AN ANALYSIS OF GRAFFITI ON TRUCKS.

(1)

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Scholar of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities the State Islamic

University of SunanAmpel Surabaya

By Ayu Monalisa

A03211009

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

LE MBAR PE RNYATAAN PE RSE TUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KE PE NTINGAN AKADE MIS

Sebagai sivitas akademika UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Ayu Monalisa

NIM : A03211009

Fakultas/Jurusan : Adab dan Humaniora / Sastra Inggris

E -mail address :

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, menyetujui untuk memberikan kepada Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Hak Bebas Royalti Non-E ksklusif atas karya ilmiah :

Sekripsi Tesis Desertasi Lain-lain (………) yang berjudul :

AN ANALYSIS OF TRUCKS GRAFFITI

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan Hak Bebas Royalti Non-E kslusif ini Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya berhak menyimpan, mengalih-media/format-kan, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data (database), mendistribusikannya, dan menampilkan/mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain secara fulltextuntuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis/pencipta dan atau penerbit yang bersangkutan.

Saya bersedia untuk menanggung secara pribadi, tanpa melibatkan pihak Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, segala bentuk tuntutan hukum yang timbul atas pelanggaran Hak Cipta dalam karya ilmiah saya ini.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Surabaya, 16 Februari 2017

Penulis

Ayu Monalisa

PERPUSTAKAAN

Jl. Jend. A. Yani 117 Surabaya 60237 Telp. 031-8431972 Fax.031-8413300 E-Mail: perpus@uinsby.ac.id

(6)

ABSTRACT

Monalisa, Ayu. 2017. An Analysis of Trucks Graffiti. Thesis.English Department.Faculty of Letters and Humanities. The State IslamicUniversity of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor : Prof. Dr. Zuliati Rohmah, M.Pd

Key words : Graffiti, Themes of Trucks Graffiti, Language Function; Transactional and Interactional View.

Trucks graffiti is a tool of truck driver’s expression. It has a particular function, either for transportation or another necessary. It can be aesthetic or disruptive values. Understanding graffiti can make the receivers to be more vulnerable on sense. This study focuses to analyze trucks graffiti viewing in two aspects linguistic devices. Firstly, it describes trucks graffiti on the themes of graffiti and secondly, it describes the language function that was proposed by George Yule. There are several themes of the data, each associated with different function on trucks graffiti in Indonesia. They are expressions of love, advice, communication, politic, drawing, tags, invocations, allusions, eponym, urban, self - expression, and character. The data also serve language function, they are, transactional and interactional view. The data consists of 20 pictures of trucks graffiti. The research method of this analysis is concern to the qualitative by using convenience sampling for interview. This aim of this study is how is trucks graffiti can influence social – culture.

(7)

Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Prof. Dr. Zuliati Rohmah, M. Pd.

Kata kunci: Grafiti, Tema Grafiti Bak Truk, Fungsi Bahasa; Transactional and Interactional View.

Graffiti bak truk sebagai media para supir truk untuk berekspresi. Itu memiliki function tertentu baik untuk kebutuhan transpotasi ataupun kebutuhan lainnya. Itu bias menghasilkan nilai keindahan ataupun merusak. Memahami graffiti bias membuat para pembaca untuk lebih peka terhadap rasa. Pembelajaran ini memfokuskan pada analisis bak truk dengan memandang dua aspek tata bahasa, Pertama, pembelajaran ini menjelaskan tentang tema – tema graffiti, kedua menjelaskan tentang funsi bahasa yang sesuai dengan teori yang dikemukakan oleh George Yule. Ada beberapa tema pada graffiti bak truk yang masing – masing dihubungkan dengan fungsi yang berbeda – beda berdasarkan graffiti bak truk yang tersedia di Indonesia. Semua itu adalah ekspresi percintaan, nasihat, doa, karakter, gambar, sarkasme, eksistensi, eponym, ekspresi percintaan, tag, politik.

Data juga melayangkan fungsi bahasa, yaitu, , transactional and interactional view. Data berisi 20 gambar bak truk. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Pembelajaran ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaiman graffiti yang ada di bak truk dapat mempengaruhi bentuk social budaya untuk masyarakat.

(8)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover ... i

Inside Title ... ii

Declaration ... iii

Thesis Advisor’s Approval ... iv

Thesis Examiner’s Approval ... v

Motto ... vi

Dedication ... vii

Acknowledgement ... viii

Table of Contents ... x

Abstract ... xii

Intisari ... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ... 5

1.3. Objective of the Study ... 5

1.4. Significance of the Study ... 5

1.5. Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6. Definition of Key Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II: LITERARY REVIEW ... 8

2.1. Theoretical Framework ... 8

2.1.1. Graffiti ... 8

2.1.2. Framework for Analysis Trucks Graffiti ... 11

2.1.3. Themes of Trucks Graffiti ... 13

2.1.3.1. Communication ... 13

2.1.3.2.Advice ... 13

2.1.3.3.Invocation ... 14

(9)

2.1.3.7.Existence ... 15

2.1.3.8.Eponym ... 15

2.1.3.9.Expression of Love ... 16

2.1.3.10. Tag... 16

2.1.3.11. Politic... 16

2.1.1. Language Function on Trucks Graffiti ... 17

2.1.1.1.Transactional View ... 17

2.1.1.2.Interactional View... . 18

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 20

3.1. Research Design ... 20

3.2. Techniques of Data Collection ... 21

3.2.1. Data ... 21

3.2.2. Location and Time... 21

3.2.3. Data Sources... 21

3.2.4. Instruments ... 22

3.3. Techniques of Data Analysis ... 24

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 26

4.1. Findings ... 26

4.1.1. The Themes of Trucks Graffiti ... 26

4.1.1.1.Communication ... 28

4.1.1.2. Advice ... 29

4.1.1.3.Invocation ... 31

4.1.1.4.Character ... 32

4.1.1.5.Drawing ... 34

4.1.1.6.Sarcasm... 34

4.1.1.7.Existence... 36

4.1.1.8.Eponym... 37

(10)

4.1.1.10. Tag... 39

4.1.1.11. Politic... 40

4.1.2. Language Function on Trucks Graffiti ... 41

4.1.2.1.Transactional Function ... 42

4.1.2.2. Interactional Function... 43

4.1.3. Discussion... 44

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 50

REFERENCES ... 52

(11)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses some points related to the introduction in the thesis. The points include background of study, statements of problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key term.

1.1.Background of Study

The existence of graffiti is frequently supposed to convoke controversy (Davis: 2011). Some of the graffiti functions are providing the opportunity individual to express controversial content information on the public (Hanauer in

Farnia: 2004). This is because most of the graffiti functions are corrosive (Sandles: 2011). According to Arthur Danto, on Nirmana, Demotic Art basically make chaotic of an aesthetic view (Wicandra & Angkadjaja: 2006).

Graffiti not only gives but also offends some information correction (Ellis on

Australian Institute of Criminology: 1987). Simon O’Sullivan stated that some of the theme of graffiti are disruptive, for example, graffiti which is delinquent is able to disrupt the power of relationship and may be able to become the major themes next (as cited in Cullen: 2009). Graffiti which has function to damage disagreement was called vandalism. Roos, H. Edvard explain the vandalism as:

Vandalism is a voluntary degradation of the environment with no motivation of profit whatsoever, the result of which is considered or damage by the actor (s) as well as by the victim in relation to the norms that rule the situation (Roos, Hans – Edvard, 1992 p. 54).

(12)

Graffiti is growing rapidly in line with necessary of graffitists. The term of graffiti had approximately appeared since there was primitive era which was written on the stones as a tool of communication (C.F Fraser 258, Malhom and Romig 30 on Raisul: 1993). For many years, the use of graffiti has function as a tool of communication (Alonso, 1998, p. 2). Being developed as a tool of communication presumably seemed had one function. Contribution of the old graffiti is important to develop an advance of the future graffiti (Davies & Sarpong, 2013). Nowadays, the function of graffiti in society has grown up as a tool of power expression that used by people, either for existence or protest action. The more graffiti functions used can make the more graffiti themes emerged (Ashley, et.al: 2005). Many researchers categorize the function of graffiti as the goal of graffiti form or theme. According to Yuswadi, a function can determine occurring of the form (Saliya: 1999). Among many themes of the emerging graffiti, the writer just studies about the themes generally, they are like expressions of love, advice, communication, politic, drawing, tags, invocations, allusions, eponym, urban, self - expression, and character.

There is a variation of graffiti types which has function to identify the different types of graffiti. Gadsby (1995) classifies graffiti into six main categories: latrinalia, public, tags, historical, folk epigraphy, and humorous.

