English blends in the highend teen E Magazine 2016 editions

ENGLISH BLENDS IN THE

HIGHEND TEEN

E-MAGAZINE

2016 EDITIONS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Rosalia Ratya Amarta Student Number: 131214099

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

i

ENGLISH BLENDS IN THE

HIGHEND TEEN

E-MAGAZINE

2016 EDITIONS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Rosalia Ratya Amarta Student Number: 131214099

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

iv

When everything seems to be

going against you, remember

that the airplane takes off

against the wind, not with it –

Henry Ford

This thesis is dedicated to: BapakVincentius Pairin IbuDarmastuti Rina Praptiwi Elisa Wibi Amarta My ELESP and non-ELESP friends

v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 14 July 2017 The Writer

Rosalia Ratya Amarta 131214099

vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Rosalia Ratya Amarta

Nomor Mahasiswa : 131214099

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

ENGLISH BLENDS IN THE HIGHEND TEEN E-MAGAZINE 2016 EDITIONS

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 14 Juli 2017 Yang menyatakan

vii ABSTRACT

Amarta, Rosalia Ratya. (2017). English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

This research deals with the occurrence of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions. Since language is dynamic and

constantly evolving, many new words are formed. The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence of English Blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions.

The formulated problems of this research are: (1) What are the base words of the English blends which are found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?, (2) What types of the English blends are found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?, and (3) What is the most frequent type of the English blends which is found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?

This research employed a qualitative research method and used document analysis to gain a better understanding about the phenomena of English blends in the e-magazines. The subjects of this research were twelve HighEnd Teen e-magazines, from January to December 2016. There were three instruments which were used to gather the data. They were human instrument, documents, and observation table.

The result of this research showed that in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions, there were thirty two English blends which were found. Those blends were composed by at least two base words which had different meaning. Among the three types, blends with clipping were the most productive type of the

blends. The implication of the study showed that the occurrence of blends in e-magazines can be one alternative way to teach students about one of word formation processes and it can enrich the vocabulary of English words.

Keywords: Word Formation, English Blends, E-Magazine, HighEnd Teen Magazine

viii ABSTRAK

Amarta, Rosalia Ratya. (2017). English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Penelitian ini berisi tentang pembentukan English blends di majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016. Sehubungan dengan karakteristik bahasa yang dinamis dan terus berkembang, terdapat berbagai kata baru yang terbentuk dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pembentukan English blends di majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016.

Rumusan masalah yang terdapat pada penelitian ini adalah: (1) Apa kata pembentuk dari English blends yang ditemukan di majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016?, (2) Apa tipe English blends yang ditemukan di majalah elektronikHighEnd Teenedisi tahun 2016?, dan (3) Apa tipeEnglish blends yang paling sering ditemukan di majalah elektronikHighEnd Teenedisi tahun 2016?

Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan metode kualitatif dan menggunakan analisis dokumen untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang fenomena English blends di majalah elektronik. Subjek penelitian ini adalah dua belas majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen, dari bulan Januari sampai bulan Desember 2016. Terdapat tiga instrument penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data, yaitu pelaku penelitian, dokumen, dan tabel observasi.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa di dalam majalah elektronik HighEnd Teen edisi tahun 2016, terdapat tiga puluh dua English blends yang ditemukan.Blendstersebut terbentuk dari paling sedikit dua kata pembentuk yang memiliki makna yang berbeda. Di antara tiga tipe blends, blends with clipping adalah tipe blends yang paling produktif. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ditemukannya blends di majalah elektronik dapat menjadi cara alternatif untuk mengajarkan kepada para siswa tentang salah satu proses pembentukan kata serta dapat memperkaya kosakata Bahasa Inggris.

Keywords: English Blends, Word Formation, E-Magazine, HighEnd Teen Magazine

ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First and foremost, I praise and thank Lord Jesus. His shower of blessing throughout my research strengthens and guides me to finish my thesis successfully.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to BapakF.X. Ouda Teda Ena, M.Pd., Ed.D., who becomes my thesis advisor, as well as my academic advisor and also my generous ‘big boss’. He has inspired me a lot through many things and I am really grateful for every time and support which he has given to me.

I am extremely grateful to my parents, Bapak Drs. Pairin and Ibu Darmastuti Rina Praptiwi, for their unconditional love, prayers, supports,

and sacrifices. Also I express my thanks to my sister, Elisa Wibi Amarta, for supporting me and inspiring me to keep working on my thesis.

I would like to make special reference to Maria Dian Fajar Rianti and Ensa Puspita Sari. I am really grateful to have them in my life because I feel like having two un-biological sisters. I am extending my gratitude to my friends in college, especially my closed and beloved classmates, Yulius Galih, Dicky Wisnu, Marcelina Winny, Yustina Rostyaningtyas, Gustav Viko, Paulus Erwan, Brigitta Astri, Ni Wayan Yeccika, Clara Nusaca, Veronica Esti, Hapri Shinta, Rosa Avia, Lia Lolita, Galuh Putri, Irene Benita, Anesthesia Tripinta, Margaretha Prima, Bernadeta Erwips, Yansen Alvindoris, Kristiyanto, and all Ouda’s children I have not mentioned for all moments that we have shared together during this last four years.

x

My next gratitude goes to Kantor Sekretariat WR IV and BKHI Universitas Sanata Dharma,which become the places where I did my thesis. To Liliana, Yurisdixta Menavia, Ni Wayan Yeccika, Titis Pahargyan, Gallang Riang Gempita, Ridhoel Marthin Zai, and Ria Natalia Sitompul,I thank them for cheering me up. It has been a great time to meet them all.

Last, but not least, I thank everyone who has contributed in the process of doing my thesis. Their help and support are really meaningful to me.

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... vi

ABSTRACT... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1

B. Research Questions ... 4

C. Research Significance ... 5

D. Definition of Terms... 6

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description... 8

1. Words... 8

xii

3. Word Formation... 9

4. Blends ... 10

1) Splinters in Blends ... 11

2) Classifications of Blends... 11

5. Electronic Magazine or E-Magazine ... 15

B. Theoretical Framework ... 16

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 18

B. Research Setting... 19

C. Research Subjects ... 19

D. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique ... 20

E. Data Analysis Technique ... 22

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Research Results ... 25

1. The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions... 25

2. The Types of the English Blends in the HighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions... 36

3. The Most Frequent Type of English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions... 37

xiii

B. Discussion ... 38

1. The Meaning of the Base Words and the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine2016 Editions... 39

2. The Types and the Formation of the English Blends in the HighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions... 45

3. The English Blends Distribution in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions... 50

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions... 51

B. Implications... 52

C. Recommendations... 53

1. For English Language Learners ... 53

2. For English Teachers ... 53

3. For Other Researchers... 53

REFERENCES... 55

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 The Themes of the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions .. 20

Table 3.2 Blends Observation Form ... 21

Table 3.3 The Base Words of English Blends... 22

Table 3.4 Code Lists... 23

Table 3.5 The Types of Blends ... 23

Table 4.1 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (January 2016) ... 26

Table 4.2 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (February 2016) ... 27

Table 4.3 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (March 2016) ... 27

Table 4.4 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (April 2016)... 28

Table 4.5 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (May 2016) ... 29

Table 4.6 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (June 2016) ... 30

