Social Community Aspects of Watershed Management
M odu le 5 – ( L1 9 – L2 1 ) : “Socio- e con om ic Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ” Socia l Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t : Com m u n it y pa r t icipa t ion , Pr iva t e se ct or pa r t icipa t ion , I n st it u t ion a l issu e s, Socio- e con om y, I n t e gr a t e d de ve lopm e n t , W a t e r le gisla t ion a n d Socio- e con om y I n t e gr a t e d de ve lopm e n t W a t e r le gisla t ion a n d im ple m e n t a t ion s, Ca se st u die s Socia l & Com m u n it y Aspe ct s Socia l & Com m u n it y Aspe ct s 1 9 1 9 of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t
L1 9 L1 9 – Socia l & Com m u n it y Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t f W t h d M t
Topics Cove r e d Topics Cove r e d
Social aspect s of wat ershed m anagem ent , Social aspect s of wat ershed m anagem ent , Com m unit y part icipat ion, Com m unit y based Com m unit y part icipat ion, Com m unit y based Com m unit y part icipat ion Com m unit y based Com m unit y part icipat ion Com m unit y based wat ershed m anagem ent , I nst it ut ional issues. wat ershed m anagem ent , I nst it ut ional issues.
Social aspect s, Com m unit y part icipat ion, Social aspect s, Com m unit y part icipat ion, Keywords: Keywords: I nst it ut ional issues. I nst it ut ional issues.
Wat ershed Managem ent - Perspect ives
Past Tradit ional and Current Developm ent Approaches Tiw ari et al., ( 2008) The Journal of Agricult ure and Environm ent Vol: .9, Jun.2008 Tiw ari et al ( 2008) The Journal of Agricult ure and Environm ent Vol: 9 Jun 2008
Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002 Socia l Aspe ct s
- Wat ershed m anagem ent obj ect ive: Social uplift m ent & well being
of inhabit ant s
W t h d t i t f t h di t d h • Wat ershed m anagem ent consist s of t hose coordinat ed hum an
act ivit ies aim ed at cont rolling, enhancing, or rest oring wat ershed funct ions.
Com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent - approach t o •
wat er- resource prot ect ion t hat enables individuals, groups, and inst it ut ions wit h a st ake in m anagem ent out com es ( oft en called inst it ut ions wit h a st ake in m anagem ent out com es ( oft en called st akeholders) t o part icipat e in ident ifying & addressing local issues t hat affect or are affect ed by wat ershed funct ions.
wat ershed m anagem ent and it s cont ribut ion t h d t d it t ib t i Social Aspect s: • Social Aspect s: t owards opt im al ut ilizat ion of nat ural resources t hereby accruing great er and sust ainable benefit s t o m ankind. Wat ershed Managem ent - Social Aspect s
Wat ershed m anagem ent - process of im plem ent ing land
use pract ices & wat er m anagem ent pract ices t o prot ect & im prove qualit y of wat er & ot her nat ural resources & im prove qualit y of wat er & ot her nat ural resources wit hin a wat ershed by m anaging t he use of t hose land & wat er resources in a com prehensive m anner.
Wat ershed m anagem ent - a way of looking at relat ionships bet ween people, nat ure, land and wat er.
Wat ershed m anagem ent - aim s at bringing about
balance bet ween nat ural resources on one hand & balance bet ween nat ural resources on one hand & societ y on t he ot her. Ecology & environm ent uplift m ent Econom ic
Socia l Aspe ct s of Su st a in a ble D e ve lopm e n t Econ om ic Econ om ic Polit ica l S S D Socia l En vir on m e n t a l En vir on m e n t a l
Socially accept able econom ically & Socially accept able, econom ically &
To achieve sust ainabilit y: To achieve sust ainabilit y:
t echnically viable proj ect , m ult i- disciplinary approach, social
- inst it ut ion, involvem ent of st ake holders – Holist ic approach Capacit y Building Capacit y Building- “ good science & sm art planning good science & sm art planning ”
Socia l Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d D e ve lopm e n t
W h y Socia l Aspe ct s a r e im por t a n t in Ecosyst e m
M a n a ge m e n t ?- st at em ent s about how hum ans and hum an values are int egral ecosyst em com ponent s, suggest ing t hat : i l
Principles of ecosyst em m anagem ent include
i h
“ People cannot be separat ed from nat ure,”
“ Hum ans are fundam ent al influences on ecological Hum ans are fundam ent al influences on ecological
pat t erns and processes and are in t urn affect ed by t hem ,” and
“ Regardless of t he role of scient ific know ledge, hum an “ R dl f t h l f i t ifi k l d h
values play a dom inant role in ecosyst em m anagem ent goals” .
