PENDAHULUAN PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME PERANAN MIKROORG

POKOK BAHASAN

  1. PENDAHULUAN

  2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME MIKROBIOLOGI

  5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME

  4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME MIKROBIOLOGI

  

7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

  6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME DASAR DASAR

  8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME

  9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME

02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME POKOK BAHASAN

  I. PENDAHULUAN

  II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA

  III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI

  IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI

  

V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM

TAKSONOMI

  VI. PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA

  VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME

  VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

POKOK BAHASAN

  A. ARCHAEA

  B. BACTERIA

  C. FUNGI

  D. ALGAE

  E. PROTOZOA

  F. VIRUS

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

D. ALGAE 1.

  1. PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN 2.

  2. DISTRIBUSI DISTRIBUSI 3.

  3. STRUKTUR STRUKTUR 4.

  4. NUTRISI NUTRISI 5.

  5. REPRODUKSI REPRODUKSI 6.

  6. PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE POKOK BAHASAN

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 

  Algae-not a monophyletic group; instead the term is used to describe a group Algae-not a monophyletic group; instead the term is used to describe a group of organisms that lack roots, stems, and leaves, but that have chlorophyll and of organisms that lack roots, stems, and leaves, but that have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis 

  Phycologists (algologists)-scientists who study algae Phycologists (algologists)-scientists who study algae 

  Phycology (algology)-the study of algae Phycology (algology)-the study of algae

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 

  Primarily aquatic Primarily aquatic 

  Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment

  Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants

• Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants

  Zooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protists 

• Zooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protists

  Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water

  

  Neustonic-living at the air-water interface Neustonic-living at the air-water interface

   Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil

   Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants

   Some associate with fungi to form lichens Some associate with fungi to form lichens

   Some are parasitic Some are parasitic

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell 

  the synthesis and storage of starch the synthesis and storage of starch

  Algae can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular Algae can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular

  

  Thallus-vegetative body of algae; can be unicellular or multicellular Thallus-vegetative body of algae; can be unicellular or multicellular

  Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form) Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form) 

  Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar cristae, or tubular cristae 

  Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar cristae, or tubular cristae

  

  reactions; may also have a dense proteinaceous pyrenoid that is associated with

  Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also have an outer matrix)

  D. ALGAE 

  Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the site of photosynthetic light

  Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the site of photosynthetic light

  The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with pores 

  The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with pores

  Some are motile by flagella 

  Some are motile by flagella

  

Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also have an outer matrix)



  reactions; may also have a dense proteinaceous pyrenoid that is associated with

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 

  Most are autotrophic-require only light and inorganic compounds for energy; Most are autotrophic-require only light and inorganic compounds for energy; use CO use CO

  2 2 as carbon source as carbon source 

  Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and carbon carbon

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

• -thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new thallus

  FRAGMENTATION

  FRAGMENTATION

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

  D. ALGAE 

  Asexual-occurs only with unicellular algae Asexual-occurs only with unicellular algae 

• -thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new thallus
• Zoospores are flagellated motile spores
• Aplanospores are nonmotile spores

  Aplanospores are nonmotile spores

  Sexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algae Sexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algae 

  Zygote

  Zygote

  

  Antheridia

  Antheridia

  

  Oogonia

  Oogonia

  nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division

  nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division 

  

  Binary fission-

  Binary fission-

  

  Zoospores are flagellated motile spores

   formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium

   formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium

  Spores

  Spores

• -relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed
>-relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed
• -specialized structures in which sperm are formed
>-specialized structures in which sperm are formed
• -product of fusion of sperm and egg
>-product of fusion of sperm and egg

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 

  In the Whittaker system In the Whittaker system _ Divided into Divided into SEVEN DIVISIONS SEVEN DIVISIONS within two different kingdoms within two different kingdoms _

  Primary classification is based on cellular properties Primary classification is based on cellular properties _ Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology _ Storage food and photosynthetic products Storage food and photosynthetic products _

  Number of flagella and their insertion location Number of flagella and their insertion location _ Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body) Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body) _ Habitat

  Habitat _ Reproductive structures Reproductive structures _

  Life history patterns Life history patterns 

  Molecular systems have reclassified the algae as polyphyletic; Molecular systems have reclassified the algae as polyphyletic; they fall into five different lineages they fall into five different lineages _ Plants Plants _

  Red algae Red algae _ Stramenopiles (this lineage also includes some protozoa) Stramenopiles (this lineage also includes some protozoa) _

  Alveolates (this lineage also includes some protozoa) Alveolates (this lineage also includes some protozoa) _

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 1) 1) CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE) (GREEN ALGAE) 2) 2) CHAROPHYTA CHAROPHYTA (STONEWORTS/BRITTLEWORTS) (STONEWORTS/BRITTLEWORTS) 3) 3) EUGLENOPHYTA EUGLENOPHYTA

(EUGLENOIDS)

  

(EUGLENOIDS)

4) 4) CHRYSOPHYTA CHRYSOPHYTA (GOLDEN-BROWN, YELLOW-GREEN (GOLDEN-BROWN, YELLOW-GREEN ALGAE, DIATOMS) ALGAE, DIATOMS) 5) 5) PHAEOPHYTA PHAEOPHYTA (BROWN ALGAE) (BROWN ALGAE) 6) 6) RHODOPHYTA RHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE) (RED ALGAE) 7) 7) PYRRHOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) (DINOFLAGELLATES)