Table 4.7 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (July 2016)... 30

Table 4.8 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (August 2016)... 31

xv

Table 4.9 The Base Words of the English Blends

in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (September 2016)... 32 Table 4.10 The Base Words of the English Blends

in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (October 2016) ... 33 Table 4.11 The Base Words of the English Blends

in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (November 2016) ... 34 Table 4.12 The Base Words of the English Blends

in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (December 2016)... 35 Table 4.13 The Types of the English Blends

in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions ... 36 Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Type of the English Blends ... 37 Table 4.15 The First Part of the First Word

and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends... 47 Table 4.16 The Whole First Word

and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends... 48 Table 4.17 The First Part of the First Word

and the Whole Second Word Blends... 48 Table 4.18 The First Parts of Both Words Blends ... 49 Table 4.19 Blends with Clipping and Overlapping... 50

xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A ... 59

Appendix B ... 60

Appendix C ... 61

Appendix D ... 62

Appendix E ... 63

Appendix F... 64

Appendix G ... 65

Appendix H ... 66

Appendix I... 67

Appendix J ... 68

Appendix K ... 69

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides background information related to the study and states the problems of the research. It also explains about the objectives and benefits of the research. Some key words or phrases which are specifically used in the research are introduced in this chapter to avoid misinterpretation among the readers. This chapter is subdivided into four parts, namely, research background, research questions, research significance, and definition of terms used in this research.

A. Research Background

Language, as the media for human communication, develops significantly day by day. According to Shohamy (2007), an understanding of language as “open, dynamic, energetic, constantly evolving and personal” encompasses the rich complexities in communication (as cited in Scarino & Liddicoat, 2009, p. 16). Since language is dynamic and constantly evolving, it is possible that many new words are formed. People may encounter the new words while they are doing their daily activities, such as reading book, listening to the music, watching movies, or having conversation with other people.

Linguistics is an area of research which studies language. According to Aitchison (2003), linguistics is “the systematic study of language and it is “one of the fastest-expanding branches of knowledge” (p. 4). There are many fields in linguistics, such as phonetics, phonology, syntax, morphology, pragmatics,

semantics, and sociolinguistics. The study of how a word is formed is in morphology field. According to Aronoff & Fudeman (2011), “Morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed” (p. 2). Furthermore, according to Yule (2006), word formation is “the study of the processes whereby new words come into being in a language” (as cited in Tahaineh, 2012, p. 1107). Yule states that there are some types of word formation process, such as coinage, derivation, compounding, clipping, blending, conversion, backformation, and abbreviation.

The occurrence of English new words can be seen in various activities or aspects in human life. Mass media communication can become one target to observe the existence of language development. According to Livesey (2011), mass media refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way, shape or form to large numbers of people (p. 2). There are various kinds of mass media, such as magazine, newspaper, television, etc. In this research, the researcher has chosen one kind of mass media, which is magazine. Magazine is a communication media or a medium of information that can reach all levels of society. Magazine is usually published weekly or monthly.

Nowadays, most magazines are available in printed and electronic format because of the development of technology. Chennupati, Foo, & Heng (2006) state that “Electronic publishing (EP) refers to the application of computing software by a publisher to information content created and packaged for a specific audience, and the distribution of the final product through electronic means” (p.

1). Electronic publishing includes various publishing models, such as electronic books books), electronic newspapers newspapers), electronic magazines (e-zines), etc. People read a magazine to access any information which is suitable with their interests, class, or age group. While most newspapers contain news for the general readers, magazines more focus on a specific aspect of life, such as parenting, lifestyle, hairdressing, fashion, business, travel, etc. Beside there are a lot of information that can be found in magazines about the issues around the world, the element of the language, such as words, which are used in magazines are various and attractive. In magazines, language is used creatively to attract attention from the readers. Therefore, there are many new words that can be found in magazines.

Among the various kinds of word formation in English, the researcher is interested to conduct a research on English blends, which occur as the results of blending, in e-magazines. According to Aronoff & Fudeman (2011), “Blending is an example of creative language use. It generally does not adhere to strict constraints, as does affixation” (p. 120). Moreover, Danks (2003) states that blends often occur in magazines and newspapers, as well as in advertisements (p. 3).

In this research, the researcher chooses HighEnd Teen (HET)e-magazine as the data source. The researcher chooses HET magazine because it is one of Indonesian magazines which uses English language to deliver articles, news and other information related to international teenagers’ lifestyle. It is also a well-known magazine among teenagers. HET magazine provides its magazine in

printed and digital format (e-magazine). After considering some advantages of the e-magazine version, the researcher is going to use the HighEnd Teene-magazines. There are some advantages from the usage of e-magazine. According to Chennupati, Foo, & Heng, (2006), “ePublications offer the potential of enhancing information with additional dimensions in a cost-effective way and thus enabling the information to reach a wider audience of users compared to paper-based print publications (pPublications)” (p. 2). Since the researcher is analyzing the HET e-magazine in one year period, it is more practical to get the e-magazine from each month by purchasing the e-magazine. Nowadays, teenagers also prefer to buy the e-magazine than the printed format. The e-magazine can be purchased in SCOOP newsstand which contains over 100,000 editions of magazine, book, and newspaper in digital format (eBook) from different categories and this application is available on iPad, iPhone, Android, and Windows Phone.

B. Research Questions

Based on the background of the study, the researcher formulated three research questions as follows:

1. What are the base words of the English blends which are found in the

HighEnd Teene-magazine 2016 editions?

2. What types of the English blends are found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions?

3. What is the most frequent type of the English blends which is found in the

C. Research Significance

The study focused on English blends as the result of blending in word formation. Therefore, it can give benefits for the following readers:

1. For English Language Learners

This research is useful for the college students, especially English Language Education Study Program students, who study English as a foreign language. By reading this research, it is expected that the language learners can have better understanding and additional knowledge about English blends as the result of word formation process.

2. For English Teachers

This research could be an inspiration for English teachers who often find English blends as the result of word formation process in their teaching. They could use a magazine as the teaching media to supplement the textbook.

3. For Other Researchers

This research is expected to provide some information that can be used as a reference for the same research or to give an inspiration for other researchers who are interested to conduct a further research in the similar topic.

D. Definition of Terms

The following terms need to be clarified so that the reader can comprehend the research easily.

1. Blends

English blends are the example of creative use. They are composed of at least two base words. According to Carroll (1996), a blend is composed by two different words with completely unequal meanings which are put together to form a new word with a new meaning (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p. 18). A blend occurs as the result of blending in word formation process. Gries (2004) defines blending as the coinage of a new lexeme by fusing parts of at least two other source words of which either one is shortened in the fusion and/or where there is some form of phonemic or graphemic overlap of the source words (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p.18). The examples of blends in English are stagflation

which is derived from stagnation and inflation, smog from smoke and fog and

motel from motor and hotel. 2. E-Magazine

An e-magazine (e-zine) is an “electronic magazine” or “online magazine”. Chennupati, Foo, & Heng (2006) state, “eZines are equivalent to eNewspapers but published by established print magazine publishers” (p. 3).

3. HighEnd Teen (HET)E-Magazine

HighEnd Teene-magazine is an Indonesian e-magazine which is published by PT MNI Entertainment. It is part of PT Global Mediacom Tbk group which

includes PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk (MNC Group), RCTI, Global TV, MNCTV, Indovision television networks, daily newspaper Seputar Indonesia,

tabloid Genie, Mom & Kiddie, and Just for Kids magazine. The e-magazine uses English language in the articles, news and other information related to international teenagers’ lifestyle.

8 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher would like to discuss the theories which support this research. This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the theoretical description which explains the relevant theories that support the research. The second part is the theoretical framework which summarizes and synthesizes all major relevant theories used by the researcher to answer the research questions.

