A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HUMOR USING MEDICAL TERMS IN GREY’S ANATOMY SEASON 2.

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

by: Widya Rosanita NIM 13211144012

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

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We know what we are, but know not what we may be.

- William Shakespeare

My dad always says, Kunci kesuskesan itu lima i: inisiatif,

imajinatif, integritas, intelektual, dan INSYAALLAH.

And

My own mottos Love a Life, Live a Love, Listen Lies, and

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DEDICATIONS

This thesis is proudly dedicated to

My Rosa Family, mom, dad, and my sister Rosanti

and

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praises go to the Almighty Allah SWT for all the mercy and blessings, Alhamdulillah, I can finish this thesis. With the work of His hands, He has given me strength, tenacity, and guidance to pursue my goals in my life even in my difficult time. I cannot illustrate how grateful and amazed I am for this achievement. I am also very fortunate that I met many amazing people, particularly in finishing my thesis and college years. Therefore, my sincere gratitude is delivered to:

1. Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A., my one and only supervisor in this thesis, who has given me valuable knowledge, indebted time, and continuous guidance in all stages of finishing this thesis;

2. Ari Nurhayati, M.Hum., my academic consultant, and all lecturers in the English Education Department who have taught and guided me during my years of study;

3. my beloved parents, Ayahanda Suroso and Ibuk Suyati who are the reason of my strength and ambition that have given me endless support, solemn prayer, pure love, and freedom to choose my own path;

4. my lovely sisters, Adistya Rosanti, for the warmth and care, and the responsibility you have taught me;

5. my partner, Decky Nur Rohman Aziz who is always there whenever I need and gives me patience and love, tears and joy;

6. my beloved comrades Bunga, Denis, Ika, and Yesi for the priceless help and support, crazy naughty days and sleepless nights, laugh and fight;

7. all my friends in Linguistics, especially Laskar Mei Tri Intan, and also Dien and Cindy who have helped me as peer reviewers, and all my friends of English Literature; I do hope our friendship will last for good; and

8. all people whom I cannot mention by name that have helped me along the whole process of finishing this thesis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTOS ... v

DEDICATIONS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES ... xiii

ABSTRACT ... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Research Focus ... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Significance of the Study ... 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 7

A. Literature Review ... 7

1. Pragmatics ... 7

2. Cooperative Principles ... 8

a. Observance of Maxims ... 9

b. Non-Observance of Maxims ... 10

1) Opting out a Maxim ... 10

2) Violating a Maxim ... 11

3) Infringing a Maxim ... 11

4) Flouting a Maxim ... 11

3. Flouting ... 11

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b) Flouting of Quantity Maxim... 12

c) Flouting of Relation Maxim ... 13

d) Flouting of Manner Maxim ... 13

4. Humor Using Medical Terms ... 14

a. Disease ... 15

b. Medicine ... 15

c. Hospital Position ... 15

d. Anatomy ... 16

e. Medication Process ... 16

5. Types of Humor ... 17

a. Jokes ... 17

b. Spontaneous Conversational Humor ... 18

1) Irony ... 19

2) Satire ... 19

3) Sarcasm ... 20

4) Overstatement/Understatement ... 20

5) Self-Deprecation ... 21

6) Teasing ... 21

7) Replies to Rhetorical Question ... 22

8) Clever Replies to Serious Statement ... 22

9) Double Entendres ... 23

10)Transformation of Frozen Expressions ... 23

11)Pun ... 23

c. Unintentional Humor ... 24

6. Functions of Humor ... 25

a. Social Management ... 25

b. Decommitment ... 27

c. Mediation ... 27

d. Defunctionalization ... 28

7. Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 29

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B. Conceptual Framework ... 32

