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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
As the main objective of this study is to improve students‟ writing skill by using Brainstorming, some related theories are presented in this part. This
chapter discusses the theoretical description and conceptual framework related to writing skill and brainstorming technique. The followings are the discussions of
each item.
A. Theoretical Description
1. Writing
This section aims at discussing some points related to writing skills involving a broad area of interest. Those points are definitions of writing, types of
classroom writing performance, types of writing task, micro skills of writing, process of writing, teaching writing skill, principles of teaching writing, teaching
writing in Junior High School, and assessing writing.
a. Definition of Writing
Writing is one of the four basic skills in learning language. It should be mastered in using a language. As explained by Spratt, et.al. 2005:26, writing is
one of the four language skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking which involves producing language rather than receiving it. Writing belongs to a
productive skill because it supports to produce writing product as a result. It also
involves communicating a message something to say by making sign on a page. It implies when the students are doing the writing process, they involve in
producing language output rather than receiving it. In writing, people require a message and someone to communicate. It is because writing skill is important to
improve a communicative competence of learning the language. Learners learn and acquire language through both written and spoken ways so that they can
improve their communicative competence. In the process of communication, learners understand the rules on how to communicate to others, how to get
information, and how to communicate about the language itself. When the learners understand the knowledge of the language, it means that they have a
language competence. Writing is actually an activity to produce symbols as a message presented
to other people. Tarigan 1994:3 says that writing is an activity to produce or draw graphic symbols, which represent a language that is understood by people. It
implies that they are able to read the graphic symbol presented as a message. People will more understand the presented graphic symbols if they understand the
language and the graphic itself. According to Ramelan 1992:14 writing is representation or symbol of language. It means that writing is one of the tools of
communication as a representation of language. Writing is the most complex skill compared to three other skills. Writing
belongs to productive skill because it produces writing product as a result. Linse and Nunan 2006: 98 affirm that writing refers to process and product. Writing is
the process of thinking to invent ideas, thinking about how to express into good
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