A. Theoretical Description

The study of blends is included in morphology field. According to Baurier (2003), morphology is the study of forms of words and this term is etymologically from the Greek morphe‘form’ and –ology ‘study’ (p. 335). Lieber (2015) also defines Morphology as the study of word formation which includes the process of new words formed and the way forms of words are varied depending on how they are used in sentences (p. 2).

1. Words

Words are the most familiar of all the units of linguistic analysis. Words play an important and integral role in the human ability to use language creatively. According to O’Grady and Guzman, the most reliable defining property of words is that they are the smallest free forms found in language (1997, p. 132). A free form is an element that can occur in isolation and/or whose position with respect to

9 neighboring elements is not entirely fixed. Lieber (2015) defines a word as “one or more morphemes that can stand alone in a language” (p. 3). There are two categories of words: simple and complex. Simple words consist of only one morpheme, while complex words are made up of two or more morphemes.

2. Morphemes

Words are composed of basic units, called morphemes. Morpheme is the most important component of word structure (O’Graddy & Guzman, 1997). It is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. According to Akmajian, Demers, Farmer and Harnish (2001), “morphemes are the minimal units of word building in a language; they cannot be broken down any further into recognizable or meaningful parts” (p. 17). There are two kinds of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand as an independent word or can be a word by itself. On the other hand, a bound morpheme cannot be an independent word since it has to be attached to another element. For instance, in the word ‘meaningful’, there are one free morpheme (mean) and two bound morphemes (–ing and –ful).

3. Word Formation

In Morphology, word formation can be defined as the study of processes on how new words are formed from the existing ones and come into being a language. According to Yule (2006), there are several kinds of word formation process namely;

10 coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, back formation, conversion, acronyms, derivation and inflection (as cited in Tahaineh, 2012).

4. Blends

According to Danks (2003), “A blend occurs when two (or possibly more) elements combine together, so that at the point(s) of fusion something is either lost from at least one source element, or shared by both (p. 21).”Jazzerciseis the result of the fusion between jazz and exercise. At the point of fusion, the first bit of the word exerciseis clipped. Another example is slanguage. Both of the base words share the same [lang] and they become one new word. The process of producing a blend is called blending. As one of word formation processes, blending is a derivational process in English and it is one example of creative language use since it does not adhere to strict constraints (Aronoff & Fudeman, 2011, p. 119-120).

A blend is a combination of two (or more) source words, where at least one has been shortened. The shortening can be as the result of omission of a part of a word or the result of overlapping sounds or letters. The word part is often called a splinter (Lehrer, 2007, p. 116). Moreover, according to Danks (2003), blends combine parts of lexical source words, rather than whole source words; this distinguishes them from compounds. Morphological structure is not particularly relevant to blends. Phonological properties are highly relevant to blending; phonological similarity of the blend with part or whole source (Kemmer, 2003).

11 According to Carroll (1996), a blend is composed by two different words with completely unequal meanings which put together to form a new word with a new meaning (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p. 18). Blends are often called portmanteau words as Lewis Carroll’s book (1882), Through the Looking Glass of Humpty Dumpty,describes as follows: “Well, ‘slithy’ means ‘lithe’ and ‘slimy’. You see it’s like a portmanteau, there are two meanings packed into one word”.

1) Splinters in Blends

In 1961, the term “splinters” was originally introduced by Berman (as cited in (as cited in Fandrych, 2008, p. 112). This term has been proposed for the constituents of blends which have irregular shape. According to Adams (1973), splinters are parts of morphs and have irregular form, though in some cases there is no formal irregularity, but there is a special relationship of meaning between the splinter and some regular word in which it occurs (as cited in Fandrych, 2008, p. 112). As a part of word which forms a blend, a splinter cannot occur alone as a word, although basically it is a clipping. Lehrer (2007) gives an example in the word infotainment (information + entertainment). Infois a clipping and it can be used as an independent word. However, -tainment is a splinter and cannot stand alone (as cited in Silaski & Durovic, 2013, p. 87)

2) Classifications of Blends

Some researchers, such as Algeo (1977), Lehrer (2007), and Fandrich (2008), propose different kinds of blends classification. Algeo (1977) develops the

12

classification of blends into structural types (as cited in Hosseinzadeh, 2014, p. 19-20). Based on the structural types, there are three types of blends. The first type

is blends with phonemic overlap. In this type of blends, overlapping is the only type of shortening of the words. The overlap can be one phoneme or several phonemes. The most common pattern of overlapping is where the final part of the first word overlaps the first part of the second word. Blends with overlapping may also include all of one form and the first or last part of the other word. One example of this type is slanguage,from the word slang + language, which means language characterized by excessive use of slang or cant). Another example is backcronym, which is from the word back + acronym, means reverse acronym. Alcoholiday,which is from the word alcohol + holiday, means holidays that end up being more about parties and getting drunk with or without the meat. The word playbore is also a blend with overlapping and it is derived fromplayboy + bore. Playboremeans a boresome playboy. The last example is cartune,which is from the word cartoon + tune, means musical cartoon.

The second of type is blends with clipping. According to Crystal (2003), clippings are reductions of longer forms, usually by removing the end, sometimes the beginning, or both beginning and ending of the word together. It is the shortening of two words and then compounding them. Blends with clipping have no overlapping. Instead one part or more is omitted. There are different types of new blends with clipping. The first is blends which are created by using the first bit of the first word and the last bit of the second one. The examples are spotch, from the word spot + blotch, and blaccent,from the word black+ accent). The second is blends which keep

13 the whole part of the first word and the last part of the second word. The examples are foodoholic, from the word food + alcoholic, and sunbrella, from the word sun + umbrella). The third is blends which keep part of the first word plus whole of the second one. Eurasia, from the word Europe + Asia, and automagic, from the word automatic+magic, are the examples of this type. The fourth is new blends which are created by using the first parts of two words. For instances, pokemonis from the word pocket + monster, and famicom is from the word family + computer. The fifth is multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order. For example is slithy, from the word lithe + slimy. The last type is blends which are created by using the last parts of two words, such as podcasting, from the word ipod + broadcasting. Blends with clipping are often shortened at morpheme boundaries. The example is Oxbridge, which is a blend of the word Oxfordand Cambridge.In this case, it can be difficult to differentiate whether it is as a blending case or compounding case if one does not know its background. Blends that are clipped at morpheme boundaries are therefore a less obvious example of the blending process than blends that are shortened in a less straightforward manner (Enarsson, 2006).

The last type of blends according to Algeo (1977) is blends with phonemic overlap and clipping. In this type, blends are formed by shortening of two words to a shared syllable and then compounding. The example of this type is californication, from the word californi(a)and fornicat(e).

14 Beside those three structural types of blends, Algeo (1977) also classifies blends into syntagmatic blends and associative blends. Syntagmatic blends are blends that represent combinations of words that occur next to one another in the speech chain. In most of the cases of this type, the first words ends with the same sound or sequence of sounds as the second word begins with. The examples are Chicagorilla, from the word Chicago and gorilla,and radarange, from the word radar and range. Another classification is associative blends. They are created from words that are linked in the word-maker’s mind. They can have a semantic link, as it can be seen in the word needcessityfrom needand necessity.

