RBI, State Governments and experts in rural finance, rural economies rural development, handicrafts etc. u The entire work of NABARD has been divided in fourteen department. These department are further divided inti divisions and cells according to the requirement. u During the 25 years, NABARD has gone throgh three phases : 3.1 The First Phase In the first phase from 1982-91, food grain production rose from 129.52 MT to 168.38 MT and the credit flow to agriculture increased from ` 4351 crore to ` 14,332 crore. NABARDs refinance support increased from ` 2042 crore to ` 5257 crore. In those early years, NABARDs refinance was intended to play a supporting role to cooperative Banks and RRBs. 3.2 The Second Phase The second phase was during the years 1991-2001. During this period, food grain production rose from 168.38 MT to 212.85 MT and credit flow to agriculture Role of NABARD in the Development of Agriculture Sector in India 111 increased from ` 14,332 crore, to ` 61,942 crore. NABARDs refinance support increased from ` 5,287 crore to ` 14,294 crore. Having established its crore fuction of refinance, NABARD shifted its focus towards other development issue e.g micro finance through SHGs, rural infrastructure, etc. 3.3 The Third Phase In the third phase, which is still continuing began in 2002. Since then farm credit flow has increased from ` 61,942 crore in 2001-02 to ` 2,03,296 crore in 2006-07. NABARDs refinance has also increased from ` 14,572 crore to ` 21,917 crore during the same period. However a point of concern for the same period has been more or less stagnant food grain production and continuing low growth rate in real GDP, originating from agriculture and allied activities, which was a mere 2.7 in 2006-07. While a minimum growth rate of 4 in agriculture sector is imperative to achieve the goal of sustained and inclussive economic growth. u The compound annual growth rate CAGR for grand total of refinance disbursement by NABARD is found 11.94 p.a. during the study period. The CAGR of short term refinance has been 9.26 p.a; while medium ter, refinance has experienced only 3.47 p.a growth over the entire period of study. Loans to state governments or long term refinance shows a growth rate of 6.37 p.a. during the same period indicating a better growth rate than medium term loans. u Total credit amount made available by NABARD in 1982 was Rs. 2,055 crore, proving our hypothesis that more credit facilities are made availabe to the people of rural India by NABARD, and its refinance function has attracted more attention and resources over the year than other. Analysis of term wise performance of refinance by NABARD indicates that the decline in CAGR of refinance support during last 12 years has serious implications for agricultural growth of the country. u Analysis of state wise performance of refinance disbursement by NABARD indicates that most of the states show a rising trend with small fluctuations. CAGR of refinance in Himachal Pradesh is Tamil Nadu etc. The growth rates of refinance disbursement of major states like Punjab. Haryana U.P., M.P. etc. are significantly lower than the Nationla level. u From the point of view of purpose-wise refinance disbursement by NABARD, analysis reveals that CAGR of non-farm sector is highest i.e 25.83 followed by land development, animal husbandry, farm mechanization and plantation horticulture in that order. Refinance 112 V. K. Gautam and Yogesh Kumar disbursement in case of minor irrigation Govt. sponsored programmes and fisheries has not been found quite well. It is a matter of serious concern and point to a low agriculture development in future. u Inter regional analysis of refinance disbursement by NABARD indicates that CAGR in eastern region in highest i.e. 11.77 p.a followed by central region, NE region, Southern region and western region analysis Indicate a rising trend in all regions except NE region and slight down ward trends in western region after 2001-02. u The analysis of agency wise performance of refinance disbursement by NABARD over the period of study indicates that CAGR of state Cooperative Bank is highest i.e 20.3 p.a. followed by RRBs and cooperative societies, and commercial banks. u The inter-regional analysis of agency performance indicates that CAGR of northern-region L.P. 12.42 p.a. is highest followed by N.E. region, central region, eastern region and western region over the entire period of study. This analysis indicates why northern region is advanced in India from the point of view of agriculture development. The trends of inter-regional analysis also indicates that trends are constant in NE region. u From the ongoing analysis in the previous chapter it is clear that institutional finance for rural and agricultural