Socia l Aspe ct s of W a t e r sh e d D e ve lopm e n t Sh a r in g Cost s a n d Be n e fit s
unevenly, wit h t he cost s levied upst ream , t ypically am ong y, p , yp y g poorer users, and t he benefit s hogged by resident s dow nst ream , usually t he richer farm ers.
Wat ershed proj ect s oft en dist ribut e cost s & benefit s
I ndividuals m ust derive privat e t angible benefit s from t he I ndividuals m ust derive privat e t angible benefit s from t he wat ershed act ivit ies such as raising agricult ural product ivit y, augm ent ing incom e, m eet ing food securit y & cont rolling land degradat ion. g g Expect ed privat e benefit s m ust subst ant ially exceed t he
expect ed privat e cost s. Appropriat e arrangem ent s be m ade t o convert as m uch of Appropriat e arrangem ent s be m ade t o convert as m uch of collect ive benefit s int o t angible privat e benefit s. Done t hrough developing need- based inst it ut ional
arrangem ent s, which assess needs of t he st akeholders in arrangem ent s w hich assess needs of t he st akeholders in t he w at ershed & accordingly plan dist ribut ion of benefit s.
Com m u n it y Pa r t icipa t ion
Proponent s of com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent • m aint ain t hat involving local st akeholders result s in m ore locally relevant solut ions t hat t ake int o account each l ll l t l t i th t t k i t t h com m unit y's unique social, econom ic, and environm ent al condit ions and values.
St akeholder part icipat ion is also t hought t o creat e a •
sense of local ownership of ident ified problem s and solut ions, t hus ensuring long t erm support for result ing solut ions, t hus ensuring long- t erm support for result ing m anagem ent plans. Charact erist ics of Com m unit y-- Charact erist ics of Com m unit y Based Wat ershed Managem ent Based Wat ershed Managem ent Ch a n gin g Role s & Re la t ion sh ips : As local com m unit ies •
part icipat e m ore act ively in wat ershed m anagem ent , roles & relat ionships of resource m anagers & st akeholders will change. Com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent recognizes t hat all y g g st akeholders have a crit ical role t o play in t he m anagem ent planning process.
W h ole Syst e m Pe r spe ct ive • • W h ole - Syst e m Pe r spe ct ive : Wat ershed m anagem ent is not : Wat ershed m anagem ent is not
a single st rat egy, but is a general approach t o wat er resource prot ect ion t hat recognizes t he int erconnect edness of all t he physical and biological com ponent s of t he landscape, including h i l d bi l i l t f t h l d i l di hum an com m unit ies.
Charact erist ics of Com m unit y-- Charact erist ics of Com m unit y Based Wat ershed Managem ent Based Wat ershed Managem ent Based Wat ershed Managem ent Based Wat ershed Managem ent W h ole - Syst e m Pe r spe ct ive : A com m unit y- based approach •
considers not only t he physical charact erist ics of a wat ershed, considers not only t he physical charact erist ics of a wat ershed, but it also t akes int o account t he social & econom ic fact ors associat ed wit h wat ershed issues. The goal of com m unit y- based wat ershed m anagem ent is t o prot ect and rest ore wat ershed wat ershed m anagem ent is t o prot ect and rest ore wat ershed funct ions while considering t he variet y of social and econom ic benefit s of t hose funct ions.
I n t e gr a t ion of Scie n t ific I n for m a t ion & Socie t a l Va lu e s: i • f S i ifi f i & S i l l
Wat ershed m anagem ent decisions should be based on sound scient ific inform at ion, bot h in t erm s of ident ifying problem s and select ing opt ions for addressing t hose problem s.