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 35

A. Type of the Study ... 35

B. Forms, Context, and Source of Data ... 35

C. Data Collection Techniques ... 36

D. Research Instrument ... 36

E. Data Analysis Techniques ... 38

F. Data Trustworthiness ... 38

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 40

A. Findings ... 40

B. Discussion ... 43

1. Medical Terms Used in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 43

a. Disease ... 44

b. Medicine ... 45

c. Hospital Position... 47

d. Anatomy ... 49

e. Medication Process ... 51

2. Types of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 53

a. Jokes ... 53

b. Spontaneous Conversational Humor ... 56

1) Irony... 56

2) Sarcasm ... 58

3) Overstatement/Understatement ... 59

4) Self-Deprecation ... 61

5) Teasing... 62

6) Replies to Rhetorical Question ... 64

7) Clever Replies to Serious Statement ... 66

8) Double Entendres ... 68

9) Transformation of Frozen Expressions ... 70

3. Functions of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 71

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b. Decommitment ... 74

c. Mediation ... 75

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 79

A. Conclusions ... 79

B. Suggestions ... 80

REFERENCES ... 82

APPENDICES ... 85

A. The Data Sheet of Medical Terms, Types, and Functions of Humor Using Medical Terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 85

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LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES

Figure

Figure 1. Analytical Construct ... 34 Tables

Table 1. The Sample Data Sheet of Medical Terms, Types, and Functions

of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 37 Table 2. Findings of Medical Terms, Types and Functions of Humor

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A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HUMOR USING MEDICAL TERMS IN GREY’S ANATOMY SEASON 2

Widya Rosanita NIM 13211144012

ABSTRACT

This research is under the scope of pragmatics which has the aims to (1) find out the medical terms used to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series; (2) identify the types of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series; and (3) explain the functions of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series.

The researcher applied the descriptive qualitative method. The form of the data used in this study was utterances, and also words, phrases and sentences of the narration which contain humor using medical terms. The contexts of the data were dialogues taken from Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 Episode 1-5. The main instrument of the study was the researcher herself. After being collected, the data were categorized and analyzed based on the medical terms, types of humor, and the functions. To enhance trustworthiness of the data in this study, triangulation was employed.

The research reveals three findings. The first is that the medical terms which are employed by the characters to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 covering five basic medical terminology. They are disease, medicine, hospital position, anatomy, and medication process. Humor employed by the characters is represented in the forms of jokes and spontaneous conversational humor since unintentional humor does not occur in the data. In spontaneous conversational humor, nine forms are employed by the characters. They are irony, sarcasm, overstatement, self-deprecation, teasing, replies to rhetorical question, clever replies to serious statements, double entendres, and transformations of frozen expressions. Finally, only three out of four functions of humor that are found, i.e. social management, decommitment, and mediation.

1 A. Background of the Study

Humor gives several functions related to the emotion of people. Melinda states in Health Benefits of Humor and Laughter (2013) that psychologically, humor helps people to keep emotionally healthy because it can change moods by taking out stress and depression. Then socially, humor gives positive feelings in relationship to be closer and stronger.

Humor has an important role in daily life particularly during interaction or communication. To create positive atmosphere in communication, being able to tell funny things to others is needed. Understanding the right time to use humor is required since it can be employed to release tiresome, depression, and stress. Not only for laugh, but humor is also possible to be used to say the truth elegantly and softly, without disturbing someone’s feeling.

The main aspect of humor is to entertain people, although it does not always mean laughter. Attardo (1994: 117) believes that the most common parameter of humor is laughter. However, humor does not always create laughter and laughter is not always the result of humor. There are still several possible reactions to humor.

A well-known medical drama, Grey’s Anatomy, is chosen as the object of this research because it also belongs to a comedy TV series which has medical theme. This series portrays the life of a group of intern doctors working in the

Seattle hospital. It focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns and residents while trying to maintain their personal lives, career, and relationships. There are a lot of humorous utterances said by the characters in having conversation since the genre is romance comedy medical drama.

However, the humor appearing here is a contextual humor which are mostly employs the medical terminology since the characters are doctors and physicians. The humor has the same intention such as to provoke laughter, insult, teasing, and other purposes. Humor in medical situation here has possibilities to relieve stress in patients and medical professionals. When doctors share humor with patients, humor gives patients the opportunity to forget about their anxiety and pain and also makes the doctors emotionally close to their patients. Medical professionals also use humor to release the tension among them while working in the medical environment and to mock each other in insulting way or even just teasing.