sector has increased since the inception of NABARD. It has increased from 63.2 in 1981 to 70.4 in 2001, whereas the finance from non-institutional agencies has come down from 36.8 to 29.6 during the same period. It has proved our hypothesis that since the inception of NABARD, more credit facilities have been made available to the people of rural India from financial institutions. However NABARD has made tremendous job to achieve its goals and objectives for which it was founded but still some areas of serious concerns remain their which may be outlined as following : l 23 of the agriculture in India is still rainfed and contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the GDP is continuously decreasing Objective of achieving 4 p.a. growth rate in the agriculture sector is still mirage, which is very much essential for sustained and inclusive economic growth. l In the recent past deceleration has been observed in the production of good grain and the benefits of green revolution has resulted in the regional and crop imbalances. A steady rise in population and lowering area of cultivation due to urbanization poses a serious future threat. Role of NABARD in the Development of Agriculture Sector in India 113 l The other issue of immediate concern is the presently high level of financial exclusion. The NSSO Survey 2003 reveals that as much as 51 of the farmers household do not access debt at all and only 27 of farmers receive institutional credit and most of this credit is received by medium and large farmers. l The another issue which needs to be tackled, concerns the high level of rural indebtedness from non-institutional sources. The burden falls rather heavily upon small and marginal farmers and the problems gets accentuated in case of repeated crop failure on account of successive natural calamities. l The fifth issue pertains to enhancing productivity and value addition to agricultural output. Faster agricultural growing will require diversification into higher value output, improving avenues for value addition and bringing about vertical and horizontal integration in the supply chain. l The next issue pertains to rural infrastructure which covers irrigation, road connectivity, housing water supply, rural electrification, telephony etc. l The last but not least is that the compulsions of ongoing fiscal management policies and financial reforms, together with increased market orientation, have resulted in the withdrawal of many funding avenues of NABARD. It has to depend on market borrowing, whereas NABARD is expected to land at concessional rates. This has led to declining margins for NABARD. 4. Suggested Policy Measures for NABARD While NABARD has a proud of achievements including the introduction of innovative products, there are a number of ideas which NABARD could examine for inclusion in its growing portfolio of activities : u It has been observed during this research work that many of the Chairmen of NABARD did not complete their full term of five years. Non-completion of the tenure of Chairman jeopardiscs the working of the institution. Therefore measures should be taken to ensure that the Chairman completes his full term in the office, it will enable him to prepare long term plans for the growth and development of NABARD. Further it should be ensured that all the members of Board are appointed and attend the meeting regularly. 114 V. K. Gautam and Yogesh Kumar u The Government of India has supported the idea of State-specific and agro climatic zones based agricultural plans. A state plan, in turn, should be prepared on the basis of district-specific agricultural plans that reflect the opportunities and needs of each district. For this NABARD should open its branches at each district to help and guide the lead banks and State Government to draw up district-specific and State-specific plans. u Availability of adequate financial resources is essential for efficient working of an institution. Since institution like NABARD requires huge amont of funds for its proper functioning, it becomes imperative that Governments should make regular contribution in the fund. u In view of low rate of return ROR on capital employed and total assets, NABARD should maintain profitability and productivity. u NABARD has to play a protective role in ensuring minium 4 p.a. agricultural growth by ensuring that credit plus approaches in contributing to improved productivity in terms of trade and risk management at the farm-hold level. Secondly, NABARD has to facilitate sustainble and equitable growth of agriculture both across regions and social groups. There is a need for robust policy for sustainable natural resources management based on livelihood enhancement policy. Thirdly, NABARD has to