In this study, the writer would like to analyze graffiti on trucks. In Indonesia, the existences of trucks graffiti are banal because most of them have shoddy notions, for example, graffiti which shows sordid words or images is bad. Most of them show women as the display on tub. The graffitists have indirectly exploited

(13)

and misapplied the identity women as the context of visualization (Wicandra: 2007). Looking at the Gadsby’s classification, the examples of trucks graffiti are including in the Public graffiti because they have written on the public spaces. By scratching any transcription on the tub – truck, they can pour expression much about their status. Bansky avowed that graffiti is one of the few tools you have if you have almost nothing (as cited in Ozer: www.academia.edu.com).

In An Initial Intimation of a Banal Discourse of Trucks Graffiti Journal, Bashtomi Yazid defines the scope of graffiti,

“Graffiti is any kinds of scratches, drawings, paintings, symbols, signs on walls, or anywhere no matter what constitutes the motivation of the writing. He categorizes themes of trucks graffiti as an objection of women, religious belief/teaching, mild – porno – related expressions (innuendos), geographical reference, ancestral reference, passion, frustration, social status, and acknowledgement”.

(Bashtomi: 2007). Nowadays, form of graffiti is becoming the visual language of personal expression so that it is intriguing the readers to comprehend what graffiti is (Ashanti: 2014). Graffiti has shown up the variety of function and theme and has grown up in line with the social culture that is happening. The problem lays the development of trucks graffiti view. How is the view of trucks graffiti recently? Is there any literature which has relation with social culture? How is the meaning of trucks graffiti as a social culture?

The study of graffiti had already expanded by many researchers with the plenty of focuses. Two of them were (Wicandra dan Angkadjaja, 2006 & Leridawati Journal). In Wicandra and Angkadjaja, they focus on what are the motivation and the reasons of graffitist to create graffiti. They collect the data

(14)

used qualitative approach and conducted the grounded theory. In the result of their study, they explained the motivation and the reason the graffitists in create graffiti. The motivation of graffitists was to give some aesthetic on the wall spaces and the second motivation was to be graffitist should have vandalism character. Meanwhile, the reasons were by letting the white wall did not give some aesthetic, it just keep clean the wall. Looking at the social culture, this study did not influence social culture effect yet.

The second is Leridawati, she had the goal to describe lingual ones form of graffiti on trucks traffic Padang – Solok Sumatra. She collected the data used qualitative method. She conducted the data comprises of three strategies stages, they were, providing data, analyzing data, and providing of analysis data. The result of this study was there were three lingual ones forms, they were, words, phrases, and sentences. Further, those data analyzed the meaning. There were three categorizations, they were, lexical, grammatical and contextual meaning. The analysis of trucks graffiti by her could explain the structure of transcription, both of syntactically and semantically. However, this discussion did not give any characteristic area from trucks graffiti in Sumatra yet.

In sum, before delving into a discussion of other trucks graffiti in Indonesia, it should be clear as to what themes of trucks graffiti need to be addressed. In this study the writer categorizes the themes of trucks graffiti such as expressions of love, advice, communication, politic, drawing, tags, invocations, allusions, eponym, urban, self - expression, and character.

(15)

1.2.Statement of the Problems

1. What are the themes of trucks graffiti?

2. How is the language function on trucks graffiti?

1.3.Objectives of the Study

1. To describe the themes of trucks graffiti

2. To describe the language function on trucks graffiti

1.4.Significance of the Study

The present study is addresses for giving both theoretical and practical contributions. Practically, this study is may be able to useful in the development of linguistic devices, which are, firstly, this study can give an input of trucks graffiti themes so that the study is able to display the renewal of those themes. Secondly, the study is able to give some examples of language function that was proposed by George Yule and Gillian Brown’s theory, it is language function.

Theoretically, by explaining the significance of this study, the writer hopes the study is able to give some contribution of the development theory; it is themes of trucks graffiti. The writer also hopes this study can help the researchers to understand of graffiti discussion next. Some examples discussion about language function is rather seem useful to be escort for further researchers.

1.5.Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study undertakes several kinds of themes on trucks graffiti and analyzes trucks graffiti based on the language function by Yule. There are two

(16)

points on language function, they are, transactional and interactional view. That is language function applies mechanism how to analyze function on language use. The categorization of trucks graffiti themes are expressions of love, advice, communication, politic, drawing, tags, invocations, allusions, eponym, urban, self - expression, and character.

1.6.Definition of Key Terms a. Graffiti

Graffiti is a performance of marking various points of contact between individuals and the world whether they are a celebration of existence or a declaration of resistance.

Tracey Bowen: 2010

Graffiti is all the transcription form such as scratches, writing, drawing, marks, and other transcription which was written on the wall spaces and has a certain meaning.

b. Graffiti Purpose

The aim of graffiti is to gain an attention from the readers / receivers in order to those graffiti’s work could be paid much attention.

c. Language Function

 Language function is the way of people to convey language with the

particular function. The aim is how to make that language could be conveyed and accepted by the receiver.

(17)

d. Transactional and Interactional View

 Transactional function is language which has function to confer information directly in purpose that language could be understood and implemented.

 Interactional function is language which has function to confer information indirectly in purpose that language could not only be understood but could also be interaction tool.

(18)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the theoretical framework. The study focuses on themes of trucks graffiti and language function that are needed to analyze the data.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

In this point, the writer studies the theories which have concern with trucks graffiti then analyze it within linguistic device that is language function by George Yule. The theoretical framework consists of the definition of graffiti, framework for analysis trucks graffiti, the themes of trucks graffiti, and language function.

2.1.1 Graffiti

Graffiti is all the transcription form such as scratches, writing, drawing, marks and other transcription which was written on the wall spaces and has a certain meaning. Graffiti is a performance of marking various points of contact between individuals and the world whether they are a celebration of existence or a declaration of resistance (Bowen: 2010). According to Farnia, Abel and Buckley noted that graffiti is a form of communication that is both personal and free of the everyday social strains that normally prevent people from giving uninhibited reign to their thoughts. As such, these sometimes crude inscriptions offer some intriguing insights into the people who author them and into the society in which these people belong (as cited Abel and Buckley, 1977 p.3 in Farnia). The aim of graffiti is to gain an attention from the readers in order to graffiti’s work could be paid

(19)

attention. The aim of graffiti is not only to gain an attention but also as tool of protest action, which is, there is a disagreement case for the rules are prevailed. Pritchard asserts graffiti dabbles on issues of human nature that force one to want to be remembered and not be forgotten through the passing of time (Pritchard, 1967; cited in Ashley, et.al. 2005). The graffitist usually present graffiti when they want to decipher something that can intrigues the readers.

Hanauer (1999) noted that graffiti can be use for conveying differentiates ideas or functions, such as shows someone’s relation in the certain group or asserts someone’s existence in the certain territory (as cited Hanauer in Ghouma: 2015). By comprehending much different function of graffiti, it can be categorized on form or theme of graffiti. Another opinion of form of graffiti is Grass (1997 p. 251) explains that Graffiti can influence phenomenon both of through a form or a content, it seems harness the emerging of segment of signs which has larger than sentence, and signs of something which can stand for something other than itself (Grass, 1997 p. 251; cited in Raisul). Learning of graffiti can teach the readers to obtain the literacy language visually so that the readers may be able to construct new literacy language either for sanctioned or unsanctioned language, for instance, they can conceive the using of symbols or marks (Bowen). In result, the emerging of graffiti can grow to make the readers have much concern on sense of touch toward language visual.

Form of graffiti is frequently anonymity. The graffitists would prefer ensconce their identity than to display the graffitists’ mark. By concealing behind the particular identity hopefully can guard the privacy and the safety of graffitists (Reiter: 1998). Character graffiti which uses anonym has a little deviant on conveying

(20)

communication. It is as if let chance the graffitists write their notion. Some of anonymous graffiti function for advice (Cassar: 2009). According to Kristeva avowed that anonymity and all the written contributions reflect diverse gender identity and the multiplicity of female expression (Kristeva, 1986; cited in Cassar p. 51).

Unfortunately, the utilizing of anonymity on graffiti is less resilience for the readers in contrast it would not usually be paid attention by them. The viewing of anonymity is not apparently inflicting positive case. In this case, the graffiti emerges new problems for the readers who are not accept because many of the graffitists are frequently exploit graffiti function, for example, they show the displeasure statement to others.

Based on the Gadsby’s classification, there are 6 points kinds of graffiti. They are Latrinalia, Public, tags, historical, folk epigraphy, and humorous.

Graffiti Gadsby’s Classification

Definition

Latrinalia It is graffiti which has the dirtiest notions or places, such as sordid words in the toilet.