The humor using medical terms in this drama mostly employ medical jargon, a type of medical language that is used in a particular context which may not be well understood outside the people who works in the hospital. Moreover, the intention might be different from the real use of medical terms or somehow the humor sounds too serious because during conversation, people encounter many different forms of humor communicated by different means and for different purposes.

Humor is a very subjective concept because the topic might be funny for some people and might be considered outrageous for others. To say whether a

humor is funny or not depends on many factors including age, culture, personal experience, level of education, and location. The kind of humor in Grey’s Anatomy is contextual and somehow hard to understand or sounds outrageous for common people without medical background knowledge. Therefore, in dealing with the humor using medical terms as a language phenomenon, pragmatic approach which is needed to be applied since it analyzes the use and meaning of language in social contexts.

Humor has been studied quite extensively over the years with linguistic approaches. There are several approaches that are possible to use, e.g. sociolinguistic approach, stylistic approach, discourse analysis and pragmatic approach. In pragmatic field, humor is considered as a violation of Grice's Cooperative Principle. Humor is not seen as a bad model of communication, but rather as a part of daily communication. Speakers do violate the maxims of Cooperative Principle to trigger the hearers’ laughter.

Then, the researcher chooses the second season of this drama because according to Nielsen Ratings, from all seasons of Grey’s Anatomy which are ranked in the top ten among all viewers, it reaches its peak in the second season attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode. Then, the researcher expects that there will be a lot of humorous conversations happens in this season since it becomes the favorite of viewers due to the interesting plot and which happens mostly in the hospital setting. However, the researcher would only take 5 episodes because with the duration of 40 minutes per episode, she expects that those would be enough.

B. Research Focus

In order to understand the use and meaning of humor using medical terms, there are some appropriate approaches that can be employed. The first one is pragmatics as one of the approaches which is concerned with the use of language in social contexts. However, the phenomenon of humor is also a part of sociolinguistics as the study of language and society that sees humor as a social phenomenon. Then, discourse analysis is also the other possible approach to analyze humor seeing language use beyond the boundaries of utterances.

The researcher is interested to apply pragmatics as the approach to analyze humor using medical terms in this research. The medical terms as the remark and characteristics of humor creation happens in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 since the genre of the drama is medical drama. This research focuses on the context of humor such as the types, the intentions of the humor, and the medical terms used to create humor performed by the characters in Grey’s Anatomy as the portray of the conversation especially humor in medical situation among doctors and/or between patients and doctors, therefore the reader can understand the meanings and intentions.

There are three research questions to be answered in this research.

1. What medical terms are used to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series?

2. What types of humor using medical terms are presented in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series?

3. What are the functions of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this research are:

1. to find out the medical terms used to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series,

2. to identify the types of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series, and

3. to explain the functions of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series.

D. Significance of the Study

This research offers some benefits as follows: 1. For students of linguistics

This research can be a reference for linguistics students who are about to conduct similar research in the areas of pragmatics, particularly humor using medical terms.

2. For readers in common

This research is expected to stimulate the readers to understand the use and meaning of humor especially in the real medical case. Hopefully it will help the readers because this humor is difficult to be understood by people in general.

3. For future researchers

This research can be the reference for them to enrich their knowledge about humor using medical terms, therefore there may be a further and deeper research in this topic.

7 A. Literature Review

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in social contexts and how to produce and understand meanings through language. Pragmatics is defined as the study of language in context (Birner, 2012: 2). Hence, pragmatics is concerned with what a speaker means in a given context and how the context influences what is said. So, pragmatics deals with how a speaker uses language, what a speaker means and how a hearer interprets the words.

Yule (1996: 3) explains that pragmatics is the study of how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speakers’ intended meaning. People can know other people’s intended meanings through pragmatics, their assumptions, their purposes, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak. According to Yule, pragmatics is the study of the speaker’s contextual meaning, how people can communicate more than what it is said and the study of the expression of connected distance.