play a leadership role ensuring a vibrant and responsive rural financial system which supports financial inclusion through a mode of relationship banking. It has to build not only capacity among rural banks but also pioneer adoption of information technology such as biometrics cards in rural banking. u NABARD has to provide more grant in-aid for research projects in the agriculture technology. More emphasis on biotechnology is necessary for improving productivity and production, Networking with ICAR, Agriculture Universities, Kisan Vigyan Kendras is needed for RD in bio-tech areas. u NABARD should actively engage in developing a long term credit policy for rural finance clearly laying role of various agencies in our multi-agency approach to bring a role clarity for all the agencies. u A specific and important role has to be played by NABARD in the area of infrastructure. However by 2006 NABARD has allocated Rs. 61,000 crore through RIDF, still though more is required. A subsidiary for rural infrastructure may be formed, which should be given the responsibility of mobilizing funds, if require, from overseas. Role of NABARD in the Development of Agriculture Sector in India 115 u It has to educate farmers on enonomic climate of the country. NABARD may conduct short duration training programmes for farmers on the basic skills and application of new technology. u NABARD should take up management role in RRB by raising share holdings to reach village level peple more effectively. It could assist RRBs in capacity building, transparency by adoption of it, supply chain credit and insurance. u Differential rate of interest may be extended to the entire rural credit and priority sector lending. If NABARD has difficulty in reducing interest rates, Government of India should come forward to support this move. u NABARD should have a strong technical wing with competent people in various disciplines such as commericial agriculture, agro processing, marketing risk mitigation. The technical officers should be exposed to the field for constant up-gradation of their technical skills. Its junior Officers should develop Specialization and strong perspective. u NABARD needs to focus on the quality of Self Help Groups for sustainable SHG movement. It should facilitate common standards, book keeping system and self regulatory mechanism for the SHG members. u The non grain crop sector and animal husbandry are clocking faster growth pointing towards diversification that is taking place in agriculture sector. It is a big business for NABARD and it should see that happen to reduce the dependence on core agriculture and efforts must be made that non farm sector is also diversified. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, it may be said that NABARD has carved for itself a special place in the unfolding story of Indias economic development. A journey of this kind has no end. Every mile that we travel throws up new challenges and new opportunities. It is the combination to pause or stop and never to band or yield. NABARD is not just a bank, it is an institution primarily intended to develop agriculture. Hope and trust that NABARD make a world class rural banking a possibility in the country. ê 116 V. K. Gautam and Yogesh Kumar Article Received on May 14, 2015; Accepted on June 25, 2015 12 Development of Jewellery From Left Overs G. Kaur and D. Kaur The investigation entitled “Development of jewellery from left overs” was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was employed to study the preferences of ninety respondents between the age group of 17-25 years, selected through purposive random sampling technique from three colleges of Ludhiana city. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were students between age group of 17-21 and were higher secondary, belonging to nuclear families and had monthly family income ranging between ` 25,000-50,000. Majority of the respondents, i.e. 87.78 per cent were aware of jewellery developed from left overs and 64.44 per cent were interested to reusing it. Where as 66.67 per cent of the respondents were interested in purchasing jewellery. Most of the left overs was collected by the investigator. On the basis of the preferences of respondents, two jewellery miniatures of each waste were developed and were shown to panel of judges. On the basis of the judges preferences, the most preferred designs were used to develop the jewellery. [Keywords : Design, Jewellery, Left overs, Miniatures] 1. Introduction Waste is a term generally used to describe the materials we throw away. Any material that is unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted is called waste material. Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish, sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions, CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES, Vol. 24, Number 3 July-September, 2015 M.Sc Student, Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab India E-mail: gurleen kaur5339yahoo.com Senior Scientist, Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab India E-mail: devinderct pau.edu garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a large variety of different wastes arising from different sources. The waste defined as unused materials or substance produced while making something. The problem with these is that for any material to be a waste it must be thrown away for disposal at the same time all wastes are not thrown away for disposal. Waste management is the gathering, transfer, processing, recycling or removal and monitoring of waste materials. Waste minimization can be used in an efficient way by focusing primarily on the first of the 3R’s, “reduce”, followed by “reuse” and then ‘recycle” Davis and Masten, 2004. Recycling is a process using waste materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution from incineration and water pollution from land-filling by reducing the need for “conventional” waste disposal, and lower greenhouse-gas emissions as compared to plastic production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle” waste hierarchy. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. Recycled fashion comes in a number of different forms, but it is most commonly apparent in accessories. Trash -fashion is about making clothes that take into account the environment, the health of consumers and the working conditions of people in the fashion industry Anon, 2009. 2. Objectives of the Study To counter the problem of waste produced, many efforts are undertaken to reduce its negative contribution towards environment. One of such measures is textile recycling- the reuse as well as reproduction of new products and accessories. This importance of reuse of waste does not just lie in the fact that it is reusable waste but in its usefulness to reduce the human sufferings, so the study is planned to develop jewellery from left overs with the following objectives : 1. To identify and collect different types of left overs capable of being used for jewellery. 2. To develop jewellery designs and select the most suitable designs for making jewellery. 3. Methodology This investigation was conducted in Ludhiana city. Three colleges of the city namely Government College for Girls, Bharat Nagar Chowk, Guru Nanak Girls 118 G. Kaur and D. Kaur College, Model Town and College of Home Science, PAU were selected for studying the preferences for different jewellery. Thirty respondents were selected from each college. The total samples of 90 colleges going girls between the age group 17-25 years were selected purposively as the respondents from this particular age group were more receptive towards new trends in fashion. An interview schedule was framed for collection of data regarding preferences of the respondents for development of designs for different jewellery from left over. On the basis of information collected from the respondents regarding the development of jewellery, ten miniature jewellery sets were developed. The developed miniatures of each waste were shown to a panel of ten judges comprising faculty of College of Home Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The most preferred ten miniatures were used to prepare jewellery sets by using left overs. 4. Results and Discussion The present study entitled “Development of jewellery from left overs” was conducted to develop jewellery by using left overs on the basis of wearability, colour combination, overall impact and appearance of the developed jewellery was also studied. Awareness regarding jewellery developed from left overs n=90 Preference of respondents regarding making jewellery from left overs at home n=90 Fig.1 : Awareness regarding jewellery developed from left overs Fig.2 : Preference of respondents regarding making jewellery from left overs at home The data in Fig.1 deals with the awareness of the respondents regarding jewellery developed from left overs. In fig. 1, it can be seen that 87.78 per cent of the respondents were aware of jewellery made from left overs while 12.22 per cent were not aware of it. The Fig 2 shows that 32.22 per cent of the respondents Development of Jewellery From Left Overs 119 were not interested in making the jewellery at home while a large percentage 67.78 was interested in making jewellery at home. Table-1 : Constraints faced by respondents in making jewellery from left overs at home n=32 Problems Frequency Percentage Lack of knowledge 20 62.50 Lack of Skill 29 90.63 Lack of techniques 12 37.50 