Public It is graffiti which was written in the public places and should be push sentence’s available for all people

Tags This graffiti almost has same explanation with Public

graffiti, differently, it has more specific characters likes attributes, names, symbols, etc.

(21)

(when theses graffiti were produced); it can be functioned as a history document.

Folk Epigraphy People commonly craves this graffiti in the wood, wall, etc.

Humorous Graffiti which has funny and entertaining content Table. 2.1. Graffiti Gadsby’s Classification

2.1.2 Framework for Analysis Trucks Graffiti

In Graffiti at UBC: A Sociological Analysis of Graffiti Journal, Ian Ashley et.al, define the themes of graffiti contain of graffiti as a graffiti as a form of 0deviance, graffiti as a part of popular culture, graffiti as a political expression, graffiti as gender differences, etc. The more number of graffiti are produced so much number of themes for certain function graffiti. The focus of this study is according of the themes which are chosen on the data are presented. They are comprise of expressions of love, advice, communication, politic, drawing, tags, invocations, allusions, eponym, urban, self - expression, and character

Trucks Graffiti perhaps supposed gainful for truck drivers because it can provide spot to propagate ideas and share information for graffiti artist (Ashley, et.al: 2005). Because of trucks graffiti is basically to gain an attention of the readers, therefore truck drivers scatter their commentaries on tub – truck. In wish, the status of their necessity concern could be threaten and affected by the readers. In difference, the problem lies that the commentaries of them. How could the trucks graffiti supposed positive if those trucks graffiti have shoddy content commentaries and

(22)

function? The truck drivers should present those graffiti with a good tool for pouring expression and should not misapply the themes of graffiti only for their mere necessity to show self – expression.

Graffiti is a powerful social medium for public expression. Trucks graffiti include in the Public because it has written in the public spaces. Graffiti on trucks rather seem benefit the truck drivers because those are graffiti offer spot to them to give free opinion. The public performances such as trucks graffiti indeed disseminate much information easily so that information could be caught by society quickly. Sampson & Raudenbush stated the public performances are not only making available open – ended room but also urges the society to have interaction between the strangers and acquaintances (Robert & Raudenbush: 1999). In adding, Public graffiti also administers physical fettle. Unfortunately, they precisely misapply those opportunity. They are frequently exploit trucks graffiti according to their banal notion. In effect, many people preconceive Public graffiti exemplify negative perception somehow.

As the sample, some of themes of trucks graffiti are romanticism, love, sex differentiate, etc. Those trucks graffiti should not be available on public spaces because they have sordid language therefore it should be banned for children angle.

Public graffiti possibly permits the graffitists to express their existence. In condition, they have to witness the impact and the effluence, either positive or negative. In search, how can this study support people or the readers in more easily acquiring positive trucks graffiti content that is published in public places? Looking at the Gadsby’s classification, all of graffiti which has contained of the dirtiest content

(23)

would be classify in the Latrinalia. So that, it should be become comparison the existence of trucks graffiti in Indonesia, does it include in the Latrinalia or Public

graffiti?

2.1.3 The Themes of Trucks Graffiti 2.1.3.1.Communication

Graffiti as a tool of communication could help people to extend their language production visually (Jenna: 2002). In this study, graffiti which has function for communication addressed to the transportation topic. According to David, et.al stated that the role of graffiti as an intermediary can hopefully simplify people to convey information in line with their nature message (Ward, et.al: 2000). The goal of this theme is to invite the readers to communicate about what the graffitists talk are, indeed those information beyond is the important case to be paid attention, therefore they want the readers really sanction, comprehend, and implement those information.

2.1.3.2. Advice

It is the way of people to convey advice language visually. This theme is rather seemed advantageous because it exemplifies an exemplary of graffiti containing a message with moral value. As well as the writer know, graffiti on trucks mostly supply distraction ideas. The image of trucks graffiti are frequently debouching emotional expression, either it is supposed witty or irony (Wicandra: 2009). By scratching transcription on the trucks is well – place, it possibly get catch many readers.

(24)

2.1.3.3. Invocation

Theme of trucks graffiti supply invocation is the activity of the graffitists to display the important necessary of their life. What is life if there is no invocation? Invocation is the fundamental of people being. By having trucks graffiti containing of invocation, the readers will assume the graffitists are so kind or graffiti is useful because it asserts some good suggestion. One of verse of Muslim’s Holy Book (Qur’an) teaches the advantageous of having invocation.

نﺎﻋﺪ اﺬإ عاﺪﻟا ةﻮﻋﺬ ﺐﯿﺟأ

I respond to the invocations of the supplicant when he calls on Me (without any mediator or intercessor) (Al – Baqarah, verse 186).

2.1.3.4. Character

It means that content of trucks graffiti theme which prefers to the people mind – set and character. The graffitists mostly display their character through writing of graffiti which bases on their status principle. This theme is not fully supposed give the disadvantages, trucks graffiti which benefit usually look at the character of creator, either from the truck drivers request or the graffitists. If those graffiti are containing of politeness language, the character of graffiti will profit the role of trucks graffiti, those also will persuade the readers to have positive suggestion.

2.1.3.5. Drawing

It is the content of trucks graffiti theme which displays of drawing, this theme mostly emphasize on aesthetic. In drawing from the works of Dust and Geller,

(25)

Horowitz and Tobaly assert the idea which is “tolerance, respect for others, and motivation to achieve” would help alleviate vandalism.

2.1.3.6. Sarcasm

It is the content of trucks graffiti theme which displays language information by intending insinuates or insults someone. The character of sarcasm is containing of bitterness, reproach, breaks heart, and crude.

2.1.3.7. Existence

Graffiti as an existence is conveying language that people use to express their opinion and commentaries according to their mind and heart. The goal of this theme is to express people’s thought, feeling, and emotional. According to Hanauer, on Ghouma’s Journal, graffiti as a mode of powerful expression supplies for those who feel isolated by society and media, groups or individuals frequently called them as antisocial (Ghouma, Hend: 2015). However, existence of trucks graffiti theme is not only because of proscription but also because of lack of affection or pay attention. According to Alonso existence graffiti is the most common form of graffiti, and similar to political it follows an open system. They contain individual personal commentaries, and it is sometimes referred to as expressive graffiti.

2.1.3.8. Eponym

It means that statement of trucks graffiti theme which has identity person (it usually the famous person) and it is constantly related to the character of that is person.

(26)

2.1.3.9. Expression of Love

It is the content of trucks graffiti theme which displays expression of love, it can be an expression of trucks drivers to the closest someone such as their sweetheart, children, ex – special someone, etc.

2.1.3.10. Tag

It is the activity of scratching graffiti on trucks by posting the propriety character such as names, addresses, identity, etc. A tag is essentially a territorial marker (Ley & Cybriwsky, 1974). The graffitists mostly use tags to show their identity in order to their works could be paid much attention and the readers acknowledge the graffitists. The aim of taggers is to tag the maximum number of locations (Ninnes: 1998)

2.1.3.11. Politic

It is graffiti which talks about politic expression and commentaries. Jeff Ferrell explains that the politics of graffiti writing are those of anarchism (Ferrell: 1993 p. 172). Fisher M. et.al contends graffiti as a political expression is part of expression about references to democracy, rights, and politicians (Fisher M & Radtke S: 2014). Sandles avowed that even though graffiti just scratches the name of author, it can be proven that graffiti against the politic (Sandles, Andrea). In add, Sandles’s explanation tend to describe scope of political graffiti theme embrace many sectors such as political education, social – political, women identity political and others.

(27)

2.1.4. Language Function on Trucks Graffiti

According to Cook, the function of language can be divided into five functions, they are: emotive, directive, phatic, poetic, referential, metalinguistic and contextual functions (Cook, 1989 p. 26; cited in Arum, Nova: 2015). Graffiti as the spot of language development certainly shows variation of tools to convey function of language. It functions as the exchange information of people’s communication behavior. In Arum’s Thesis, Paul (1999: 1), the primary purposes or function of human language is to communicate information with others (Arum). The definition of language function that proposed by Roman Jacobson is the language has six aspects, and they are: the referential function, the poetic function, the emotive function, the conative function, the phatic function, and the metalingual function.

In this point, the data study language function theory that was regarded by Brown and Yule, they are, transactional and interactional view. They described that there are many communicative function on the language performance, but the most important purpose of language is the communication of information (Brown & Yule: 1992). Language function is the way of people to convey language with the particular function. The aim is how to make that language could be conveyed and accepted by the receiver. By understanding language function, people will get the meaning of information.