Another researcher, Lehrer (2007), uses the term ‘splinter’ in most of his classification of blends (p. 117). According to Lehrer (2007), the commonest type of blend is a full word followed by a splinter, as in wintertainment. The second type is blends which are begun with a splinter and followed by a full word. The example is Amerindian, from the word American and Indian. The third type is blends which consist of two splinters, such in the word hurricoone (hurricane + typhoon). The fourth type of blends involves complete overlap of one or more phonemes, often of whole syllables. For instance, the word sexploitation is from the word sex and exploitation.At last, the less common type is blends involve a discontinuous element. A word or clipping is embedded in part of another source word as an infix. The example of this type is entreporneur, from the word entrepreneurand pornography.

The last classification is proposed by Fandrich (2008). He divides blends into ten types depending on their structures. The first is initial and final splinter with

15 overlap (as in affluenza). The second is two initial splinters with overlap (as in modem). The third is two final splinters with overlap (as in Kongfrontation). The fourth is overlap of full words (as in thinspirations). The fifth is initial splinter + full word with overlap (as in emoticon). The sixth type is final splinter + full word with overlap (as in netiquette). The seventh is full word + final splinter with overlap (as in adultescent). The eighth is insertion of one word into the other, with overlap (as in Clinterngate). The ninth is blends with more than two constituents (as in burpulence) and the last type is graphic blends, as in Inglish(Fandrich, 2008, p.113).

From those various types of English blends, it is possible that all of those types occur in the e-magazine. The researcher expects to get the examples of each type, so that the occurrence of English blends can be more various.

5. Electronic Magazine or E-Magazine

A magazine is a publication that is issued periodically. In general, magazine contains essays, poems, stories, fiction, recipes, articles, images, etc. The articles found in magazine are easy to read, fairly brief in length, and may include illustrations or photographs. Magazine has an attractive appearance, eye-catching cover pictures and illustrations on quality paper make it more appealing and attractive to the readers. There are also many colorful and impressive advertisements that can be found in magazines.

Recently, magazine publishers have increasingly embraced electronic publishing for their magazine. Electronic publishing refers to the application that is

16 used by a publisher to deliver the information through electronic means (Chennupati, Foo, & Heng, 2006). At the beginning, electronic publishing is used to complement publications’ print. However, some publisher now has increasingly employed digital platforms exclusively – to both replace print distribution for former print publications and as the sole distribution method for newly-launched publications.

Electronic publishing itself has various models of publishing. Those models are digital content, electronic books (e-books), electronic newspapers (e-newspapers), electronic magazines (e-magazines/e-zines), and electronic journals (e-journals). According to Chennupati, Foo, & Heng (2006), electronic magazines are equivalent to electronic newspapers which it means they are the online accompaniments of established magazines where new articles and the latest updates are published on the web. E-magazines are published by established print magazine publishers.

B. Theoretical Framework

This research is in morphology field which focuses on of word formation processes. The researcher used a theory from Yule (2006) to explain that there were various kinds of English word formation processes, such as coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, back formation, conversion, acronyms, derivation and inflection. This research focuses on blending in HighEnd Teen (HET) magazine 2016 editions. The purpose of this research is to observe English blends and analyze the process of blending that occurs in HighEnd Teene-magazine 2016 editions. This

17 part, then, will explore the contribution of related theories in solving the research problems.

There are three research problems addressed in this research. The first research

problem deals with the base words of English blends which are found in the e-magazines. Second is the type of English blends and the third is the most frequent

type of blend which occur in the HighEnd Teen e-magazines. To answer the first research question, the researcher used online dictionaries and other journals to find out the base words. The researcher also used the theory from Danks (2003) and Carroll (1996) as the references. In analyzing the types of blends, the researcher used the theory from Algeo (1977) about the three types of blends. Algeo (1977) distinguishes blends into: blends with phonemic overlap, blends with clipping, and blends with phonemic overlap and clipping. To answer the last research question, the researcher counted the number of blends in each type. The result is supported by the previous research from Enarsson (2006) which shows that blends with clipping are the most frequent blends.

18

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher presents the rationale for the method of the data collection and analysis. This chapter describes the method of the research and analysis, outlines the procedure in gathering and data analysis. This chapter is subdivided into five parts, which are research method, research setting, research subjects, instrument and data gathering technique, and data analysis technique.

A. Research Method

The research dealt with English blends in theHighEnd Teene-magazine 2016 editions. The researcher employed a qualitative method in this research. According to Patton & Cochran (2002), “Qualitative research is characterized by its aims, which relate to understanding some aspects of social life, and its methods which (in general) generate words, rather than numbers, as data for analysis” (p. 2). The researcher discussed English blends mostly by using words in this study.

Furthermore, this research used document analysis to gain a better understanding about the phenomenon of blends in magazines. According to Bowen (2009), document analysis is used to review and evaluate documents, both printed and electronic material (p.17). Documents that can be used for the research are varied. They include advertisements; agendas, attendance registers, and minutes of meetings; manuals; background papers; book and brochures; diaries and journals; event programs; letters and memoranda; maps and charts; and newspapers

19 (Bowen, 2009). In this research, the data were collected from twelve e-magazines of

HighEnd Teen(January-December 2016). From the e-magazines, the researcher could find the occurrence of English blends. After the data were collected, the researcher then analyzed and classified the data based on their classifications. The blends analysis showed the base words and the types of English blends which were found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions. The classification results showed the most frequent type of English blends which occurred in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions.

B. Research Setting

HighEnd Teen e-magazines were published by PT MNI Entertainment in Jakarta. The intended readers are teenagers, who are interested to get international information about lifestyle. In 2016 editions, there were twelve magazines. They were from January to December 2016). The researcher used the electronic version of the magazines by purchasing the magazines on SCOOP Newsstand. SCOOP is a digital Newsstand application which is available on the Google Play and App Store. The research was conducted for around 3 months, from December 2016 until February 2017.

C. Research Subjects

The researcher used twelve HighEnd Teen e-magazines, from January to December 2016. Each month, the e-magazine presents different articles based on the theme. Table 3.1 shows the themes of the e-magazine in 2016 editions.

20

Table 3.1 The Themes of the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions

Month of Publication Theme

January New Year’s vibes February Love and Valentine’s Day

March Music and film (entertainment) April Summer holiday

May Power couple issue

June Sports issue

July Beauty and Idul Fitri festivities

August Food issue

September Fall/Winter season

October Asia

November Education issue December End-year season

HighEnd Teen e-magazine used English language to deliver articles, news, and many other interesting topics. The average page of each e-magazine was around 148 pages. The content consisted of around 4-5 main topics of the articles. At the beginning, there was ‘Cover Story’ which mostly talked about a certain person who was on the cover of the magazine. Moreover, the e-magazine also provided ‘HET Special’. This section presented the main interesting articles with certain topics which were specially prepared for the readers.

D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

In this qualitative research, there were three instruments which were used to gather the data. The first instrument was human instrument and it was the primary instrument in this research. According to Creswell (2007), one of the characteristics

21 The researcher collected the data through examining documents. Another instrument might be used, but the researcher was the one who actually gathered the information.

The second instrument of this research was the documents. The documents were the e-magazines of HighEnd Teen January – December 2016. After collecting the data, the researcher analyzed the English words which were used in the magazines. Any blends which occurred in the magazines were recorded and analyzed based on their types.

To help the gathering of the data, the researcher also made the third instrument, which was observation table. The researcher made twelve observation tables for twelve e-magazines. After the researcher read each of the magazines and marked the blends, the researcher recorded the words into the observation tables. The researcher also used online dictionaries and journals to help classifying the data. The following is the observation table which was used by the researcher. It was used for each e-magazine.