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 1) 1) CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA (green algae)-molecular classification places these with plants (green algae)-molecular classification places these with plants 

  Are extremely varied Are extremely varied

  Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are made of cellulose made of cellulose

• Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are

  Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms

• Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms
• Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular
• Exhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction Exhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction

   Genus Chlamydomonas Genus Chlamydomonas - Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at - Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at anterior end; have single haploid nucleus, a large chloroplast with conspicuous pyrenoid for anterior end; have single haploid nucleus, a large chloroplast with conspicuous pyrenoid for starch production and storage, a stigma (phototactic eyespot), and contractile vacuole (acts as starch production and storage, a stigma (phototactic eyespot), and contractile vacuole (acts as

osmoregulator); exhibit asexual reproduction (zoospores) and sexual reproduction

osmoregulator); exhibit asexual reproduction (zoospores) and sexual reproduction

   Genus Chlorella Genus Chlorella - members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in - members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in aquatic habitats and in soil; only reproduce asexually; lack flagella; have eyespots, contractile aquatic habitats and in soil; only reproduce asexually; lack flagella; have eyespots, contractile vacuoles, and a very small nucleus vacuoles, and a very small nucleus

   Genus Volvox Genus Volvox - members of the genus exist as hollow spheres made up of a single layer of - members of the genus exist as hollow spheres made up of a single layer of 500-60,000 flagellated cells; flagella beat in a coordinated fashion; some cells are specialized 500-60,000 flagellated cells; flagella beat in a coordinated fashion; some cells are specialized for reproduction for reproduction

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 2) 2) CHAROPHYTA CHAROPHYTA (stoneworts/brittleworts) (stoneworts/brittleworts) 

  Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution

  

  Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a limestone covering (helps preserve them as fossils) limestone covering (helps preserve them as fossils)

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 3) 3) EUGLENOPHYTA EUGLENOPHYTA (euglenoids)-molecular classification places these with (euglenoids)-molecular classification places these with amoeboflagellates amoeboflagellates 

  Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh and brackish waters and in moist soils and brackish waters and in moist soils 

  Genus Euglena-members of this genus: Genus Euglena-members of this genus: 

  Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape

  

  Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir

  

  Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the reservoir for osmotic regulation reservoir for osmotic regulation

  

  Have paired flagella at anterior end that arise from reservoir base; only one Have paired flagella at anterior end that arise from reservoir base; only one beats to move the cell beats to move the cell

  

  Reproduce by longitudinal mitotic cell division Reproduce by longitudinal mitotic cell division

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 4) 4) CHRYSOPHYTA (golden-brown and yellow-green algae and diatoms)- CHRYSOPHYTA (golden-brown and yellow-green algae and diatoms)- molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles 

  Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms

  

  Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin

  

  Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma membrane; diatoms have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a frustule; have membrane; diatoms have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a frustule; have zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length) zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length)

  

  Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally sexual sexual

  

  Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells (epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half) (epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half)

  Grow in aquatic habitats and moist soil Grow in aquatic habitats and moist soil

• Some are faculatative heterotrophs
• Some are faculatative heterotrophs

  Vegetative cells are diploid and reproduce asexually with each daughter getting one old Vegetative cells are diploid and reproduce asexually with each daughter getting one old

• theca and constructing one new theca; this type of reproduction results in diatoms

  theca and constructing one new theca; this type of reproduction results in diatoms

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 5) 5) PHAEOPHYTA PHAEOPHYTA (brown algae)-molecular classification places these with (brown algae)-molecular classification places these with stramenopiles stramenopiles 

  Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear dimensions known in Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear dimensions known in the eucaryotic world the eucaryotic world

  

  Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex species (kelps) are Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex species (kelps) are differentiated into flattened blades, stalks, and holdfast organs that anchor them to differentiated into flattened blades, stalks, and holdfast organs that anchor them to rocks rocks

  

• - carotene carotene

  Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and

    -

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 6) 6) RHODOPHYTA RHODOPHYTA (red algae)-molecular classification gives these a separate (red algae)-molecular classification gives these a separate lineage lineage 

  Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular, filamentous seaweeds; comprise Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular, filamentous seaweeds; comprise most of the seaweeds most of the seaweeds

  

  Carbohydrate reserve is floridean starch Carbohydrate reserve is floridean starch

  

  Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin (blue pigment), and can Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin (blue pigment), and can therefore live in deeper waters therefore live in deeper waters

  

  Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of microfibrils and a Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of microfibrils and a mucilaginous matrix consisting of sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many mucilaginous matrix consisting of sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many also deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to coral reef also deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to coral reef formation formation

  02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

  D. ALGAE 7) 7) PYRRHOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) - molecular classification places these (DINOFLAGELLATES) - molecular classification places these with the alveolates with the alveolates 

  Unicellular, photosynthetic protists Unicellular, photosynthetic protists

  

  Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are responsible Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are responsible for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides

  

  Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive

  Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae)

• Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae)

  Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that causes organism to spin spin 

• Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that causes organism to

  Contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls Contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls

  

  Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are endosymbiotic, Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are endosymbiotic, living within host cells where they lose their cellulose plates and flagella living within host cells where they lose their cellulose plates and flagella (zooxanthellae) (zooxanthellae)