2.1.4.1. Transactional View

According to Nasr on Arum’s Thesis, transactional function is language function in which human use their linguistics abilities to communicate

(28)

knowledge, skill and information (Nasr: 198 p. 4). Transactional function is language which has function to confer information directly in purpose that language could be understood and implemented. This language function confers some information in line with the sender’s intention directly, so that those conveying should be clear and exact. Transactional function is related with how human use their linguistic abilities to transfer knowledge from one generation to the next. That function which language serves in the expression of 'content' we will describe as transactional view. It tends to adopt a limited approach to the functions of language in society (Yule: 2006 p. 6).

2.1.4.2. Interactional View

According to Nasr on Arum’s Thesis, interactional function is the language function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes, it is uses for maintaining social relationship, such as daily conversation (Nasr: 198 p. 4). Interactional function is language which has function to confer information indirectly in purpose that language could not only be understood but could also be interaction tool. This language function is not only prioritized information content of conveying language but also have a purpose to interact with others.

Interactional function is related to with how human use their language to interact with each other socially or emotionally, how they express their feelings and their ideas. That function involves much human touch to express social relations and personal attitudes, which describe how the individual have social interaction. It pays particular attention to the use of language for the transmission of factual or propositional information, sociologists and sociolinguists have been particularly

(29)

concerned with the use of language to establish and maintain social relationships. (Yule: 1992).

(30)

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

Chapter three discusses about the methodology which is used in this analyzing. The points include research design, techniques of data collection, data and data sources, instruments, techniques of data analysis, and research frame time.

3.1. Research Design

In this study, text of trucks graffiti became an important contribution to look for the answer of the research problems. The writer would like to analyze what are the trucks graffiti mean? And what the theme is. The writer adopted a qualitative approach as the research method. The qualitative research related to people idea, perception, opinion, and belief which all of them could not be analyzed by the number (Sulistiyo, 2010 p. 78). Using qualitative as the research method, the writer gives priority to the description data, it was not mean used numeric data or emphasized the quantity. Qualitative data come in the form of photos, written words, phrases, or symbols describing or representing people, actions, and events in social life (Neuman, 2012; cited in Badriah, Wafiqotul: 2015).

This qualitative method used convenience sampling, it was non – probability sampling technique which was choosing subjects because there was accessibility or convenience to the participants. In this study, the participant here was the informants; it could be the truck drivers or the persons who knows the truck drivers much.

(31)

3.2. Techniques of Data Collection 3.2.1. Data

Data were the material of information collection that used by the writer for analysis, it could be written or spoken material. The data in this study are several photos of trucks graffiti and the result of interview guide that was talked by the interviewer and the truck drivers at the places in Krian, Prambon, and Tarik.

3.2.2. Location and Time

Location is the place where the writer conducted the activity of research in order to acquire the data. This research was located on three location sampling. The writer categorized four locations to be sample of looking for data. There were ten results for sample data. Two of them were located on the firstly food shop, it located near Jl. Raya by Pass Krian. Two of them were located on the secondly food shop, it located on Jl. Raya Prambon. Three of them was the writer looked for the trucks graffiti where the truck was stopping its vehicle. It located on Jl. Raya Krian – Surabaya. The end, three of them was the writer looked for on the truck drivers’ house. Indeed, those locations were near with the writer’s house.

3.2.2. Data Sources

The data of this study were taken from the conversation list between interviewer and the truck drivers. The writer took this place because there were trucks which had graffiti on their tub and also the truck drivers were stopping at this place. The interviewer conducted interview in the food shop where many truck drivers

(32)

stopped to rest, the time was about at 12.00 – 13.00. The sources for this research were from photos and the informants. The writer got the photos to look for the data of trucks graffiti, while the writer also got the points of trucks graffiti from doing interview. There were ten informants who could be the participant to be collecting data. In this point, the writer just used the interview guide as the tool of interview. Further, the writer took 20 pictures of trucks graffiti.

3.2.3. Instruments

The instrument of this research is the writer. The writer utilized some interview guide to be material of interview; the writer gave some question about trucks graffiti.

Interview Guide

Name :

Arrange of Interview Question 1. Graffiti on trucks

……… 2. What is the meaning?

……… 3. Who write this graffiti?

……… 4. Why do you write this graffiti?

……….. 5. For whom you write this Graffiti?

………..

6. What do you think if you see graffiti which is not agrees with children? ………..

The writer arranged the result of interview guide to be data sources. She took the fourth number of interview Question list. Then, the writer attaches the fourth number to be goal of truck drivers.

No. Graffiti Location Time Meaning Goal 1. Jaga Jarak (Pom Bensin

Watue Tulis) Jl. Raya Prambon

May 5, 2016 At 12.00

Keep distant to give space

To remember drivers to be careful

2. Fatha (In front of The Graha Regency) Jl. Raya

May 4, 2016 At. 13.00

The beautiful Islamic women from India

To entertain the readers

(33)

Prambon 3. DZIKRUL

GHOFILIN (TOBAT)

Gempol Sewu, Tarik

March 16, 2016

At. 06.30

The name of his son

To write his son’s name

4. Manuto Omongane Abah lan Umi....!!!

Jl. Raya by Pass Krian

April 28, 2016 At. 12.30

We have to obey our parents

To give advice the readers

5. Ati2 lan Waspodo

Jl. Raya by Pass Krian

April 5, 2016 At. 15.30

We have to take care with our life

To give advice the readers

6. Enak Jamanku To

Kedung Wonokerto, Prambon

April 24, 2016 At. 08.00

There is no most comfort era after president Soeharto

To express politic situation

7. Jalanin Nikmatin Syukurin

Jl. Raya Prambon

May 04, 2016 At. 12.30

We have to be who we are to do our life

To exemplify good character

8. Manado Jl. Raya by Pass Krian

April 07, 2016 At. 16.00

The city where he born

To show his birth city 9. Exotic Jl. Raya

Prambon

April 20, 2016 At. 12.00

An aesthetic of the whole

To contain the wall – spaces on truck

10. Dibalik Penantian

Kalimati, Tarik March 27, 2016

At. 07.00

There is a particular life behind waiting process

To make status

Table. 1 Techniques of Data Collection

3.3. Techniques of Data Analysis

In this study, the writer used data to answer research problems about the themes of trucks graffiti and how was language function on trucks graffiti, the writer conducted some steps such as;

 First the writer started to understand the result of interview guide list.

 Then, the writer arranged data collection and determined the goal of truck drivers scratched graffiti on trucks.

For example:

Note: I : Interviewer

(34)

“I : Why do you write this graffiti?

T.D : Ingin mengisi bak truk saya agar tidak kosong”

Translated

“I : Why do you write this graffiti? T.D : To contain my wall – spaces on truck”

No. Graffiti Location Date Meaning Goal 9. Exotic Jl. Raya

Prambon

April 20, 2016 At. 12.00

An aesthetic of the whole

To contain the wall – spaces on truck

 Then, the writer understood the meaning of graffiti image, combined it with the truck drivers’ perception, and started to analyze it according to see the meaning and knowledge that the writer knew.

“What is the meaning?

There are some aesthetic of the whole, beautiful life, beautiful picture, beautiful human, or beautiful human’s character.

 Thirdly, the writer classified theme of trucks graffiti based on the goal of truck drivers.

No. Function of Trucks Graffiti

Data of Graffiti Total Frequency

1. Communication 2. Advice

3. Invocation 4. Character 5. Drawing 6. Sarcasm 7. Existence 8. Eponym

9. Expression of Love 10. Tag

(35)

11. Politic

Table. 3.2. Themes of Trucks Graffiti Classifying

 Lastly, the writer determined language function on trucks graffiti used the theory by Yule, it was divided by two points, they are, transactional and interactional view.

No. Language Function Data of Graffiti Total Frequency 1. Transactional View

2. Interactional View

(36)

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is about findings and discussion of the thesis. In the findings section, it divided into two parts according to the research question are presented. They are the themes of trucks graffiti and language function on trucks graffiti. Instead in the discussion section, the writer discusses about the detail of findings.

4.1. Findings

In this part, the writer presents the findings in line with the research problems. Firstly, it contains the themes of trucks graffiti. Themes of trucks graffiti are expressions of love, advice, communication, politic, drawing, tags, invocations, allusions, eponym, urban, self - expression, and character. Secondly, it contains of language function by Yule, they are, transactional and interactional view.

4.1.1. Themes of Trucks Graffiti

Dickinson explains form of graffiti emerges the main message of graffiti form (Dickinson, P.31). Themes of trucks graffiti also explain where the main purpose of forms (Farnia, p. 52). The main purpose of analyzing trucks graffiti themes are to find out the meaning of the theme (Fisher M & Radtke S).