Charact erist ics of Com m unit y Charact erist ics of Com m unit y-- Based Wat ershed Managem ent Based Wat ershed Managem ent B B d W t d W t h d M h d M t t Ada pt ive M a n a ge m e n t St yle : Addressing environm ent al, •
social, and econom ic issues at t he wat ershed scale is com plex, i l d i i t t h t h d l i l and oft en t here is a high level of uncert aint y regarding t he out com es of m anagem ent decisions.
Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002 Challenges Associat ed Wit h Com m unit y-- Challenges Associat ed Wit h Com m unit y Based Wat ershed Managem ent Based Wat ershed Managem ent W t Wat ersheds h d m ay cover t housands of acres of public & privat ely t h d f f bli & i t l •
owned land. Developing a basic underst anding of how hum an act ivit ies affect wat ershed funct ions is a m aj or undert aking.
Som e key st akeholders m ay lack t he t im e, m ot ivat ion, skills, •
or resources t o part icipat e effect ively t hroughout t he m anagem ent planning process. g p g p
Resource m anagem ent professionals m ay be reluct ant t o give •
up t heir role as expert s and t o share aut horit y wit h lay persons regarding resource m anagem ent issues. regarding resource m anagem ent issues.
Challenges of Com m unit y-- Based Challenges of Com m unit y Based Wat ershed Managem ent Wat ershed Managem ent
C Conflict s bet ween st akeholders over m anagem ent goals and fli t b t t k h ld
- t l d t he m eans t o accom plishing t hose goals are inevit able, and resource m anagem ent professionals are oft en ill- prepared t o facilit at e const ruct ive dialogue t o resolve t hese conflict s.
- Com m unit y- based approaches require t im e and resources t o • Com m unit y based approaches require t im e and resources t o generat e int erest and t o build relat ionships bet ween st akeholders.
- Funding agencies and st akeholders m ay grow im pat ient wit h t he lack of observable out com es.
Developm ent Paradigm s
Rural developm ent over t he past 20 years has been m arked by a gradual shift from t he int ervent ion- based m et hod t o an
approach prom ot ing rural people’s involvem ent in t heir ow n
d developm ent so t hat m ore at t ent ion could be paid t o t he l h i ld b id h people’s requirem ent s, problem s on t he ground could be bet t erunderst ood & groups concerned could be helped t o im prove
t heir sit uat ion. t heir sit uat ion Direct I nt ervent ion Met hod Vs Part icipat ory Met hod.Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002 Pu blic Pa r t icipa t ion En su r in g Pu blic pa r t icipa t ion : E i P bli i i i
Sust ainabilit y, Equit y and Part icipat ion are t he t hree basic elem ent s of part icipat ory w at ershed m anagem ent .
Sust ainabilit y involves conservat ion and enhancem ent of
t he prim ary product ivit y of t he ecosyst em , t he m ain
com ponent s of which are land, wat er and biom ass. p Equit y has t o be seen in t erm s of creat ing an equit able- access t o livelihood resources for t he wat ershed com m unit y. y
ensuring sust ainabilit y of t he ecological, econom ic &
social exchanges t aking place in t he wat ershed t errit ory. o a a g a g p a a d o y I ncludes nat ural resource exchange, which is t he
Part icipat ory w at ershed m anagem ent at t em pt s at
- convent ional w at ershed m anagem ent , and part icipat ory w at ershed m anagem ent addit ionally considers t he w at ershed m anagem ent addit ionally considers t he econom ic, polit ical and cult ural exchanges.
Com m u n it y Pa r t icipa t ion …
sharing by users group t heir t im e, energy & m oney on program m e & adopt t he recom m ended m easures and program m e & adopt t he recom m ended m easures and pract ices on a sust ained basis. People’s part icipat ion is crit ical for t he success of t he w at ershed program because t he sum of individual choices has w at ershed program because t he sum of individual choices has collect ive consequences on m anagem ent of nat ural resources. I n com m unit y part icipat ion people act collect ively & influence out com es. out com es For success of t his t ype of part icipat ion, 3 aspect s are crit ical: ( 1) t he abilit y of m em bers t o part icipat e as a com m unit y or t o have a collect ive voice; ( 2) decision m ade j oint ly by t he com m unit y and im plem ent ing organizat ions; and ( 3) com m unit ies bearing a share of cost s.