Lack of equipments 5 21.86 Multiple responses The findings in table-1 show that 90.63 per cent of the respondents were constrained to make jewellery at home due to lack of skill, followed by 62.50 per cent of the respondents who faced this problem due to lack of knowledge whereas 37.50 per cent of the respondents facing problem due to lack of techniques. Unavailability of equipment was stated to a constraint by 21.86 per cent of the respondents. Table-2 : Motivating factors for utilizing left overs for developing jewellery n=58 Factors Frequency Percentage Personal use articles 14 24.13 Starting small scale business 12 20.69 Utilization of waste 17 29.31 Qualitative time 15 25.86 Create new design 13 22.41 Multiple responses The factors regarding the development of jewellery from left overs have been furnished in table-2. The maximum numbers of the respondents were utilizing the waste for developing jewellery from left overs i.e. 29.31 per cent and 25.86 per cent of the respondents were interested in developing jewellery to spent qualitative time. Where as 24.13 per cent and 22.41 per cent of the respondents were interested to develop personal use articles and were also enthusiastic to create new design respectively. Rest 20.69 per cent of the respondents was interested in starting small scale business. 120 G. Kaur and D. Kaur Fig. 3 : Interest of respondents according to practice of purchase of jewellery developed from left overs n=90 The results illustrate that 66.67 per cent of the respondents were interested in buying the jewellery developed from left overs while 33.33 per cent were not interested in it. The following table shows preferences of respondents for the development of jewellery from left overs : Table-3 : Preferences of respondents for surface accessory material n=90 Accessories Order of preferences WMS Ranks I II III IV V Shells 18 20.00 18 20.00 9 10.00 18 20.00 22 24.44 2.74 IV Ribbon 11 12.22 17 18.89 28 31.11 19 21.11 20 22.22 2.94 III Beadsstones 19 21.11 17 18.89 21 23.33 25 27.78 4 4.44 3.11 II Decorative Buttons 16 17.78 10 11.11 25 27.78 20 22.22 7 7.77 2.69 V Wire silver, metal, plastic 26 28.89 28 31.11 7 7.77 8 8.88 37 41.11 3.51 I Figures in parentheses indicate percentages Weighted Mean Score - WMS Kruskal –Wallis H-test H=1.25 Significant at 5 per cent The data presented in table-3 indicated that wires, beads and ribbons were the most preferred decorative material to be used for the development of Development of Jewellery From Left Overs 121 jewellery from left overs and their weighted mean scores were 3.51, 3.11 and 2.94 given first, second and third ranks, respectively. Shells were given fourth rank with weighted mean score of 2.74. Decorative buttons were the least preferred decorative material. Since the sample size is large the Kruskal –Wallis H-test statistically follows χ 2 distribution=9.49. The Kruskal –Wallis H-test i.e. H=1.25 was found to be significantly different from each other at 5 per cent in all the cases. Table-4 : Attributes considered by the respondents in jewellery developed from left overs n=90 Attributes of developed jewellery Frequency Percentage Wearability 10 11.11 Colour combination 50 55.56 Overall impact 14 15.56 Appearance 16 17.77 The data regarding the attributes to be considered while developing jewellery from left overs has been presented in table-4. The data revealed that 55.56 per cent, of the respondents selected jewellery due to the colourful combination, 17.77 per cent, were preferred due to the appearance of design of the jewellery followed by 15.56 per cent, due to their overall impact and only 11.11 per cent, of the respondents were of the opinion that the wearability used attract them to purchase the products. Table-5 : Factors affecting purchase of the jewellery developed from left overs n=90 Accessories Order of preferences WMS Ranks I II III Price 47 33.30 23 14.44 20 11.11 2.30 I Appearance 35 27.77 28 15.55 27 30.00 2.09 II Durability 19 10.00 25 22.22 46 30.00 1.70 III Figures in parentheses indicate percentages Weighted Mean Score - WMS Kruskal–Wallis H-test H=0.62 Significant at 5 per cent 122 G. Kaur and D. Kaur Many economical and socio-cultural factors influence the purchase of jewellery. The data shown in table-5 revealed that price, was the most influenced factor weighted mean score 2.30 and hence was given the first rank. Appearance, with a weighted mean score 2.09 was given the second rank and durability was at the third place weighted mean score 1.70 respectively. Since the sample size is large the Kruskal –Wallis H-test statistically follows χ 2 distribution=5.99. The Kruskal –Wallis H-test i.e. H=0.62 was found to be significantly different from each other at 5 per cent in all the cases. 