Based on the data analysis, trucks graffiti attach 11 themes. Those themes are categorized based on the trucks graffiti functions which are available in Indonesia.

(37)

Table.4.1. the Findings of Themes of Trucks Graffiti

From the taken data in table 4.1, there are three trucks graffiti themes be a dominant theme. They are present the highest number with 3 times out of data or 15% of total frequency, they are, advice, character, and existence. Secondly, the highest numbers of trucks graffiti themes are eponym, sarcasm, and tag. They present twice out of data or 10% of total frequency. The lowest numbers are communication, invocation, politic, drawing, and expression of love. They just appear once and represent 5% from the total frequency.

5, 5% 15% 5, 5% 15 % 5, 5% 10, 10% 15, 15% 10, 10% 5, 5% 10, 10% 5, 5%

The Finding of Themes of Trucks Graffiti Communication Advice Invocation Character Drawing Sarcasm Existence Eponym Expression of Love Tag Politic

(38)

4.1.1.1.Communication

Theme of truck graffiti as a mode of communication has one datum. It is “JAGA

JARAK”. The example of studying truck a graffiti theme as a mode of communication is below.

Datum 1

Image 1 JAGA JARAK (W 9004 UY)

This piece of trucks can be considered as a mode of communication theme. The scratches of this graffiti make up definite words consisting of a reading discourse seriously hopefully capable to explain the information from the truck driver. The transcription on the truck graffiti had a speech idea above on its making a statement “Jaga Jarak”, it means “Keep Distant”. This graffiti can give an understanding for the other drivers in order to obey and implement what communication is the truck driver used on his tub – trucking.

As well as the truck driver know, many drivers constantly undertake a delinquency, for instances, the drivers looked for gaps on the road in order to overlapped the longest and the biggest vehicle for the reasons they are afraid to come late. The teenagers mostly drive uncontrolled, because they assume they have great

(39)

rein. Moreover, among of them get influence alcohol. Angela explained that the rates of accidents were mostly undergone by teenagers who have holding parties involving an alcohol (Roos, Hans - Edvard).

Even though, from an analytical transcription the truck graffiti is most likely a commonplace transcription on the disobedient drivers so that the truck driver notices to obey the traffic rule. The target audience of the image is the drivers on the road in expect that truck graffiti would make the drivers implement its appeal. The principle of “Jaga Jarak” teaches the readers to drive carefully. In wish, driving carefully can decrease and prevent rates of accident in everyday. Besides, it will convince the readers to get safety to the destination places further. The image is a piece of conveying information which has a communication case on the transportation; it is inviting expression to obey the traffic rule.

4.1.1.2.Advice

Graffiti as an advice conveying is the way of people to convey advice language visually. This theme is rather seem give some advantageous because by scratching trucks graffiti content with some good advice and message, the readers will assume positive on trucks graffiti. Themes of truck graffiti as an advice - conveying have 3

data. They are “MANUTO OMONGANE ABAH LAN UMI!!”, “ATI2 LAN

WASPODO”, and “Ay, Prei Nakal”. One of the example of studying truck graffiti themes as an advice is below.

(40)

Datum 2

Image 2 MANUTO OMONGAN ABAH LAN UMI!! (S 4114 UF)

The graffiti contended Manuto Omongane Abah lan Umi. It was Obey Your

Parents. The owner of the truck wanted to give advice on his tub – truck. By putting graffiti which had an advice, people were well – advised. Obey Your Parents is surely suggestion to have a good attitude to their parents. He said that if conveying communication used politeness, a good life implementation would drive calmly. Therefore, people should be more respectful and polite. This graffiti not only remind the readers to be obedient but also to obey the rule.

There were two marks on the behind of truck. That was red rectangle mark and

tanda seru. The red rectangle mark was used to notice the other driver to keep distance and took care when they were on driving activity. While the other mark was

tanda seru. Three small tanda seru showed that graffiti should be understood and applied and one the biggest tanda seru was in the rectangle, which became the proof if graffiti was an extremely important and as be imperative advice. Other example of this graffiti theme is Eling lan Waspodo.

(41)

4.1.1.3. Invocation

Graffiti as an invocation is the theme of graffiti containing of applying of people to God in order to they get virtuous and right way in their life, and also to far away them from the danger or wrongness. This theme has one datum. They are

“Bismillah”. The example of this theme is below Datum 3

Image. 5 BISMILLAH (AE 8372 OK)

Graffiti contended “Bismillah” is the effort of truck driver to be more careful in doing many activities. However, to be truck driver is constantly frightened because he has to conduct in the middle roadway. It is many dangers and problematic when he worked, for example, an accident. Moreover, truck is one of the biggest vehicles. It certainly has to carry much responsible. The biggest vehicle that someone carry the greatest responsible someone have. Bismillah is the beginning invocation in Islam. By saying Bismillah, the situation of life will conduct fluency and comfortably. By stating Bismillah, there will be much salvation. It will save people life to get the right way and far away people from peril life. He trusts that there is the miracle of invocation. Does not an invocation is the power of Muslim?

(42)

4.1.1.4. Character

Graffiti as character is a tool of conveying language that people use to express their opinion and commentaries according to their tenet. This theme has 3 data. They are “OPO JARE A’WHEK”, “DIBALIK PENANTIAN”, and”Jalanin Nikmatin Syukurin, Two of the example of studying trucks graffiti themes as a character are below.

Datum 4

Image. 7 OPO JARE A’WHEK (L 8016 VA)

The theme of trucks graffiti as a self – expression could be exemplified on this image. This scratching sets – up a particular graffiti which is containing of a real sense discourse, possibly capable to afford information for drivers. This graffiti had a notion asserted with the statement “OPO JARE A’WHEK”, it means “Up to me” was a commentary of the truck driver’s personal expression. Truck graffiti stated that the desirability truck driver is the readers truly capable to understand the truck drivers’ life. Truck drivers have had willingness to leave their family, because of taking job. Truck driver is arbitrary to write graffiti because they lack affection from their closest people in their life include their family.

(43)

This graffiti also can be a spirit for him because to be a truck driver is constantly supposed insipid he has to strengthen himself. To be optimistic is a sense to ignore pessimist. It means that life has to go ahead like what is truck driver wish, the wishing is in right way and does not aggravate others so far.

Datum 5

Image.6 JALANIN NIKMATIN SYUKURIN (M 8703 UA)

The graffiti Jalanin, Nikamtin, Syukurin, it means Go on, Enjoy, and be

Gratefull. The owner of the truck wants to invite the reader to enjoy their life. They must be gratefull through the life, either in good or bad condition. This graffiti taught moral value that life must go on and continue whatever the condition or problem that was faced.

God has created human in any different way to make them be gratteful to Him. He suggested that the readers did not make their problem be a burden in their life. They must go on to face the obstacle of life that they had because the obstacle of life was a lesson to arrange their bad character be good character. They also should have principle of life so they could determine and pass their life in the future easily.

(44)

4.1.1.5. Drawing

Graffiti has a theme like drawing is a tool of conveying expression that people use to scratch something in the wall spaces. This theme has one datum. It is a picture of poultry. The example of studying truck graffiti theme as a drawing is below. Datum 6

S 8184 WF

Scratching graffiti form through drawing is a work which purposes to show an art form. By drawing an art, the truck driver can create how to make increase artwork show how to produce his work to be publicly. The truck driver draws some poultry because there is a philosophy behind an aesthetic of it. This truck is a tool of the truck driver undertakes to carry many poultries in everyday. Distributing poultry is a kind of hi job. It is certainly an exciting feeling to scratch poultry as the power of drawing, where this drawing is able to bestow on some fortune. His loving of poultry becomes him to thanks for making his life better especially his prosperity is luckily and fluency.

4.1.1.6. Sarcasm

Graffiti has a theme like sarcasm is a tool of conveying expression that people use to expression an allusion that the creator (both of from graffitists or truck drivers

(45)

itself) create in the wall spaces of trucks. It is the sentences of crossness expression, which is, the creator would like to spill anger out to public. This theme has one datum.The example of studying truck graffiti theme as a drawing is below.

Datum 7

Image. 27

ORA MIKIR LAMBE TURAH SENG TAK PIKIR DUIT TURAH JANDA 7X

(AG 8516 WO)

This graffiti uses Javanese language which utilize hardest strata (there are three levels of Javanese language structure; they are, softest, middle, and hardest). This statement means “whatever with much talks, the most important is money”. Graffiti as if indicate its personality which does not concerned about much talks that the creator had received. Lambe Turah is one of the popular icons which are gossiping

crowd to be talked nowadays. The emerging of Lambe Turah appears recently in

purpose to be resistance in the same manner as graffiti has character.