Table 3.2 Blends Observation Form

22

E. Data Analysis Technique

After all of the data had been recorded the researcher analyzed the data. All the data were analyzed to answer the three research questions. To answer the first research question, the researcher analyzed the data by finding the base words of each blend by using online dictionary and related journals of similar research. Since there was a possibility that one blend could happen in more than one month, the researcher also counted the frequency of each. Table 3.3 is used to show the base words of each blend.

Table 3.3 The Base Words of English Blends

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2

In analyzing the types of blending, the researcher used the theory from Algeo (1977). Algeo proposed three different types of blends. To answer the second and the third research questions, the researcher used the theory from Miles, Huberman & Saldana (2014) about three concurrent flows of activity: data condensation/reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification.

23

1. Data Condensation or Reduction

The first stage was data reduction. In this process, the researcher sorted and organized the data. Coding was then used in sorting the data. Table 3.4 is used to present the code lists.

Table 3.4 Code Lists

Types Code

Blends with phonemic overlap BLDa Blends with clipping BLDb Blends with phonemic overlap and clipping BLDc

2. Data Display

According to Miles and Huberman (1994), designing a display, such as deciding which data, in which form, should be entered in the cells, is also a part of analytic activities. The displays include many types of matrices, graphs, charts, and networks. In this stage, displaying the data made the information accessible, so that the researcher could analyze and draw justified conclusion. The gathered data were organized in table 3.5.

3.5 The Types of the Blends

No English Blends Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Type of Blend

3. Conclusion Drawing

From the data display, the conclusions were drawn and verified as the last stage of the analysis. After doing the evaluation of English blends that occurred in the

24

HighEnd Teen e-magazines, the researcher obtained the information needed. The researcher could find out the types of English blends which were found in the

HighEnd Teen e-magazines. Furthermore, from the data which had been classified, the researcher could analyze the type of English blends which was most productive in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions. At the end, from the result of data reduction and data display, the researcher discussed the findings.

25

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the research. This chapter also provides the discussion of the results which should represent its link to the objectives as well as the theoretical framework as discussed in the previous chapters. This chapter is divided into two sections; the first one is the presentation of the research results and the second is the discussion.

A. Research Results

After observing the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions, the researcher found the base words of the English blends, the types of the English blends, and the most productive type of the English blends.

1. The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions

A blend consists of at least two base words. The researcher found the base words by looking up at the dictionaries and other related sources. However, some of the blends were new and they were not stated in the dictionary. The researcher tried to analyze the blends and found the base words

There were four blends which were found in the HighEnd Teen

e-magazine January 2016 edition. They were advertorial, bit, teenspiration, and

Table 4.1 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (January 2016)

No Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Advertorial (p.17) 1 Advertisement Editorial

2. 64 Bit (p.19) 2 Binary Digit

3. Teenspiration(p.26) 3 Teenager Inspiration 4. Hermesistible(p.40) 1 Hermes Irresistible 5. ...,such as beauty

how-tos and fun daily

vlogs.”

1 Video Blog

6. ... just like the Kodak

Instamatic or Polaroid images and they can just open the social media only on iPad and iPhone. (p.111)

1 Instant Automatic

7. ..., two of USB 3.0, HDMI, Internet port, ... (p.133)

1 International Network

8. Weekend brunch, ‘breakfast for dinner’ moments (p.137)

1 Breakfast Lunch

9. ... Nick ‘The Barbership’ from Indonesia Barbershop Association and Rudolf Dethu, a rockabilly

enthusiast, served as judges for the night. (p.145)

1 Rock-n-roll Hillbilly

The word teenspiration and brunchalso occurred in February 2016 edition. There were three blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 edition. They were

teenspiration, clasp, and brunch. Table 4.2 shows the base words and the frequency of the blends occurred in the e-magazine. The word teenspiration was the most frequently found.

Table 4.2 The Base Words of the English Blends in theHighEnd Teen E-Magazine (February 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Teenspiration(p. 26) 3 Teenager Inspiration 2. ..., this handsome

timepiece features a bracelet strap with deployment clasp, ... (p. 72)

1 Clip Hasp

3. Perfect for: Dinner date, brunch (p. 138)

1 Breakfast Lunch

There were more blends which were found in March 2016 than in the previous month. There were six English blends, they are bloomingle, splurge, teenspiration, internet, mockumentary, and netizen. The base words and the frequency of each blend are shown in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (March 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Bloominglealso caters

to decoration requests for various occasions as well as high fashion artworks for photo shoots. (p. 18)

2 Bloom Mingle

2. Ready to splurge on these ready-to-wear items for the youngest. (p. 26)

1 Splash Surge

3. Teenspiration(p. 26) 2 Teenager Inspiration 4. The repetitive chorus

and rhythm also helped a great deal in making the song and music video become the number 1 most watched video on the internet. (p. 89)

1 International Network

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 5. In 2010 Casey also

directed a

mockumentary

entitled I’m Still Here.

(p. 123)

1 Mock Documentary

6. The winners of the

netizens’ choice awards are divided into three categories, group, male artist, and female artist. (p.136)

1 Internet Citizen

In the following month, there was only one English blend, which was the word staycation, in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine April 2016 edition. The blend occurred twice in the e-magazine. Table 4.4 shows the base word of the word

staycation.

Table 4.4 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (April 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Maybe a staycation is

the right thing for you. (p. 90)

2 Stay Vacation

There were seven blends which were found in the HighEnd Teen

e-magazine May 2016 edition. Those seven blends were advertorial, artpreneur, cosplay, splurge, creativepreneurs, internet, and brunch.Table 4.5 shows the base words and the frequency of the blends in May 2016.

Table 4.5 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (May 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. ..., she has worked on

various photo shoots for magazines, advertorial

campaigns ... (p. 10)

2 Advertisement Editorial

2. CiputraArtpreneur

Theater, Jakarta (p. 12)

1 Art Entrepreneur 3. ..., Yosakui plus others

as well as modern performances such as band and Cosplay. (p. 26)

1 Costume Play

4. Discover which of the tinseltown beauties are due to release new beauty products, and prepare to splurge! (p. 30)

1 Splash Surge

5. ..., perfect for all of you burgeoning

creativepreneursand bloggers. (p. 32)

1 Creative Entrepreneur

6. .., Keira found herself at the receiving end of some internet trolling. (p.122)

1 International Network

7. Weekend brunch fix, filling meal cravings, out of town mini getaway. (p.139)

1 Breakfast Lunch

In June 2016, there were four blends which were found. The blends were

advertorial, internet, altheisure,and docuseries. Each blend was composed of two base words, as they are shown in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (June 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. To this day, she has

worked on various photo shoots for

magazines, advertorial

campaigns ... (p. 11)

1 Advertisement Editorial

2. For unlimited music experience without an

internet connection, ... (p.16)

1 International Network

3. Altheisuretrend is greeting us with a big hello this year. (p. 46)

1 Athletic Leisure

4. In preparation of the biggest comeback of her life, Gabby is also announcing her new

docuseries Douglas Family Gold, ... (p. 119)

1 Documentary Series

There were three blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine of July 2016. Those blends were internet, cosplay, and glamping. Table 4.7 shows the base words of the blends and the frequency of the blends occurred in the e-magazine.

Table 4.7 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (July 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. They will hold a special

night concert and so fans can indulge in the real internet singing sensation’s live performance. (p. 12)

1 International Network

2. Feel free to express yourself with cosplayat this event. (p. 12)

1 Costume Play

3. We went glamping at Trizara Resorts in Lembang, ... (p. 19)

In August 2016, there were six blends which were found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine, such as cosplay, vlogger, sensociety, stash,

splurge, and brunch.Table 4.8 shows the list of the base words of each blend and the frequency.