4.1 Selection of Miniature Jewellery developed from Left Overs For the development of jewellery sets from left overs, preferred waste i.e. buttons, textured sheets, toothpicks, cardboards and wires were used. For single jewellery design two miniatures were developed and were show to panel of judges for the final selection. Table 6 reveals that Design A 2 with a weighted mean score 1.60, was selected for the development of jewellery from left over buttons, Design B 1, with a weighted mean score 1.60 was selected for development of jewellery from left papers, Design C 2 with weighted mean score 1.70 was selected for developing jewellery from used toothpicks, In the case of leftover cardboard Design D 1 weighted mean score 1.70 was selected and Design E 1 weighted mean score 1.90 was selected for the jewellery development from waste wires. The study by Kaur 2014 also developed accessories from leftoverwaste of Zari Brocade fabrics. Table-6 : Weighted mean score of panel of judges according to their preferences regarding the designs of jewellery developed from left over s n=10 Designs WMS Ranks Buttons A 1 1.40 II A 2 1.60 I Textured sheets B 1 1.60 I B 2 1.40 II Toothpicks C 1 1.30 II C 2 1.70 I Development of Jewellery From Left Overs 123 Cardboards D 1 1.70 I D 2 1.30 II Wires E 1 1.90 I E 2 1.10 II Weighted Mean Score-WMS 4.2 Details of the Jewellery developed from Left Overs The investigator selected five the most preferred jewellery designs evaluated by panel of judges. The details of the jewellery have been furnished as follows: Jewellery A 2 Jewellery A 2 was a set of necklace and earrings developed by using leftover buttons. The pattern was made by joining the buttons together as shown in design A 2 Plate I. For embellishments having buttons a floral pattern buttons were used. A chain was attached on the edges of the neckpiece and earrings are made with single button pattern as shown in the design. Jewellery B 1 Jewellery B 1 was a set of necklace and earrings developed from textured sheets. The neckpiece had a three colours i.e. silver, golden and pink neckpiece and was made from left papers Plate II. Black stylized flower buttons were used to embellish and finish the neck piece and earrings were made in pink and golden colour. Jewellery C 2 The design C 1 had a neckpiece made from used toothpicks made by weaving ribbon through alternate toothpicks. The earrings were made by pasting ribbon on toothpicks Plate III. Beads were used for the embellishment while a silver hard wire was used to tie it. Jewellery D 1 Jewellery set D 1 was developed from cardboard that was cut into round floral shapes in three different sizes. All these were joined with each other to make a single floral pattern. Than all these composite floral patterns were joined together as shown in design D 1 by passing wire through it Plate IV. 124 G. Kaur and D. Kaur Plate-I : Jewellery A 2 developed from left buttons Plate-II : Jewellery B 1 developed from textured sheets Plate-III : Jewellery C 2 developed from toothpicks Plate-IV : Jewellery D 1 developed from cardboards Plate- V : Jewellery E 1 developed from wires Jewellery E 1 Jewellery E 1 a golden coloured necklace and earrings set was developed by using waste wires Plate V. Wires were folded in a circular shape to make this jewellery set. 5. Conclusion It is concluded that development of jewellery form left overs, would provide entrepreneurs a new idea for making use of different left overs to produce new products along with different accessories to start with very less investments. The results related to design development and colour combinations would be beneficial to the housewife’s to utilize the left overs at home. Development of Jewellery From Left Overs 125 References Anonymous 2009 Reusing waste textile and clothing.http:www.humananova.orgen columns02reusing-waste-textile-and-clothing-products-in-a-way-which-avoids-thro wing-the-items-away Davis, M. L. and S. J. Masten 2004 what is waste. http:scp.eionet.europa.eu themeswaste; also see, Davis, M. L. and S. J. Masten, Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science , New York : McGraw Hill, 2004. Kaur, B., Development of Eco-Fashion Accessories from LeftoverWaste of Zari Brocade Fabrics , M. Sc. thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, 2014. ê 126 G. Kaur and D. Kaur Article Received on June 10, 2015; Accepted on June 25, 2015 13 Adolescents’ Personality Traits and Attitudes towards Mate Selection Pratima and Mukta Garg The present study was conducted to find out personality traits and attitude of adolescents towards mate selection. Two reputed institute of 6 th zone of Kanpur city namely HBTI, Nawabganj and C. S. A. University of Agriculture Technology, Company Bagh were selected purposively. For the study two girls and boys hostels were taken. The sample comprised of 120 students of 19 20 years. 