According to Tracey graffiti is a performance of marking various points of contact between individuals and the world whether they are a celebration of existence or a declaration of resistance (Bowen: 2010). Lambe Turah in this topic would like inform that people have not to heed all the much gossip which becomes controversial

(46)

of people life. This graffiti wants to resist his existence in the same manner as people have comfortably and peaceful life. Unfortunately, the statement which becomes more controversial is the drawing of woman wears embrace clothes. Any longer, representation of woman on tub – truck is exploited. The role of women who hold much liability to handle household affairs becomes them capable to handle financial affairs, so that is why this graffiti defines that the most important life is money recently.

4.1.1.7. Existence

Graffiti as existence is a tool of conveying language that people use to express their opinion and commentaries according to their mind and heart. This theme has 3

data. They are “Ga Berangkat Diomelin Ga Pulang Dicari”, “Sobo Alas”, and

”Exotic”. One of an example of studying trucks graffiti themes as a character are below.

Datum 8

Image. SOBO ALAS (S 8753 PA)

The graffiti reveals “SOBO ALAS”. It means “Live in forest habitually”. The truck driver would like to express his personal commentary about his life. This is graffiti as an imagery that he constantly works passing the forest is as if he lives

(47)

continually in the forest. Passing the forest certainly elicits frightened feeling by having much problematic like journey at the dark which is sensitive with accidents.

4.1.1.8.Eponym

Graffiti as an eponym is the theme of graffiti containing of language style which has statement mining of someone name, it is used to prefer the character of

person name. This theme has two data. They are “Narimo ing Pndum” and “Fatha”.

The example of this theme is below Datum 9

Image. 15 Fatha (B 8137 AK)

The graffiti reveals “Fatha”. It prefers to the name of the beautiful Islamic

woman in India. Character of Fatha could be an exemplary of woman personality

against receiving of strange culture behavior, which is, to be a woman should be selective to imitate or exemplify other culture. The truck driver utilizes truck graffiti with the character of Indian woman because India drama has become performance popularly so that many people fad to watch India drama on television media. This fad influences the truck driver to exist performance.

(48)

4.1.1.9. Expression of Love

Graffiti as an expression of love is the theme of graffiti containing of loving

expression and uttering. This theme has one datum. They are “Terlanjur Sayang”.

The example of this theme is below Datum 10

Image. 14 TERLANJUR SAYANG (W 7075 SH)

The graffiti shows “Terlanjur Sayang”. It means “Already in Love”. This

expression love is uttered by truck driver to release his loving to his closest person/s. By releasing love, truck graffiti can entertain him to alleviate missing sense. To be truck driver surely have long distance with the closest person/s especially his family because having long journey would make his life far from family. It does not like other profession which does not worst time to work continually. Although, he could not to send his feeling to the addressee, this truck graffiti hopes carrying `expression of love because by having this expression would intrigue him to be happy. Not only himself but also he wish his statement could influence the readers to have expression of love too. Therefore, he thinks that he could share good expression, which is, having love expression.

(49)

4.1.1.10. Tag

Graffiti as a tag is the theme of graffiti containing of the character or marks of graffitists itself. This theme has one datum. It is “Dzikrul Ghofilin (Ayo Tobat)”. The example of this theme is below

Datum 11

Image. 16 DZIKRUL GHOFILIN (AYO TOBAT!!) (W 8050 UZ)

This graffiti shows “DZIKRUL GHOFILIN TOBAT” It is the utterances of truck driver to the readers if he wants to show his existence expression. The truck driver gets the ideas of graffiti from his son’s name. His son name is Dzikrul Ghofilin. He gives his son name uses Arabic language which means reminder for forgotten people or it could be comprehend that the more fortune the more praying. That means he (truck driver) may not too proud everything what we have done. Indeed our success is not only our attempt but also probably it is the others endeavor. For example, his success is result of his fight and praying but he is doing not know if there is one help praying him. So that, he writes this graffiti as my alarm to always remember when he is poor, surely he needs people’s helping and much praying.

(50)

4.1.1.11. Politic

Graffiti as a politic is the theme of graffiti containing of politic commentaries. This theme has one datum. It is “Enak Jamanku To”. The example of this theme is below

Datum 12

Image. 30 ENAK JAMANKU TO….. (S 8978 SN)

This graffiti shows “ENAK JAMANKU TO…..” It means “What the Best

Comfort after My Era?” The truck driver would like to share commentaries about politic information. He considers the government system between in the past and nowadays. At the past, the condition of government system was fluency at the Soeharto’s era especially in economy aspect. Economy policy which applied appropriate with most of people’s livelihood in Indonesia, it is, agriculture engineers. Indonesia is agriculture country, where the nation should utilize availability of natural resources so that the necessary of nations were fully saved. By having their own job, they could enrich their life. When he viewed backward in Suharto’s president era, the condition of politic Indonesia did not chaotic like nowadays. All president certainly belong merit based their policy but the truck driver supposes Soeharto is more

(51)

peaceful than others. He concluded there was an available self – sufficient food program, family planning program, etc.

4.1.2. Language Function

Graffiti as the spot of language development certainly shows variation of tools to covey function of language. Language function explains all of languages that people used were have meaning and purpose. There are two major function of language, transactional and interactional (Brown & Yule, 1983: 1). Based on the data analysis, trucks graffiti attach 2 language functions. Those function categorization was appropriated based on the George Yule’s theory, they are, transactional and interactional views.

Table. 4.2. Finding of Language Function

From the taken data in table 4.1.trucks graffiti which contains of transactional view was the dominant of the language function. It presents the highest number with

(52)

13 times out and 65 % of frequency. Then, the second highest number of data is transactional view.

4.1.2.1. Transactional View

Transactional view becomes the second highest number of language function on trucks graffiti. There are 13 data containing of transactional view, they are datum Image 1, Image 2, Image 3, Image 5, Image 6, Image 9, Image 7, Image 13, Image 12, Image 11, Image 18, Image 19, and Image 16. An example language function on trucks graffiti as a transactional view is below.

Datum 13

Image. 1 JAGA JARAK (W 9004 UY)

Language function on trucks graffiti as a transactional view is exemplified in this image. It revels “Jaga Jarak”. It means “Keep Distant”. For example, at the jump traffic and all the drivers drive creepily, the driver who is in the behind this truck. After he reads that is information on truck graffiti, he is going to decrease the speed directly so he can keep away from that is truck.

Looking at the behavior of the driver, the language function of this graffiti is in line with transactional view. Graffiti has the main goal information according to the

(53)

content actually (Heather, Hewitt: 2002). It is about the rule of driving activity. However, the driver conducts and implements commando without both of the truck driver or the driver utter speech. Trucks graffiti as the form of transactional view is mostly supposed explicit transactional features, because the content of some information are conveyed clearly and based on the nature message of truck drivers.

In conclusion, this language function should be applied by the drivers

4.1.2.2.Interactional View

Interactional view is the dominant function of language on trucks graffiti. There are 7 data containing of interactional view, they are datum Image 14, Image 17, Image 8, Image 10, Image 11, Image 20, and Image 15. An example language function on trucks graffiti as an interactional view is below

Datum 14

Image. 17 TERLANJUR SAYANG

(W 7075 SH)

This picture is an example of language function as interactional view. It scratches “Terlanjur Sayang” It is one of loving expression sentence that would like to express for special someone. It could be his special someone, his wife, his child, etc.

(54)

Looking at the statement above, language function could be called interactional view. The main goal of graffiti is not only for conveying some information according to the content but also for interaction. The graffitist makes a literary loving expression through popularly language style is the effort of graffitist to be interactive with other drivers. The driver seems only to be focused on expression of trucks graffiti. The method of graffitist to show an expression of social relationship is included in interactional view (Kalaja P & Lepannen S: 1991). Trucks graffiti as interactional view can have explicit or implicit features, because some information is not denotation somehow.

In conclusion, this language function can be comprehended by the receivers, either through the content or interaction.

4.2Discussion

The findings reveal that the themes of trucks graffiti and that language function. As has been mentioned that language function is the way language conveyed. It is function of what language uses. Theme is the main idea of topic transcription. Part of communication could significantly acquired by understanding the theme of transcription such as writing, drawing, marks, symbol and others is significant part of communication.

In Wicandra and Angkadjaja, they focus on what are the motivation and the reasons of graffitist to create graffiti. They collect the data used qualitative approach and conducted the grounded theory. In the result of their study, they explained the motivation and the reason the graffitists in create graffiti. The motivation of graffitists

(55)

was to give some aesthetic on the wall spaces and the second motivation was to be graffitist should have vandalism character. Meanwhile, the reasons were by letting the white wall did not give some aesthetic, it just keep clean the wall. Looking at the social culture, this study did not influence social culture effect yet.