The scope of pragmatics is very wide. Pragmatics has some fields in its study, i.e. deixis, speech acts, conversational implicature, and cooperative principles. Birner (2012: 42) states that the term deixis is used to the phenomena of using a linguistic expression to point some contexts. In other words, deixis is used for referring something depends on speaker’s context. While speech act as

another topic, is believed as a word that could performs an action (Yule, 1998: 48). The acts performed can be making statements, promise, request, or giving commands. Then, conversational implicature is something meant, implied, or suggested deeper from what is said (Yule, 1998: 35). It is mostly about a speaker’s utterance that can be understood by interpreting the meaning based on the context. Then, Grice (1975) is the one who first coined Cooperative Principle. Yule adds that people involved in a conversation will cooperate with each other (1996:36- 37). Related to humor, there are several principles called maxims. Raskin (1985: 272-273) argues that a basic assumption of following remarks is that many humors involve breaking one or more of Grice’s maxims which would be discussed later.

2. Cooperative Principles

Grice states that when people communicate, they assume and they will be conversationally cooperative without realizing it. According to Grice, this cooperative conversation can be achieved in the forms of maxims which are same as rules. Grice adds that these set of assumptions can guide people to formulate the efficient and effective use of language in a conversation. The guidelines called maxims are formed in four basic maxims of conversation which together express a general Cooperative Principle.

Hence, to achieve effective communication, a speaker and hearer have to fulfill cooperative principles which consist of four maxims: quality, quantity, relation, and manner. In conducting the maxims, there will be two possibilities: by doing an observance of maxim and doing a non-observance of maxim.

a) Observance of Maxim

Observance of maxim happens when a speaker has successfully fulfill maxim to achieve an effective conversation.

1) Maxim of Quality

Maxim of quality requires a speaker to be sincere and not to say something he or she believes to be false or lack of evidence. An example:

A: What is the capital of Australia? B: Canberra

In the interaction, speaker B observes maxim of quality because the speaker tells the truth that the capital of Australia is Canberra.

2) Maxim of Quantity

Cutting (2002: 35) says that people who give too little information risk their hearer to be unable to identify what they are talking about because they are not explicit enough; those who give more information than the hearer needs risk boredom. Hence, maxim of quantity requires a speaker to give the right amount of information such as in the following example.

A: Hi, what would you like? B: A glass of hot tea, thanks.

In the interaction, speaker B observes maxim of quantity because the speaker gives the right amount of information which is required.

3) Maxim of Relation

Maxim of relation requires a speaker to say something relevant to the context and what has been said before. The example is in the sentence Now I mentioned yesterday that we had promised to go watching movie with Anna.

The speaker observes maxim of relation because he points to what has been said before by uttering I mentioned yesterday.

4) Maxim of Manner

Maxim of manner requires a speaker to explain things orderly and clearly and avoid ambiguity as well as obscurity. It is illustrated in I opened the door and take a big step forward.

In the example, maxim of manner is observed because the speaker presents the events orderly.

b) Non-observance of Maxims

When people do not follow the four maxims in communication, it is called non-observance of maxims. The speaker is actually free to choose whether s/he wants to follow the Cooperative Principle or not, depending on the purposes or reasons, according to Black (2006: 24). If the speaker uses at least one kind of these forms to break maxims, the language becomes indirect and sometimes humorous.

1) Opting Out a Maxim

According to Cutting (2002: 41), when opting out the maxim, a speaker is unwilling to cooperate and chooses not to observe the maxim by stating an unwillingness to do so. An example of opting out is shown in I’m afraid I cannot give you that information (Cutting, 2002:41).

The example above is uttered by a police officer who refuses to give the name of the victim until the relatives have been informed. It shows that the speaker is aware of the maxim, but s/he does not obey it for some reasons.

2) Violating a Maxim

Violating a maxim often deals with the intention to mislead. The example is shown below.