I n real t erm s com m unit y part icipat ion m eans volunt ary
Pu blic Pa r t icipa t ion Con dit ion s for fa cilit a t in g pe ople ’s pa r t icipa t ion :
( 1) Making people aware about pot ent ial benefit s of collect ive act ion in conserving & m anaging nat ural resources collect ive act ion in conserving & m anaging nat ural resources ( 2) Dem and- driven act ivit ies in t he w at ershed program ; ( 3) Em pow ering people in planning, im plem ent ing and m anaging w at ershed program s; i t h d ( 4) Sufficient privat e econom ic benefit s t o creat e incent ives for part icipat ion.
Colle ct ive a ct ion ca n be de fin e d a s t h e pu r su it of a goa l or se t of goa ls by m or e t h a n on e a ct or . Em pow e r in g t h e com m u n it y p g y
When people are em pow ered t o t ake decisions & execut e
t he act ivit ies, t hey ow n t he program . They run t he wat ershed act ivit ies according t o local, social & cult ural g , syst em s.S u c c e s s fu l W a te r s h e d
c, t ion , icipa t ion H ig h r n m ic w it h e r va t ion e con om ic con se r va t pa t ion blic Pa r t i n ly w a t e r n se r va t ion o- e con om t e r con se Socio- e w a t e r c pa r t icip
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M a in con Socio w a t W a te r s h e d d e v e lo p m e n t p Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay Photo, A.K. Singh, 2002
I n st it u t ion a l issu e s I n st it u t ion a l issu e s
R
ole of inst it ut ions is t o develop rules
I nstitution building:
for planning & m anaging wat ershed act ivit ies, sharing cost s & benefit s & disput e resolut ion. & b fit & di t l t i The inst it ut ion building process involves generat ion of self renewing capabilit y in t he organizat ion & also abilit y g p y g y t o align m issions & goals wit h t he em erging changes in t he environm ent wit hout losing basic et hics and spirit .
Som e of t h e k e y fa ct or s t h a t fa cilit a t e de ve lopm e n t of Som e of t h e k e y fa ct or s t h a t fa cilit a t e de ve lopm e n t of
socia l in st it u t ion s in t h e con t e x t of w a t e r sh e d:Capacit y building - An assured flow of funds t o t he proj ect - Cost sharing has t o be ‘real’. -
I n st it u t ion a l issu e s I n st it u t ion a l issu e s
- cont ribut ion of volunt ary labor does not necessarily
creat e a feeling of ownership of t he asset s creat ed for land & wat er developm ent .
- St rong dedicat ed and com m it t ed leadership
- A shared percept ion of benefit s by all group m em bers • A shared percept ion of benefit s by all group m em bers
- Fa ct or s t h a t im pe de t h e pr oce ss of in st it u t ion
bu ildin g in t h e w a t e r sh e d pr ogr a m s:
- Unreasonable quot as and t arget s
L k f lf li - • Lack of self- reliance
- Lack of t ransparency
- Failure t o m obilize local resources • Failure t o m obilize local resources
Wat ershed Managem ent – – Wat ershed Managem ent People Part icipat ion People Part icipat ion People Part icipat ion People Part icipat ion
N a t u r a l Socia l Re sou r ce s M a ppin g M a ppin g M M a ppin g i V illa ge V olu n t e e r s V olu n t e e r s Pa r t icipa t or y Pa r t icipa t or y Appr a isa l
I m ple m e n t a t ion Pr ior it isin g g Opt ion s Case St udy:
Th S kh The Sukhom aj iri Wat ershed Model j i i W t h d M d l
- Dept . ( HFD) & Cent ral Soil and Wat er Conservat ion Research and Training I nst it ut e ( CSWCRTI ) wit h support from Ford Foundat ion w ere involved in undert aking soil & w at er conservat ion act ivit ies in Sukhom aj iri village in Haryana t i t i it i i S kh j i i ill i H
From t he m id 1970s onw ards t he Gov. I ndia, Haryana Forest
- I nit ially check dam s w ere const ruct ed t o arrest t he m ovem ent of silt from cat chm ent areas. How ever, w hen villagers dest royed t he check dam s and cont inued t o open graze cat t le in forest areas, a m ore com prehensive dialogue was init iat ed wit h local com m unit ies. Discussions revealed t hat inadequat e irrigat ion facilit ies caused
- fodder scarcit y, result ing in villagers open grazing Tw o eart hen dam s w ere const ruct ed in 1978 and furt her 2 m ore in subsequent years.