60 boys and 60 girls were selected randomly from both the institutions. For this purpose a standardized scale 16 PF for personality traits and a self prepared questionnaire for attitude of adolescents towards mate selection was used. Investigation reveals most of the girls as well as boys wanted that their mate should be well educated, should have the good sense of humor, faithful, good looking and fashionable. Apart from all these qualities girls also give the emphasis to the sense of humor and age factor. And the χ 2 values between boys and girls were found to be significant at .05 level of significance in Q.No. 1, 3,10,,16 related to the well educated 5.217 , same profession 4.524,1-2 Years age gap 5.502, faithfulness 5.925. And at 1 level of significance in Q.No. 15 Sense of humor 11.641. In Type of personality most of the girls and boys of both the institution were lie in the cool and average level in different personality traits. Only few respondents were found in warm type of personality traits, i.e. in factor C, F, L, N Q2. Q3 .According to personality traits sten score of the boys were higher in the factor A,B,F,G,,Q,Q2,Q3, were found more easy going ,participatory, stable, mature, serious, can take stress, bold, and socially aware and think more abstractly in comparison to girls. While in factor C.H.L, O, N girls were found more reserved, more effected by emotional feelings, shy, socially praised, genuine, self satisfied. The result revealed that personality traits regarding mate selection among adolescents. The tests are found to be significant and the correlation values were found to be positively significant. [Keywords : Adolescents, Attitude, Mate selection, Personality traits] CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL SCIENCES, Vol. 24, Number 3 July-September, 2015 Student, Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, CSA University of Agriculture Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh India E-mail: pratimaprasad90 gmail.com Assistant. Professor, Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, CSA University of Agriculture Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh India E-mail: mukta.gargyahoo.com 1. Introduction The word Adolescence derived from Latin word ‘adolescere’ which means “to grow up”. Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood, it now typically begins prior to the teenage years and there have been a normative shift of it occurring in preadolescence , particularly in females see precocious puberty . Physical growth, as distinct from puberty particularly in males and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, can also extend into the early twenties. Personality can be defined as consistency in a person’s way of being — that is, long-term consistency in their particular ways of perceiving, thinking, acting and reacting as a person. Organized patterns of thought and feeling and behavior. The term “personality trait” refers to enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behavior in a variety of situations Individual differences in personality have many real life consequences. Preparation for the marriage is a major development task of adolescent’s year. Mate selection is the foremost important step towards marriage and is greatly influenced by culture, profession, family background, and much more. Mate choice, or intersexual selection, is an evolutionary process in which selection of a mate depends on the attractiveness of his or her traits. It is one of two components of sexual selection . Today when the Adolescent’s attitude towards marriage and mate selection can be influenced by their personality traits. Studies speculate that every individual’s personality influences their whole developmental process. Personality is the major factor that is considered by adolescents in case of marriage and mate selection. The nature and process of forming relationship regarding marriage and mate selection has changed in important ways over the past few decades. Adolescents focused on various aspects of relationship formation, ranging from adolescent pregnancy, premarital relationships, and mate selection to sexuality in relationships and families formed outside of marriage. In India adolescent’s attitude towards marriage and mate selection was depended on their parent’s interest before sometimes but now a days as the trends has been changed and the life style is changed so most of the youth believe in love marriages And by the time passes arranged marriage are going to be disappeared and also freely committed with their age mates. Adolescent attitudes towards and expectations of mate selection are currently of great 128 Pratima and Mukta Garg significance. Authors Kieren Badir, 1976 have indicated that these attitudes and expectations are formed during adolescence. According to Mooney Malony, 1978 and Zhang Fan, 2013 the uncertainty regarding a future mate selection is one of an adolescent’s greatest problems. They explained gender similarities and differences in mate- selection criteria among undergraduate university students. Female students placed greater emphasis on mate competence and earning potential, while male students put more emphasis on women’s physical attractiveness elegance. 