Husband : How much did that new dress cost, darling? Wife : Less than the last one

(Cutting, 2002:40) In the example, the wife does not want to tell the real price of her dress. She instead covers it up by saying that the new dress is cheaper than the last one. Hence, violating a maxim is often done with the intention to mislead.

3) Infringing a Maxim

According to Cutting, infringing happens when a speaker could not use the language well enough or is incapable of speaking clearly. The example of infringing is My job is a decision-making job. And as a result, I make a lot of decisions.

In the example, the speaker infringes maxims by giving illogical statements. Hence, the speaker here might not master the language or not be able to speak clearly.

3. Flouting

This is the most interesting way of breaking a maxim. A speaker is aware of the Cooperative Principle and the maxims, but the maxims were broken. However, it is not that communication has broken down, but that the speaker has chosen an indirect way of achieving the flouting. According to Cutting (2002: 36), flouting happens when a speaker fails to observe a maxim in which s/he has intention. The speaker does not purpose to mislead the hearer but s/he believes

that the hearer knows what it means. When flouting is employed, it may be to effectively communicate a message.

a) Flouting of Quality Maxim

There are several ways to flout maxim of quality. First, the speakers could simply say something that obviously does not represent what they think. Second, they do it by exaggerating, maybe in the hyperbole forms. Third, they may flout the maxim of quality by using a metaphor. The other two ways of flouting the maxim of quality are through irony and banter. For example:

Lynn : Yes, I’m starving too Martin : Hurry up girl

Lynn : Oh dear, stop eating rubbish. You won’t eat any dinner

(Martin in Cutting, 2002: 37) The speaker expresses how hungry she is by saying the utterance I’m starving and she exaggerates the answer in spite of giving the right contribution to the hearer.

b) Flouting of Quantity Maxim

The speaker who flouts quantity maxim is the one who gives too little or too much information. The example of flouting of quantity maxim is shown below.

A: How do I look? B: Your shoes are nice

(Cutting, 2002:37) Speaker B does not give a complete answer. Speaker A asks about the whole appearance. However, B only comments on speaker A’s shoes. It can be assumed that the rest of the part is terrible. Hence, speaker B flouts quantity maxim by giving too little information.

c) Flouting of Relation Maxim

The flouting of maxim relation happens when the speaker expects that the hearer will be able to imagine what they do not say. In flouting this maxim, it means that the speaker gives irrelevant information, for example:

A: So what do you think of Mark? B: His flatmate’s a wonderful cook.

(Cutting, 2002: 39) In spite of saying directly that B was not very impressed with Mark, B say something irrelevant.

d) Flouting of Manner Maxim

A speaker who flouts manner maxim, appears to be obscure (Cutting, 2002: 39). The example of flouting of manner maxim is shown below.

A: Where are you off to?

B: I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for somebody.

A: OK, but don’t be too long –dinner’s nearly ready

(Cutting, 2002:39) Speaker B flouts manner maxim by being obscure and B thinks that speaker A gets what speaker B means of White funny stuff (ice cream) and somebody (their kid).

Usually, people flout the maxims to express additional information. Therefore, when a speaker intentionally fails to follow the rules, the hearer can infer the meaning behind literal meaning. Therefore, theory of maxim flouting by Grice can be applied to know more about humor creation.

4. Humor Using Medical Terms

Humor has the potential to relieve stress in patients and medical professionals. When doctors share humor with patients, they create lines of communication that encourage patients to discuss difficult issues. As the result, humor can put both parties at ease when more formal types of communication cannot. Medical professionals also use humor to deal with the tension that results from working in the modern medical environment. The other use of humor can be in the purpose of insulting, teasing, mocking, and other purposes which do not expect the laughter and positive responses.