Ref: Public Privat e Part nerships in Wat ershed Managem ent - R f P bli P i t P t hi i W t h d M t Evidence from t he Him alayan foot hills: Mr. Mat hew Kurian Ca se st u dy:
Ca se st u dy: Six fe a t u r e s of t h e in st it u t ion a l con t r a ct s t h a t ch a r a ct e r iz e d for m a t ion of com m u n it y or ga n iz a t ion s a r e n ot a ble :
Wat er user associat ions were const it ut ed
Landless households were given a share of wat er from dam s Landless households were given a share of wat er from dam s
and at t em pt s were m ade t o inst it ut e a syst em of t radable wat er shares so t hat landless households could sell t heir share of w at er t o ot her households. h f t t t h h h ld Profit s from t he sale of wat er from dam s ( fiber & fodder
grasses) g ) could be used for com m unit y y developm ent p act ivit ies. Such act ivit ies could t ake t he form of const ruct ion of village roads, repair of school buildings or const ruct ion of rest areas for laborers. rest areas for laborers
Ca se st u dy:
HFD w as t o facilit at e annual elect ions of t he m anaging com m it t ee. Mem bership issues were t ackled, especially in cases
where not all m em bers in a village could benefit from w at er supply from dam s. pp y At least a t hird of posit ions in t he m anaging com m it t ee
are t o be reserved for wom en. Every w om an in a household w as ent it led t o m em bership dist inct from household w as ent it led t o m em bership dist inct from m em bership of t he m ale head of household in t he general body of HRMS.
Profit s from t he sale wat er from eart hen dam s ( and fiber Profit s from t he sale wat er from eart hen dam s ( and fiber and fodder grasses) const ruct ed in areas under j oint m anagem ent were t o be shared bet ween t he HFD and
Hill Resource Managem ent Societ ies) . ou a ag o )
t he HRMS ( e S (
Case St udy: Out com e
The dam s provided supplem ent al irrigat ion t o w heat crop
and t hus helped t o increase agricult ural product ivit y in t he p g p y rabi season. Furt her, product ion of wheat st raw increased farm er’s- disposable incom e by enabling t hem t o reduce t heir fodder p y g grass purchases from ext ernal sources.
The im proved supply of w heat st raw fodder also led t o an
increase in cat t le dung, w hich w as used as a cooking fuel, c ease cat t e du g, c as used as a coo g ue ,
and t hus lessened pressure on st at e forest s for fuel wood.
Success w it h part icipat ory wat ershed m anagem ent lead t he- forest depart m ent t o expand t he m andat e of t he JFM forest depart m ent t o expand t he m andat e of t he JFM program in t he Shiwalik hills.
Ca se st u dy: Le sson Le a r n t
Wat ershed m anagem ent is m ore t han j ust t he cost - benefit analysis of invest m ent s.
The m ain dist inct ion bet ween wat ershed The m ain dist inct ion bet ween wat ershed developm ent and ot her t radit ional developm ent al program m es is t hat t he form er is essent ially a com m unit y based one. com m unit y- based one.
Raising awareness of t he people’s role in t he wat ershed approach.
St rengt hening t he capabilit ies of local organizat ions. St rengt hening t he capabilit ies of local organizat ions
Decent ralizat ion of decision- m aking by all players
concerned, including t hose out side of wat ershed areas. areas
Prom ot ing dialogue, part nership and alliances am ong players.
Re fe r e n ce s Re fe r e n ce s
J.V.S Murt hy ( 1991) , Wat ershed Managem ent , New Age int ernat ional Publicat ions •
Econom ic and Polit ical Weekly Sept em ber 16, 2000, 3435- 3444, Sust ainable
Wat ershed Managem ent I nst it ut ional Approach. V Rat na Reddy.R l C Rule Com pliance in Part icipat ory Wat ershed Managem ent : I s it a Sufficient li i P i i W h d M I i S ffi i
Guarant ee of Sust ainable Rural Livelihoods? Mat hew Kurian, T. Diet z and K.S.
MuraliJoshi PK, Vasudha Pangare, Shiferaw B, Wani SP, Boum a J and Scot t C. 2004.