Table 4.8 The Base Words of the English Blends in theHighEnd Teen E-Magazine (August 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Feel free to express

yourself with cosplay at this event. (p. 12)

2 Costume Play

2. Meet the multilingual beauty vlogger, Michimomo(p. 14)

2 Video Blogger

3. SensodyneSensociety

successfully gathered about 25.000 people to enjoy the cuisine without feeling

discomfort as a result of sensitive teeth. (p. 20)

1 Sensodyne Society

4. A shoe collection designed with slim heels and sensual touch, is surely must-add to your shoe stash. (p.40)

1 Stow Cache

5. You don’t need to

splurgeon expensive deodorizing sprays or powders to tackle stinky feet; sprinkling com starch on your feet just before stepping out will help in absorbing moisture and keep your feet dry. (p.50)

1 Splash Surge

6. Breakfast and brunch, casual dining, hangout with friends & family, and small bites. (p.105)

Table 4.9 shows the base words of the English blends in the HighEnd Teen

e-magazine September 2016 edition. There were five blends which were found. Those blends were cosplay, docuseries, advertorial, sitcom, vlog,and internet.

Table 4.9 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (September 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. Feel free to express

yourself with cosplay at this event. (p. 12)

1 Costume Play

2. The new docuseries

will span six episodes, showing the whirlwind romance of Rob

Kardashian and Blac Chyna. (p. 22)

1 Documentary Series

3. Gigi appears confident as a sailor, dressed in a marine outfit in the official video and

advertorial campaign. (p. 49)

1 Advertisement Editorial

4. Ariana Grande, the

sitcom star turned bona fide pop sensation was born in ... (p. 62)

1 Situation Comedy

5. I’d like to start a blog, and there have been requests to start a vlog.

(p. 135)

1 Video Blog

The English blends were mostly found in October 2016 edition. The theme was about Asia. There were eight blends. Those were cosplay, daycation, advertorial, athleisure, internet, vlogger, vlogs, and workaholics. Their base words are showed in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (October 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. There will be also

Championships of

Cosplay 2016 ... (p.12)

2 Costume Play

2. Daycation Saturday-Sunday 7PM (p.29)

1 Day Vacation 3. Liu Wen has appeared

in many advertorial

campaigns in such as Oscar de la Renta ... (p.57)

2 Advertisement Editorial

4. He can pull off any look from sporty, athleisure, polished, a little

something formal and of course the casual , laidback, effortless look. (p.75)

1 Athletic Leisure

5. ..., he upped his skills with self-taught martial arts from the internet

and headed to Hollywood. (p.109)

2 International Network

6. Born and raised in Germany, the half-Indonesian vlogger

knows very little of Indonesia, ... (p.119)

1 Video Blogger

7. ..., she always keeps her

vlogs simple and honest, not once intending to ‘fake it to make it.’ (p.121)

2 Video Blog

8. ...., which is crazy because back at home we’re all like

workaholics,” says Narelle. (p.129)

Table 4.11 shows the base words of the English blends which were found in November 2016 edition. There were five blends. They were advertorial, rockabilly, staycation, edutainment, and workaholic.

Table 4.11 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (November 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. To this day, she has

worked on various photo shoots for

magazines, advertorial

campaigns and look-book for local brands. (p.10)

1 Advertisement Editorial

2. Currently, she is the living pin-up girl, and is probably the only girl who lives her life based on the rockabilly 50s style. (p.15)

2 Rock-n-roll Hillbilly

3. In need of a place to have a ‘staycation’ in the city? (p.25)

1 Stay Vacation

4. With the concept of Education, Taman Djamoe Indonesia, based in Ungaran, Semarang, is built with an edutainment garden and café where young students, university professionals and even professors can learn about botany. (p.99)

1 Education Entertainment

5. Within his family, James is known as the

workaholic who likes to get everything done fast. (p.114)

In the last month of 2016 edition, there were six blends which were found. They were Oxide, filmography, youniverse, Brangelina, creativepreneur, and

internet. Table 4.12 shows the list of the base words of the English blends in December 2016 edition.

Table 4.12 The Base Words of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine (December 2016)

No. Blends Frequency Base Word 1 Base Word 2 1. It is safe for acne-prone

skin as well because of its Salicylic acid and Zinc Oxidecontents. (p.19)

1 Oxygen Acid

2. In addition to her ever expanding filmography

portfolio, starting her own line of shoes or nail art is on her 2017 to-do list. (p.42)

1 Film Bibliography

3. On Jakarta Fashion Week 2017, Wardah – has introduced the latest make-up trends in collaboration with Indonesia’s fashion designers –

Youniverse. (p.66)

1 You Universe

4. Brangelinabreak-up. (p.85)

1 Brad Pitt Angelina 5. A creativepreneur

with a penchant of painting with watercolors. (p.94)

1 Creative Entrepreneur

6. Her daily activities include drawing her favorite things, connecting with her clients through the

internet ... (p.96)

2. The Types of the English Blends in the HighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions

After finding the English blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine from January to December 2016, in total, there were 32 different blends which were found. Table 4.13 shows the types of the English blends which were found in the e-magazines. According to Algeo (1977), the types of the English blends were blends with overlapping (BLDa), blends with clipping (BLDb), and blends with overlapping and clipping (BLDc).

Table 4.13 The Types of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions

No English Blends Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Type of Blend 1. Advertorial Advertisement Editorial BLDb 2. Bit/Bits Binary Digit BLDb 3. Teenspiration Teenager Inspiration BLDb 4. Hermesistible Hermes Irresistible BLDb

5. Vlogs Video Blog BLDb

6. Instamatic Instant Automatic BLDb 7. Internet International Network BLDb 8. Brunch Breakfast Lunch BLDb 9. Rockabilly Rock-n-roll Hillbilly BLDb

10. Clasp Clip Hasp BLDb

11. Bloomingle Bloom Mingle BLDa 12. Splurge Splash Surge BLDb 13. Mockumentary Mock Documentary BLDc 14. Netizen Internet Citizen BLDb 15. Staycation Stay Vacation BLDb 16. Artpreneur Art Entrepreneur BLDb 17. Cosplay Costume Play BLDb 18. Creativepreneurs Creative Entrepreneurs BLDb 19. Altheisure Athletic Leisure BLDc 20. Docuseries Documentary Series BLDb 21. Glamping Glamorous Camping BLDc 22. Vlogger Video Blogger BLDb 23. Sensociety Sensodyne Society BLDc 24. Stash Stow Cache BLDb 25. Sitcom Situation Comedy BLDb

26. Daycation Day Vacation BLDb

(Table continues)

No English Blends Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Type of Blend 27. Workaholics Work Alcoholic BLDb 28. Edutainment Education Entertainment BLDb 29. Oxide Oxygen Acid(e) BLDc 30. Filmography Film Bibliography BLDb 31. Youniverse You Universe BLDa 32. Brangelina Brad Pitt Angelina BLDc

3. The Most Frequent Type of the English Blends in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions

The following is the number of blends which belong to blends with phonemic overlap, blends with clipping, as well as blends with clipping and overlapping.

Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Type of the English Blends

No. Types of Blends Number of Cases Examples 1. Blends with phonemic

overlap

2 Bloomingle Youniverse 2. Blends with clipping 23 Advertorial

Bit Teenspiration Hermesistible Vlogs Instamatic Internet Brunch Rockabilly Clasp Splurge Staycation Artpreneur Cosplay Creativepreneur Docuseries Vlogger Stash

Sitcom Daycation Workaholic

(Table continues)

No Types of Blends Number of Cases Examples Edutainment Filmography 3. Blends with phonemic

overlap and clipping

7 Mockumentary Athleisure Glamping Sensociety Oxide Brangelina Netizen

B. Discussion

In this digital era, e-magazine could be one source to learn the development of language, either the printed or electronic format. Since language was dynamic, many new words were formed day by day. The researcher conducted an investigation of one of word formation processes in the e-magazines. A blend was a result of blending in word formation process. Gries (2004) defined blending as the process that involved the coinage of a new lexeme by fusing parts of at least two other source words of which either one was shortened in fusion and/or where there were some forms of phonemic or graphemic overlap of the source words. In the HighEnd Teen e-magazines, the researcher found the examples of English blends. From twelve different months in year 2016, the researcher found 32 different blends as they are shown in Table 4.13.

1. The Meaning of the Base Words and the English Blends in theHighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions

According to Danks (2003), “a blend occurs when two (or possibly more) elements “blend” together, so that at the point(s) of fusion something is either lost from at least one source element, or shared by both.” The research results proved that a blend consisted of at least two different base words in which one of them was shortened or there was an overlap at the point of fusion. The meaning of the blend was often the combination of the base words.

The first blend was advertorial. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition, advertorial meant an advertisement that was designed to look like an article in the newspaper or magazine in which it appeared (Hornby, 2010). It was composed of the word advertisement, which meant a notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service, event, or publicizing a job, and the word editorial, which meant a newspaper article expressing the editor’s opinion on a topical issue.

The word bit meant a unit of information expressed as either a 0 or 1 in binary digit. It was a blend of binaryand digit.In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition (2010), binary meant using only 0 and 1 as a system of numbers and digit meant any of the numerals from 0 to 9, especially when forming part of a number.

Vlog(s) was a blend of video and blog. According to the Oxford Online Dictionary or https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/ (2017), vlog was a personal website or social media account, such as a blog, where a person regularly posted

short videos. The meaning itself was the combination of the meaning of videoand

blog.

The origin of the word Instamatic came from instant and automatic. The word instant meant happening or coming immediately and automatic gave meaning working by itself with little or no direct human control. From those two words, the word Instamatic became a brand name for a pocket-size, fixed-focus, and snapshot camera.

Internet was used worldwide nowadays. This term was a blend of

international/interchanged and network. From those two base words, the word

internet meant a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.

Brunch was a quite popular blend among others. It was the blend of

breakfast and lunch. It was used to express a late morning meal eaten instead of breakfast and lunch. Another blend was rockabilly. In the Oxford Online Dictionaries or https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/ (2017), this word meant a type of popular music, originating in the south-eastern US in the 1950s, combining elements of rock and roll and country music. Therefore, this word was the blend of rock and roll and hillbilly. Hillbilly was the old-fashioned term for country music.

Collins Online Dictionary or https://www.collinsdictionary.com/ (2017) stated that splurge was the blend of splash and surge. Splurge meant to indulge oneself in some luxury or pleasure or it could mean to show off. In the dictionary,

making a splash meant to attract a great deal of attention. Surge meant a sudden powerful forward or upward movement

In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition (2010), mock

meant to laugh at somebody or something in an unkind way, especially by copying what they say or do, while documentary could be a film or radio or television program giving facts about something. Those two words were coined and it made a new word mockumentary. This word meant a television program or film which took the form of a serious documentary in order to satirize its subject (Oxford Online Dictionary, 2017).

Netizen was a blend of internetand citizen.This term was frequently used to call a user of the internet, especially a habitual or keen one. The next blend was

staycation from the word stay and vacation. The meaning of staycation was a holiday spent in one’s home country rather than abroad, or one spent at home and involving day trips to local attractions. Basically, the meaning of this word was the meaning combination from the word stay and vacation. Staymeant remain in the same place and vacationmeant a holiday.

Cosplay was a blend of costume and play. Costume was a set of clothes worn by an actor or performer for a particular role. Play was an activity engaged in for enjoyment and recreation. As the result, cosplay meant the practice of dressing up as a character from a film, book, or video game, especially one from the Japanese genres of manga or anime.

In the Oxford Online Dictionaries (2017), athleisure was casual, comfortable clothing designed to be suitable both for exercise and everyday wear.

This word was the blend of athleticand leisure. Athleticwas relating to athletes or athletics and leisure related to free time or convenience. Docuseries was a blend of documentary and series. Those two words were coined and made a new word

docuseries which meant television series that followed a particular person or group of people and their involvement in real events and situations over a period of time.

In addition, glamping was a blend of glamorous and camping. The meaning of glamping was a form of camping involving accommodation and facilities more luxurious than those associated with traditional camping. If vlog

was a blend of video and blog, vlogger was a blend of video and blogger. This term was for someone who contributed in making a vlog.

The origin of the word clasp was not stated clearly in the dictionary. However, in Dictionary.com or http://www.dictionary.com/, which was one of the digital dictionaries, stated that claspwas a blend of clipand hasp. Claspmeant to grasp something tightly or to hold someone tightly. Clip meant to grip tightly, while hasp also meant to fasten. The meaning of the word stash was a place in which something was stored secretly. It was a blend of stow, which meant to put in a place or receptacle, as for storage or reserve, and cache meant a hiding place or anything so hidden.

Sitcom was made from the initial parts of the two words situation and

comedy. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition (2010) described

different amusing situations. The word daycation was a blend of day and

vacation.This blend had the meaning a day trip or one-day vacation.

Workaholicwas a blend of work and alcoholic. This word meant a person

who compulsively worked excessively hard and long hours. Meanwhile, edutainment was a blend of education and entertainment. It meant

computer games, television programs, or other material intended to be both educational and enjoyable.

The word oxide was a blend of oxygene (oxygen) and acide (acid). In the Oxford Online Dictionary (2017), the meaning of oxidewas a binary compound of oxygen with another element or group. Filmography was a collection of writings about motion pictures, especially detailed essays dealing with specific time. It was a blend of filmand bibliography.The word film related with motion pictures and

bibliography related with a complete or selective list of works compiled upon some common principle, as authorship, subject, place of publication, time, etc.

In the HighEnd Teene-magazine 2016 editions, the researcher found some new English blends. The meaning of the blend was not clearly stated in the dictionary, but the meaning of the base words could be obtained from the dictionary.

Teenspiration was a blend of teen and inspiration. It was a kind of new English words which it was still not available in the dictionary. However, in the Oxford Online Dictionary (2017), the word teen related to teenagers while

inspirationmeant a sudden brilliant or timely idea. The next new blend in English was hermesistible. Even though it had not been stated in the dictionary,

hermersistible was a new blend of Hermes and irresistible. The meaning of this word was stated in the HighEnd Teen e-magazine January edition (p. 40). This new blend described the irresistible side of Hermes. Irresistible meant too attractive and tempting to be resisted. Bloomingle was also not stated in the dictionary. It was a blend of bloomand mingle.

The term artpreneur was not stated in the dictionary. However, this term was possibly the blend of art and entrepreneur. In the Oxford Online Dictionary (2017), art related to creative activity resulting in the production of paintings, drawings, or sculpture. An entrepreneur was a person who set up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit. This blend was similar with the blend creativepreneur. It consisted of two different words, which were

creative and entrepreneur. Creative was relating to good imagination or original ideas. Entrepreneur meant a person who organized and operated a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so. When those two meanings were combined, the word creativepreneur meant a person who had good imagination and original ideas in developing a business or business and would give the best to achieve the high standard.