The creation of humor is shared by all human being and influenced by culture. Humor requires the understanding of context to find it amusing like other forms of communication. The audience must have certain knowledge, understanding, and values. Different professions have different languages. Medical professionals use terms to describe the objects and situations encountered in their fields, for example, "herpes," "Adam's Apple," and "appendix”. The words, or terms, which make up the language of medicine are referred to the terminology of medical field, or medical terminology. Medical terms are often considered as the language of medicine. There are many terms in this language that would likely never use in a daily basis unless the speaker is a healthcare professional speaking to another healthcare professional. The speaker has a purpose that may be to effectively communicate a message even it says in a humorous way. These are several medical terminologies which can be used to create humor as the humor using medical terms.

a. Disease

This type of medical terminology is related to disease and illness names. For example:

A: I am very dizzy after dealing with a noisy patient. B: Oh my God. I think you might have tumor.

Tumor in a medical term has the meaning as any type of swelling or enlargement of tissues; most often used to describe an abnormal growth of tissue, which can be cancerous or noncancerous. However, in creating humor it can be applied to mock in a daily conversation between doctors.

b. Medicine

This type of medical terminology is related to chemical things and medical stuffs which are used as medicine to cure disease and do medication process. The example is in the following.

A: What should I take to decrease my pain, doc? B: Make sure you take this tablet twice in a day, boy. A: This tablets? It looks like candies.

Tablet is a small solid piece of medicine. However, some people who do not know may take that as candies since the forms can be similar. Therefore, it can create a humor.

c. Hospital Position

This type of medical terminology is related to position and duty in the hospital as used in the example of conversation below.

A: Take my clothes and wash it, please.

The example above is a sarcastic humor happens in medical situation between a patient and a nurse. Nurse is a person whose job is to care for people who are ill or injured, especially in a hospital.

d. Anatomy

This type of medical terminology is related to human body from head to toe and even the inside part of the body. One of the examples is:

A: I can’t say anything in front of him. I am so nervous till my cerebral cortex stop working.

B: Oh, C’mon.

The conversation between doctors above has the example of anatomy term that is cerebral cortex as the humor creation. It is the grey wrinkled outer layer of the cerebrum (front part of brain) responsible for language, thinking, creative skills, etc.

e. Medication Proses

This type of medical terminology is related to the activities in the hospital. The example in humor is:

A : Please keep my sister alive, doctor. Don’t hurt him. B : Shut up. Is it a vasecto-you, or a vasecto-me? A : I’m just worried!

In the dialogue above, there is a humor making the word with different meaning that sounds the same as vasectomy, i.e. “vasecto-me”. However, vasectomy in the medical term means the medical operation of cutting the tubes through which a man's sperm move, in order to make him unable to make a woman pregnant.

5. Types of Humor

Nowadays, people encounter many forms of humor communicated by different means and for different purposes. These different forms of humor occur in every type of informal and formal interaction, including conversations between lovers, close friends, fellow students, co-workers, store clerks and customers, doctors and patients, teachers and students, and even complete strangers standing in line at a bank. Furthermore, Martin (2007:11) divides humor that occurs in everyday social interactions into three broad categories: (1) jokes, which are prepackaged humorous anecdotes that people remember and continue to one another; (2) spontaneous conversational humor, which is created intentionally by individuals during social interaction that can be in verbal or nonverbal forms; and (3) accidental or unintentional humor.

a. Jokes

Martin (2007:12) explains that during the course of normal conversations, some people like to amuse others by telling jokes, which are short, amusing stories ending in a punch line. A joke is a context-free and self-contained unit of humor that carries within itself all the information needed for it to be understood and enjoyed. It can therefore be told in many different conversational contexts (Long and Graesser in Martin, 2007: 12). Moreover, Attardo (1994: 295) defines a canned joke as a joke which has been used before the time of utterance in a form similar to that used by the speaker, such as those which are found in books, collections of jokes, etc. Here is the example of a joke:

A man goes to a psychiatrist who gives him a battery of tests. Then he announces his findings.

Doctor : I’m sorry to have to tell you that you are hopelessly insane. Client : Hell, I want a second opinion.

Doctor : Okay, you’re ugly too.