As the writer mentions in the previous chapter, there are two study topics, they are themes of trucks graffiti and language function that was proposed by George Yule. Firstly, there are five themes of trucks graffiti, they are, expressions of love, advice, communication, politic, drawing, tags, invocations, allusions, eponym, urban, self - expression, and character. Secondly, trucks graffiti are analyzed use one of theory on linguistic device, it is language function.

Connecting to the previous study, this study undertakes to continue the suggestion from Wicandra & Angkadjaja (2006) analysis, which is, would like to present how is graffiti form can influence social – culture. All the language basically has relationship with social and culture. Social is the activity which relates to society. Then, culture is all the form of human activity by having notions and behaviors. So, social – culture is all the activity of human language which comes from notions or behaviors in the society scope. Here, trucks graffiti is as an intermediary of graffitists to explore their language which purposes to publish to society. The interpretation meaning of trucks graffiti found is also depend on the themes of the data used.

Communication theme supplies trucks graffiti by containing of transportation communication. It certainly conducts between truck drivers and other drivers. This theme rather seem gives an advantage because the conveying information which has relation discourse with the transportation communication. They give contribution to

(56)

join participates to convey about some information of traffic rule. This theme undertakes an operation about the solution of problem which appears on the driving activity.

Indeed, both graffiti on trucks as the collection and as driving suggestion are the truck drivers’ necessarily. Although, there are some direction of guidance and information of traffic rule, for instances, many banners which posts on the road concerning of the danger of traffic, the drivers do not obey yet. There are still the delinquent drivers. They should hold the orderliness principle as the biggest responsible.

The official statement of safety about the traffic rules is available on the judicial law and it should be an implementation for the traffic police. In 2009 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, President and House of Representative stated that the Constitution No. 22 about public transportation and traffic rule, it is, “All the fluency, convenience, and orderliness of traffic, to the drivers’ should be given guidance, widely information, they who have relation with the prescriptions on traffic rule. The official traffic should properly give some direction of guidance and information on the traffic” (2009 Constitution: No. 22).

Availability of official statement of traffic safety gives some direction to the drivers. Realizing the importance of keeping the safety of road is the main pocket. Self – awareness should really implemented by the official traffic, either for the traffic police or the drivers. Why should also the traffic policemen have a self – awareness? Because some of them also undertake a delinquency by withdraw an illegal tax levied for the reasons keeping convenience togetherness both the traffic

(57)

policemen and the drivers. The explanation of the delinquency which writes on the statement above is part of factual account occur generally on the road.

The theme is not only having transcription creation as well as the rule has but was also having invoking of emotional response rule properly. One of the examples of invoking of emotional response in this trucks graffiti theme could be seen when the drivers obey and implement what are graffiti would like to do. In result, may theme of trucks graffiti as communication could be comprehended and implemented by the drivers so they get safety to the destination.

Advice theme is rather seem gives much advantages because it represents all trucks graffiti form which views shoddy notions for children receipt. By having this, trucks graffiti will not fully have supposing indecent meaning and disrupt notion and behavior continuer generation.

Character and existence theme are commonly common appear in the data. The interpretation of those themes is still followed by the character of Indonesian exactly, it is relying on togetherness. Having relying on togetherness has similarity with homogeneous character especially for touch of sense affairs.

Then, the conclusion of interpretation of trucks graffiti themes are acquired by several themes, they are, graffiti as a mode of communication and graffiti as a mode of communication. The interpretation of a mode of communication theme is still influenced by other graffiti theme, for instance, there is a mode of communication graffiti which is followed by trucks graffiti as an existence. It is not fully supplies some information for communication, few of them express the truck drivers have

(58)

feeling, commentaries and emotional. Actually, the character of those graffiti is available on graffiti as an existence.

Further, the interpretation of trucks graffiti theme as a political expression is democratic. Democrat is government system which all the nations have opportunity to express their mind and heart. In this case, the truck drivers want to voice their expression through graffiti on trucks.

The result of the findings is answers for the two research problems that have been mentioned in the chapter one. However graffiti is a part of language. There is particular meaning and function. Therefore, the writer analyze the data with the linguistic device, it is language function. The writer would like to understand and comprehend the scope of graffiti especially on trucks.

In conclusion, whatever the function of language itself, using of language should supply its predominance. One of them is using language with the politeness language for communication so that it makes interaction fluently. There is a verse of Muslim’s Holy Book (Qur’an), which supplies of using politeness language for interaction with others. There is in the Al – Qalam Surah verse 4.

ﻢﯿﻇ قﻟﺨ ﻰﻟ ﻟ ﻚﻨ اﻮ

Translation:

And indeed You (Muhammad) are really have noble right nature (Qalam verse 4) That verse explains about the personality of Muhammad Saw who has a noble, virtuous, and generous temper. None has compete likes His right nature. At least, Qur’an as a Muslim’s guidance can teach people to uses their language function well.

(59)

If people use language for well function, perhaps it can handle the producing of language.

(60)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

Function of language has grown up in line with the globalization goes, and then trucks graffiti have grown up many themes in line with the function goes too. Themes of trucks graffiti frequently deliver dilapidated information so that the perception of viewing trucks graffiti becomes diminish and people are going to suppose those graffiti are commonplace. Further, people should not offish the development of trucks graffiti emerging, they should adapt and have some acquaintances on that is emerging with the moral principle.

In conclusion, all the conveying information language through trucks graffiti should pay attention and concern negative effects so much for the readers. The first reason is the themes of trucks graffiti in Indonesia have decreased moral, ethics, and aesthetics values. Secondly, the conveying those language which has a function as a tool of neighborhood previously will be able to be as a tool of cleavage because those delivering contain of the worst information.

5.2. Suggestion

In the writer’s opinion, themes of trucks graffiti in Indonesia can be developed much more again for the reasons many functions are still available there. Those themes should totally increase advances of trucks graffiti themes in line the emerging

(61)

of trucks graffiti has developed. All of the themes in this study will be interesting if they have many branches which support variety. Themes of trucks graffiti further certainly undergo the changing in line the globalization has developed.

(62)

REFERENCES

Davis, Ben. 2011, Under "Art in the Streets," the Beach! The Real History Behind MOCA's Contentious Blockbuster, http://www.artinfo.com, accessed May 6

Maryam, Farnia. 2013. A Thematic Analysis of Graffiti on the University Classroom Walls - a Case of Iran Journal. Australia: Australian International Academic Centre.

Sandles, Andrea. 2012. Graffiti: A New Art Form Arises.

Wicandra, Bima O & Angkadjaja, Novita S. 2006. Efek Ekologi Visual dan Sosio - Kultural melalui Graffiti Artistik di Surabaya. Surabaya: NIRMANA, VOL.7, NO. 2.

Wilson, Paul & Healy P. 1987. Research brief: Graffiti and vandalism on public transport. Australia: AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY Cullen, Catherine. 2009. No One’s Servant, Everyone’s Private Lover.

Whitechapel Gallery and The MIT Press.

Roos, Hans – Edvard. 1992. Vandalism as a Symbolic Act in Free Zones. Sweden: Lund University

Islam, Raisul. Restroom Graffiti and Gender Relation: Perspective Bangladesh.

www.academia.edu.bd.com

Alonso, Alex. 1998. Urban Graffiti on the City Landscape Journal. California: University of Southern California.

(63)

Davies, C. and Sarpong, D. 2013. The Epistemological Relevance of the Arts in Foresight and Futures Studies. England: Bristol University of the West of England.

Ashley, Ian, et.al. 2005. Graffiti at UBC: A Sociological Analysis of Graffiti.

British:University of British Columbia.

Saliya, Yuswadi. 2007. Fungsi, Ruang, Bentuk dan Ekspresi dalam Arsitektur.

Indonesia.

www.othisarch07.wordpress.com/.../fungsi/

Bashtomi, Yazid. 2007. An Initial Intimation of a Banal Discourse of Trucks Graffiti Journal. Malang: Hybrid Print Press

Wicandra, Bima O. 2007. Representasi Perempuan pada Lukisan di Bak Truk.

Surabaya: NIRMANA, VOL.9, NO. 1, JANUARI 2007: 31-37.

Ozer, Basak. Contemporary Graffiti Art as a Part of Urban Landscape Journal.

www.academia.edu.com.

White, Ashanti. 2014. From Primitive to Integral: The Evolution of Graffiti Art Journal. Journal of Conscious Evolution.