Sensociety was a new term for the communities under the brand

Sensodyne. This term was the blend of Sensodyne and society. Sensodyne is a brand of toothpaste. Even though the word Sensodyne could not be found in the dictionary, but the word societymeant an organization or club which was formed for a particular purpose or activity. Another new blend was youniverse. It was composed of youand universe. In this case, the word yourepresented women and

in the dictionary universe meant all existing matter and space considered as a whole. In the HighEnd Teen e-magazine December edition on page 66, “Youniverse - Wardah’s Trend to Seek ..., together with Wardah they aspire to inspire every woman to find their beauty and bring goodness and changes to the environment and the universe.” From those words, it could be concluded that the meaning of Youniverse was the women’s beauty and goodness that could change the universe to be the better one. The last blend was Brangelina. It was the combination of two names of Hollywood celebrities, Brad Pittand Angelina Jolie.

2. The Types and the Formation of the English Blends in the HighEnd TeenE-Magazine 2016 Editions

There were some researchers, such as Algeo (1977), Lehrer (2007), and Fandrich (2008), who distinguished the types of blends differently. However, in this research, the researcher analyzed the types of English blends into three types of blends according to Algeo (1977). Algeo (1977) distinguished the process of blending based on how the words were formed. According to Algeo (1977), there were three types of blends, which were blends with phonemic overlap, blends with clipping, and blends with clipping and overlapping. In this research, the researcher found the examples of those three types of blends.

a. Blends with Phonemic Overlap

The first type of blends was blends with phonemic overlap. In this type of blends, the base words of the blend were overlapping. According to Algeo (1977), a syllable or part of a syllable was shared between two words. On the other words,

the overlapping could be happened at one phoneme or several. From the 32 blends which were found in the HighEnd Teen e-magazines, there were 2 blends which represented blends with phonemic overlap. One example was the word

bloomingle, from the word bloom and mingle. Those two base words shared the same phoneme /m/ in the last part of the word bloomand the first part of the word

mingle.The word bloomingledescribed something which was bloom and ready to mingle. Another example was the word youniverse. The word you was pronounced /ju:/ and universe is pronounced /ˈjuːnɪvəːs/. Since they shared the same phonemes /ju:/ in you and in the first part of the word universe, the phonemes overlapped. In the magazine, the word youniverse related to the exploration of women’s beauty which could change the universe.

b. Blends with Clipping

The second type of blends proposed by Algeo (1977) was blends with clipping. Clipping was also one of word formation processes. According to Crystal (2003), clippings were the reductions of longer forms, usually removing the end of the word, sometimes the beginning, or both beginning and ending together. After one or both of the base words was shortened, they were coined together. Blends with clipping had no overlapping.

In the HighEnd Teen e-magazines, the researcher found 23 of 32 blends which were included in this type of blends. These blends used various pattern of clipping in the process of forming the blends, whether they used fore clipping or middle clipping, whether there was only one base word which was shortened or both of the base words were shortened and after that coined together. According

to Algeo (1977), there were a number of different patterns with this type of blends. First was blends were created by using the first part of the first word and the last part of the second word. Second was blends were created by using the whole first word and the last part of the second word. Third was blends were created by using the first part of the first word and the whole second word. Fourth was blends were created by using the last parts of two words. Fifth was blends were created by using the first parts of both the words.

a) The First Part of the First Word and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends

In this type of blends, the first base word was clipped at the back and the second base word was clipped at the beginning. The examples were advertorial, bit, vlog, Instamatic, brunch, rockabilly, clasp, splurge, vlogger, stash, and edutainment.

4.15 The First Part of the First Word and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends

No. Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Result 1. Adver[tisement] [edi]torial Advertorial

2. B[inary] [dig]it Bit

3. V[ideo] [B]log Vlog

4. Insta[nt] [Auto]matic Instamatic 5. Br[eakfast] [L]unch Brunch 6. Rock[-n-roll] [Hill]billy Rockabilly

7. Cl[ip] [H]asp Clasp

8. Spl[ash] [S]urge Splurge 9. V[ideo] [B]logger Vlogger

10. St[ow] [C]ache Stash

b) The Whole First Word and The Last Part of the Second Word Blends

In this type of blends, there was no clipping in the first base word while the second base word was shortened at the beginning. The examples were

teenspiration, staycation, artpreneur, creativepreneur, daycation, workaholic, and filmography.

4.16 The Whole First Word and the Last Part of the Second Word Blends

No. Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Result 1. Teen [In]spiration Teenspiration 2. Stay [Va]cation Staycation 3. Art [Entre]preneur Artpreneur 4. Creative [Entre]preneur Creativepreneur 5. Day [Va]cation Daycation 6. Work [Al]coholic Workaholic 7. Film [Biblio]graphy Filmography

c) The First Part of the First Word and the Whole Second Word Blends

In this type of blends, the first base word was shortened at the back while there was no clipping in the second base word. The examples were cosplay and

docuseries.

Table 4.17 The First Part of the First Word and the Whole Second Word Blends

No. Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Result

1. Cos[tume] Play Cosplay

2. Docu[mentary] Series Docuseries

d) The First Parts of Both Words Blends

In this type of blends, backclipping was happened in both of the base words. The examples are internet and sitcom.

Table 4.18 The First Parts of Both Words Blends

No. Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Result 1. Inter[national] Net[work] Internet 2. Si[tuation] Com[edy] Sitcom

e) The Multiple Sounds of Two Components Words Blends

In this type of blend, the multiple sounds from two base words were blended, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order. In the HighEnd Teen

e-magazine, there was no word found which could be classified into this type.

f) The Last Parts of Two Words Blends

The blends were created by using the last parts of two words. The first parts of the base words were shortened. In the HighEnd Teen e-magazine 2016 editions, there was no word found which could be classified into this type.

c. Blends with Clipping and Overlapping

The last type of blends according to Algeo (1977) was blends with phonemic overlap and clipping. This type of blends was the combination of the process of overlapping and clipping. From 32 blends, there were 9 blends which were included in the third type of blends, which were blends with clipping and overlapping. Table 4.19 shows the analysis of the blends.

Table 4.19 Blends with Clipping and Overlapping

No. Base Word 1 Base Word 2 Result 1. Mock [D]ocumentary Mockumentary 2. Athle[tic] Leisure Athleisure 3. Glam[orous] [C]amping Glamping 4. Senso[dyne] society Sensociety

5. Oxy[gen] [A]cid Oxide

6. Bra[d] Angelina Brangelina 7. Hermes [Irr]esistible Hermesistible 8. [Inter]net [Ci]tizen Netizen

3. The English Blends Distribution in the HighEnd Teen E-Magazine 2016 Editions

In 2006, Anna Enarsson conducted a research on English blends in Wikipedia. According to Enarsson (2006), two different types of blends, namely blends with clipping only and blends with clipping and overlapping, were most frequent. From her research, it could be seen that blends with clipping made up 55 percent of the total, blends with clipping and overlapping made up 42 percent, and the last blends with overlapping only made up 3 percent (p. 13).

The research of blends in the HighEnd Teen e-magazines showed the same result compared to the result from the research which was conducted by Ennarson (2006). The most frequent type of blends was blends with clipping. From 32 blends, 23 of them were included in blends with clipping. The third type, which was blends with clipping and overlapping, followed with 7 blends in total. The last was blends with overlapping, with only 2 blends.

APPENDIX G

APPENDIX H

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX J

APPENDIX K

APPENDIX L