(Long and Graesser in Martin, 2007:11) The joke consists of a setup and a punch line. The setup, which includes sentences from the narration that there will be a story about a doctor and a patient until the sentence before the last, creates in the listener a particular set of expectations about how the situation should be interpreted. The punch line suddenly shifts the meaning in an unexpected and playful way, thus creating the perception of non-serious incongruity that is necessary for humor to occur. In this particular joke, the punch line plays on the meaning of the phrase second opinion, shifting the frame of reference from that of a serious, professional doctor-patient relationship to a nonsensical one in which one person is insulting another. The story is clearly playful and non-serious with the purpose to amuse others by telling jokes, which are short, amusing stories ending in a punch line, therefore it belongs to a joke.

b. Spontaneous Conversational Humor

Spontaneous conversational humor is more context-dependent than joke-telling, and is therefore often not as funny when recounted afterwards. Martin (2007: 12) states that canned jokes represent only a small proportion of the humor that people experience in everyday social interactions. Martin (2007: 12) explains that in such conversational humor, nonverbal cues indicating a humorous intent,

such as a twinkle in the eye or a particular tone of voice, so that the listener is often not entirely sure if the speaker is joking or being serious. He identifies 11 categories of spontaneous humor, based on the basis of intentions or uses of humor.

1) Irony

Irony is a factual or an embellished statement in which the opposite of what is stated is really meant (Rybacki, 1991: 314). A speaker expresses a statement in which the literal meaning is opposite to the intended meaning. For example:

Cam : You might need a belt.

Phil : Oh, I doubt it. I bet we wear the same size. Cam : Do not do that.

(Modern Family Season 4) Phil wants to comfort Cam by saying that they are the same size of trousers. The fact is they do not. Phil flouts maxim of quality because he responds to Cam’s utterance with an irony, which is saying something that is completely the opposite from the real fact.

2) Satire

Satire is aggressive humor that pokes fun at social institutions or social policy. It emphasizes on the beliefs held by the culture and presents them for criticism (Rybacki, 1991: 320). The examples include humor that highlights race relations, sexual discrimination and non-specific examples of pop culture as stated below.

LUK : Well then how about a donation? MIT : 20 bucks?

LUK : A hundred. MIT : $20?

LUK : Sure. What's it to you if some kid gets sick bathing in poo river, Africa?

(Modern Family Season 4) In the dialogue above, Luke flouts maxim of quantity since he gives too much information to Mitchell. He should end his utterance after he says “sure”, but he also adds his answer with satire.

3) Sarcasm

There is an extremely close connection between sarcasm and irony, but sarcasm is considered as simply the crudest and least interesting form of irony. People may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention and it is used as a form of verbal aggression (Hayman, 1998: 20). For example:

Alex : What did I do?

Sheldon : You don’t know? Oh, you poor dear. Your ovaries are squirting so much goofy juice into your brains you don’t even know which way is up.

(The Big Bang Theory Season 6) Instead of telling her directly what is in his mind, Sheldon uses a very sarcastic comment saying that she is too stupid to realize that her behavior flirting Leonard is unacceptable. He compares her with her ovaries, part of organs in women’s body, which is regarded as an inappropriate word to say. That is one of the example of sarcasm used to insult people.

4) Overstatement and Understatement

Overstatement is also known as hyperbole which is saying more than what is necessary (Cutting, 2002: 38). For example:

Greg : Your miracle product, your miracle detergent, that was supposed to get the stain out, just ate my shirt away, and I now want the money back for my five hundred dollar silk-shirt.

Sandra : Five hundred dollars? (laughing) Greg : Okay, a hundred and fifty. Sandra : Okay. (laughing)

(Norrick, 1993: 91) In this example, Greg completely exaggerates the price of his shirt and Sandra reacts to this overstatement by repeating it and laughing to express her disbelief and surprise. Greg immediately interprets Sandra's laughter as an objection to his former overstatement and admits that he is exaggerating when he responds with “Okay” and corrects his previous statement by drastically lowering the price. Understatement is also called euphemism that means speaking with good words or in a pleasant manner.

5) Self-deprecation

It has a humorous remark by targeting oneself as the object of humor. This may be done to demonstrate modesty, to put the listener at ease, or to ingratiate oneself with the listener. The examples of self-deprecation include highlighting the flaws on one’s body, speaking of past failures, and acknowledging one’s mistakes, such as Oh God, the standing mic is even taller than me.