Bowen, Tracey. 2010. Reading Gestures and Reading Codes: The Visual Literacy of Graffiti as Both Physical/ Performative Act and Digital Information Text. Canada: University of Toronto.

Arum, Puspita N. 2015. An Analysis on Language Function Found in

(64)

Tarbiyah and Teacher Training. State Islamic Institute (IAIN) of Tulung Agung.

Badriah, Wafiqotul. 2015. Internet Language Features Used by Male and Female Online Shopper on Instagram. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Humanities. State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Brown, Gillion & Yule, George. 1996. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ghouma, M. Hend. 2015. Graffiti in Libya as Meaningful Literacy. Arab: Arab World English Journal (AWEJ).Volume.6 Number.1, March 2015.

Reiter, Michael K. & Rubin, Aviel D. 1998. Crowds: Anonymity for Web Transactions. Communications of the ACM.

Cassar, Joanne. 2009. Being a Lesbian is No Sin: Religion, Sexuality and education in the Lives of Female Students. Mediterranian Journal of Educational Studies.

Sampson, J. Robert & Raudenbush, W. Stephen. 1999. Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 3:603-651.

Ward, David J, et.al. 2000. Dasher a Data Entry Interface Using Continuous

(1)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

5.2. Suggestion

(2)

(3)

REFERENCES

Davis, Ben. 2011, Under "Art in the Streets," the Beach! The Real History Behind MOCA's Contentious Blockbuster, http://www.artinfo.com, accessed May 6

Maryam, Farnia. 2013. A Thematic Analysis of Graffiti on the University Classroom Walls - a Case of Iran Journal. Australia: Australian International Academic Centre.

Sandles, Andrea. 2012. Graffiti: A New Art Form Arises.

Wicandra, Bima O & Angkadjaja, Novita S. 2006. Efek Ekologi Visual dan Sosio - Kultural melalui Graffiti Artistik di Surabaya. Surabaya: NIRMANA, VOL.7, NO. 2.

Wilson, Paul & Healy P. 1987. Research brief: Graffiti and vandalism on public transport. Australia: AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY Cullen, Catherine. 2009. No One’s Servant, Everyone’s Private Lover.

Whitechapel Gallery and The MIT Press.

Roos, Hans – Edvard. 1992. Vandalism as a Symbolic Act in Free Zones. Sweden: Lund University

Islam, Raisul. Restroom Graffiti and Gender Relation: Perspective Bangladesh.

www.academia.edu.bd.com

(4)

Davies, C. and Sarpong, D. 2013. The Epistemological Relevance of the Arts in Foresight and Futures Studies. England: Bristol University of the West of England.

Ashley, Ian, et.al. 2005. Graffiti at UBC: A Sociological Analysis of Graffiti. British: University of British Columbia.

Saliya, Yuswadi. 2007. Fungsi, Ruang, Bentuk dan Ekspresi dalam Arsitektur. Indonesia.

www.othisarch07.wordpress.com/.../fungsi/

Bashtomi, Yazid. 2007. An Initial Intimation of a Banal Discourse of Trucks Graffiti Journal. Malang: Hybrid Print Press

Wicandra, Bima O. 2007. Representasi Perempuan pada Lukisan di Bak Truk. Surabaya: NIRMANA, VOL.9, NO. 1, JANUARI 2007: 31-37.

Ozer, Basak. Contemporary Graffiti Art as a Part of Urban Landscape Journal.

www.academia.edu.com.

White, Ashanti. 2014. From Primitive to Integral: The Evolution of Graffiti Art Journal. Journal of Conscious Evolution.

Bowen, Tracey. 2010. Reading Gestures and Reading Codes: The Visual Literacy of Graffiti as Both Physical/ Performative Act and Digital Information Text. Canada: University of Toronto.

Arum, Puspita N. 2015. An Analysis on Language Function Found in “Enchanted” Movie Script. Thesis. English Education Department. Faculty of

(5)

Tarbiyah and Teacher Training. State Islamic Institute (IAIN) of Tulung Agung.

Badriah, Wafiqotul. 2015. Internet Language Features Used by Male and Female Online Shopper on Instagram. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Humanities. State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Brown, Gillion & Yule, George. 1996. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ghouma, M. Hend. 2015. Graffiti in Libya as Meaningful Literacy. Arab: Arab World English Journal (AWEJ).Volume.6 Number.1, March 2015.

Reiter, Michael K. & Rubin, Aviel D. 1998. Crowds: Anonymity for Web Transactions. Communications of the ACM.

Cassar, Joanne. 2009. Being a Lesbian is No Sin: Religion, Sexuality and education in the Lives of Female Students. Mediterranian Journal of Educational Studies.

Sampson, J. Robert & Raudenbush, W. Stephen. 1999. Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 3:603-651.

Ward, David J, et.al. 2000. Dasher a Data Entry Interface Using Continuous Gestures and Language Models. United Kingdom.

(6)

Burrel, Jenna & Gay, Gery K. 2002. E – graffiti: Evaluating Real – World Use of a Context – aware System. United State America: Human Interaction Computers Group.

Wicandra, Obed B. 2009. Graffiti di Indonesia: Sebuah Politik Identitas Ataukah Tren? (Kajian Politik Identitas pada Bomberdi Surabaya). Surabaya: NIRMANA, VOL.8, NO. 2, Juli 2006: 51-57.

Nugrahani, Farida. 2012. Reaktualisasi Tembang Dolanan Jawa dalam Rangka Pembentukan Karakter Bangsa (Kajian Semiotik). Indonesia: Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra, Vol. 24, No. 1, Juni 2012: 58-68.

Nicoarea, Georgiana. 2013. Graffiti and Cultural Production in Contemporary Cairo: Articulating Local and Global Elements of Popular Culture.

Holy Book of Islam (Qur’an). Qalam Surah Verse 04

Voolaid, Piret. 2012. In Graffiti Veritas: a Paremic Glance at Graffiti in Tartu1. Estonia & Poland.

Dickinson, Maggie. 2008. The Making of Space, Race and Place. Critique of Anthropology.

Fisher M & Radtke S. 2014. Sex Differences in the Topics of Bathroom Graffiti Human Ethology Bulletin – Proc. of the IV ISHE Summer Institute (2014): 68-81.

In 2009 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22, about public transportation and traffic rule. Indonesia.

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAFFITI ON TRUCKS.

AN ANALYSIS OF TRUCKS GRAFFITI

PERPUSTAKAAN

نﺎﻋﺪ اﺬإ عاﺪﻟا ةﻮﻋﺬ ﺐﯿﺟأ

ﻢﯿﻇ قﻟﺨ ﻰﻟ ﻟ ﻚﻨ اﻮ

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s „The Chinese Pen‟

An Error Analysis on Using Simple Past Tense by Eleventh Years Students of the Ark Scholl Sidikalang

An Analysis of Conjunctions Found in Tempo Magazine

An Analysis On English Slang Used In Hello Magazine

An Analysis Of Intrinsic Elements In Roald Dahl’s Novel Matilda

An Analysis On My Apple Students’ Ability To Use Demonstrative Pronoun And Demonstrative Adjective

THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR DEVIATION OF GRAFFITI WRITTEN ON CLOTHES SOLD IN RAMAYANA DEPARTMENT STORE IN BANYUWANGI

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL FORMING NOUN ON KANG An Analysis Of Derivational Forming Noun On Kang Guru Magazine.

The Lowdown On Bucket Trucks

Reception of Urban Graffiti Indonesia

Dukungan

Links

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAFFITI ON TRUCKS.

AN ANALYSIS OF TRUCKS GRAFFITI

PERPUSTAKAAN

نﺎﻋﺪ اﺬإ عاﺪﻟا ةﻮﻋﺬ ﺐﯿﺟأ

ﻢﯿﻇ قﻟﺨ ﻰﻟ ﻟ ﻚﻨ اﻮ

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s „The Chinese Pen‟

An Error Analysis on Using Simple Past Tense by Eleventh Years Students of the Ark Scholl Sidikalang

An Analysis of Conjunctions Found in Tempo Magazine

An Analysis On English Slang Used In Hello Magazine

An Analysis Of Intrinsic Elements In Roald Dahl’s Novel Matilda

An Analysis On My Apple Students’ Ability To Use Demonstrative Pronoun And Demonstrative Adjective

THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR DEVIATION OF GRAFFITI WRITTEN ON CLOTHES SOLD IN RAMAYANA DEPARTMENT STORE IN BANYUWANGI

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL FORMING NOUN ON KANG An Analysis Of Derivational Forming Noun On Kang Guru Magazine.

The Lowdown On Bucket Trucks

Reception of Urban Graffiti Indonesia

Dokumen yang Anda mencari sudah siap untuk unduhkan