2. Objectives of Study This study focuses on relationship between personality traits and attitude of adolescents’ towards mate selection. The specfic objectives of this study are as follows : 1. To find out the personality traits among the adolescents. 2. To find out the attitude of adolescents towards mate selection of adolescents. 3. To find out correlation between level of personality and mate selection criteria among adolescents. 3. Research Methodology The present study was conducted in Kanpur Nagar. Two colleges were purposively selected for this study i.e. HBTI, Nawabganj and C. S. A. University of Agriculture Technology, Company Bagh,. For the study two girls and boys hostels were covered. The sample comprised of 120 students between the age group of 19 20 years. 60 boys and 60 girls were selected randomly from both the institutions. For this purpose one standardized scale 16 PF Scale to find out the personality traits, and a self prepared questionnaire for attitude of adolescents towards mate selection were used. 4. Results and Discussion Table-1 on next page shows the attitude of total girls and total boys towards mate selection in which some values are found to be significant at 0.05 level of significance as shown by χ 2 values. Question 15.217 that they want well educated partner, question 35.425 that they prefer to same profession in their mates, question 105.502 that they want 1-2 year of gap in their mates, question16 Adolescents’ Personality Traits and Attitudes towards Mate Selection 129 faithfulness in their mates 5.925 .question No.15 significant at 1 level of significance related to qualities of good sense of humor in their mates 11.641. And rest of the responses of questions has not found any significant differences these findings are in support of Rao et al. 1990, Fiengn gold 1992 and Todosejvic et al 2003. Table-1 : Distribution of respondents’ of CSA HBTI according to their attitude towards mate selection across the gender

Q. No. Total Girls N=60

Total Boys N=60 χ 2 value Yes No Yes No 1 60 55 5 5.217 2 34 26 30 30 2.232 3 24 36 28 32 4.524 4 40 20 36 24 0.574 5 38 22 39 21 0.039 6 35 25 34 26 0.034 7 42 18 34 26 2.296 8 41 19 47 13 1.534 9 50 10 47 13 0.484 10 51 9 40 20 5.502 11 52 8 31 27 1.533 12 33 27 30 30 0.300 13 40 20 36 24 0.574 14 37 23 33 27 0.548 15 60 48 12 11.614 16 58 2 50 10 5.925 Significant at 0.01 Significant at 0.05 Table-2 shows the total sten scores of different personality factor of total girls total boys with their mean scores of CSA HBTI institute, which are categorizing in cool, average and warm. Most of the boys gave their response in cool and average type of personality. Many differences were found in girls and boys personality of different institution. In some factors Only few respondents 130 Pratima and Mukta Garg were found in warm type of personality traits .i.e. in factor C, F, L, N Q2. Q3 .According to personality traits sten score of the boys were higher in the factor A,B,F,G,,Q,Q2,Q3, were found more easy going, participatory, stable, mature, serious, cantake stress, bold, and socially aware and think more abstractly in comparison to girls. While in factor C.H.L, O, N girls were found more reserved, more effected by emotional feelings, shy, socially praised, genuine, self satisfied These findings contributed with the study of Klimstra et al. 2009 and Schwarz et .al. 2012. Table-2 : Distribution of the respondents according to their type of personality on different personality traits across the gender Personality factor Type of personality Total Sten score of girls Total mean N=60 Total sten score of boys Total mean N=60 A Cool 112 1.86 45 0.75 Average 39 0.65 208 3.46 Warm — — — — B Cool 112 2.03 137 2.22 Average — — 12 2.28 Warm — — — — C Cool 81 1.35 116 1.93 Average 83 1.38 50 0.8 Warm 40 0.66 — — E Cool — — — — Average — — — — Warm — — — — F Cool 69 1.15 113 1.88 Average 19 0.31 28 0.46 Warm 8 0.13 — — G Cool 82 1.36 45 0.75 Average 105 1.75 201 3.35 Warm — — 17 0.28 H Cool 98 1.63 37 0.61 Average 69 1.15 97 1.61 Warm — — — — Adolescents’ Personality Traits and Attitudes towards Mate Selection 131