Socioeconom ic and policy research on wat ershed m anagem ent in I ndia: Synt hesis of past experiences and needs for fut ure research. Global Them e on Agroecosyst em s Report no. 7. Pat ancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, I ndia: I nt ernat ional Crops Research I nst it ut e for t he Sem i- Arid Tropics. 88 pp.
Public Privat e Part nerships in Wat ershed Managem ent - Evidence from t he Him alayan foot hills Mr. Mat hew Kurian Hydrologic Design That I ncorporat es Environm ent al, Qualit y, and Social Aspect s,
Environm ent al Qualit y Managem ent / DOI 10.1002/ t qem / spring 2006 © 2006 Environm ent al Qualit y Managem ent / DOI 10 1002/ t qem / spring 2006 © 2006
Wiley Periodicals, I nc. Published online in Wiley I nt erScience ht t p: / / w w w .sw rcb.ca.gov/ rw qcb2/ w at ershedm anagem ent .ht m w w w .int erscience.w iley.com ) . DOI : 10.1002/ t qem .20092 ht t p: / / en.w ikipedia.org/ w iki/ Wat ershed_m anagem ent ht t / / iki di / iki/ W t h d t w w w .apm as.org .Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?
How com m unit y part icipat ion can be used t o
m ake appropriat e wat ershed m anagem ent m ake appropriat e wat ershed m anagem ent
plans & im plem ent at ions.? . Discuss t he possible levels of com m unit y Discuss t he possible levels of com m unit y Discuss t he possible levels of com m unit y Discuss t he possible levels of com m unit y
part icipat ions in wat ershed m anagem ent plans. plans. plans. plans.
part icipat ions in wat ershed m anagem ent
How t he Wat ershed User Groups can help in How t he Wat ershed User Groups can help in t he overall sust ainable developm ent & t he overall sust ainable developm ent & t he overall sust ainable developm ent & t he overall sust ainable developm ent & m anagem ent of Wat ersheds?. m anagem ent of Wat ersheds?.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!. Q
Different iat e bet w een past t radit ional & current w at ershed developm ent approach plans. w at ershed developm ent approach plans
Discuss social aspect s of w at ershed m anagem ent w it hin t he perspect ives of g p p sust ainable developm ent .
What are t he im port ant charact erist ics of com m unit y based wat ershed m anagem ent ?. it b d t h d t ?
Different iat e bet w een direct int ervent ion m et hods and part icipat ory m et hods in m et hods and part icipat ory m et hods in w at ershed m anagem ent .
P Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i
IIT B b
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?. g Q
I llust rat e im port ant social aspect s in wat ershed m anagem ent ?. m anagem ent ?
How com m unit y part icipat ion can help in bet t er w at ershed developm ent plans & p p im plem ent at ions?.
What are t he challenges associat ed w it h com m unit y based wat ershed m anagem ent ?. it b d t h d t ?
I llust rat e t he w at ershed developm ent out look in I ndia for t he last 5 decades & it s success. I ndia for t he last 5 decades & it s success
What are t he im port ant I nst it ut ional issues in
w at ershed m anagem ent ?.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Un solve d Pr oble m !. Un solve d Pr oble m !
St udy t he various social issues in your wat ershed St udy t he various social issues in your wat ershed area. area.
D D Develop an appropriat e plan t o solve social issues Develop an appropriat e plan t o solve social issues l l i t i t l l t t l l i l i i l i such as povert y, lack of em ploym ent , lack of such as povert y, lack of em ploym ent , lack of educat ion t o children in your st udy area. educat ion t o children in your st udy area.
St udy how t he “ Com m unit y part icipat ion” can help St udy how t he “ Com m unit y part icipat ion” can help bet t er wat ershed m anagem ent in your st udy area. bet t er wat ershed m anagem ent in your st udy area.
Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y Develop appropriat e plans for com m unit y involvem ent in sust ainable developm ent & wat ershed involvem ent in sust ainable developm ent & wat ershed m anagem ent . m anagem ent .
St udy t he role of wat ershed user groups in your St udy t he role of wat ershed user groups in your st udy area. st udy area.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho Professor, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, p p g g g g
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India, 400 076. Mumbai, India, 400 076.Email: Email: Email: Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in
Phone: (022) – Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 25767339; Fax: 25767302