This example shows that the speaker her/himself highlights the flaws of her/his own body because s/he feels that the microphone is higher or in another word it could be say that the speaker is short.

6) Teasing

It is a humorous remark directed at the listener’s personal appearance, habit, and characteristics. Unlike sarcasm, the intention is not to seriously insult or

offend (Long and Graesser in Martin, 2007: 13). The example is Is that your hand writing? I thought it is an abstract art.

The speaker is teasing a friend because of the bad or ugly hand writing. Rather than saying directly, the speaker tends to use the humor by comparison. The speaker says “abstract art” to insult with the meaning that the friend’s hand writing is hard to read just like an abstract art.

7) Replies to Rhetorical Questions

Rhetorical questions are not asked with the expectation of a reply. Giving an answer to the speaker means that s/he violates a conversational expectation and surprises the person who posed the question. This can therefore be perceived as funny, and the intention is usually to simply entertain a conversational partner. For example:

A : Can you close the window?

B : I am sure you need to get up and move around more often.

A’s question is a rhetorical question that does not need an answer. B should directly close the door without making any answer to the question, but B chooses to answer the question implying that B is also lazy to close the window. 8) Clever Replies to Serious Statements

This means clever or unusual replies to a statement or a question that is meant to be serious. The statement is deliberately misconstrued so that the speaker replies to a meaning other than the intended one. For example:

A : Did you go to the party last night? B : Oh yeah! I went there with Anna.

A : You went to the party with Anna without me? B : She has a new boyfriend!

B says something that is totally irrelevant to the context at that moment. By using this strategy, B intends to divert A’s attention from the previous context. 9) Double Entendres

It is a statement or word that is deliberately misperceived or misconstrued so as to evoke a dual meaning. When used intentionally, double entendres can be fun and entertaining because the idea is to get a laugh both from people who know and who do not get the second meaning.

A : How do you make a dog drink? B : Easy, put it in the liquidiser.

(Ross, 1998: 10) In the example above, “a dog drink” can have two meanings; drink for a dog and make the dog to drink.

10)Transformations of Frozen Expression

Transformations of frozen expression happens when the speaker transforming well-known words, clichés, or proverbs into a statement, i.e., a complaint of a bald man: Hair today, gone tomorrow.

This example is a proverb that is used by the speaker to insult the listener related to his/her bald head.

11)Pun

A pun is humorous use of a word that evokes a second meaning. It is usually based on a homophone, a word with a different meaning that sounds the same.

Claire : Is there anything else you need for your procedure? Phil : Um, I think I'm supposed to have ice cream.

Claire : Hmm. Actually, I don't.

Phil : I'm sorry. Is it a vasecto-you, or a vasecto-me?

(Modern Family Season 1) In the dialogue above, Claire asks Phil whether all the procedures for Phil’s vasectomy later that day are already complete. Phil wants to have an ice cream before doing the operation, but Claire refuses it. Then Phil gives a pun by making the word with different meaning that sounds the same as vasectomy, i.e. “vasecto-me”.

c. Unintentional Humor

Unintentional humor or called as accidental humor is a humor which plays with the word especially the homophone and the non-verbal humor which accidentally happens to provoke laughter. Martin (2007: 14) says that there are two types of unintentional humor; accidental physical humor and accidental linguistic humor.

Accidental physical humor includes minor mishaps and pratfalls such as the person slipping on a banana peel or spilling a drink on one’s shirt. These sorts of events are funny when they occur in a surprising and incongruous manner and when the person experiencing them is not seriously hurt or embarrassed. Accidental linguistic humor arises from misspellings, mispronunciations, errors in logic, and the kinds of speaker confusions called Freudian slips, malapropisms, and spoonerisms. Spoonerism is a mistake made when speaking in which the first sounds of two words are exchanged with each other to produce an unintended and usually funny meaning, the example is The Reverend William Spooner used to

produce spoonerisms such as 'a scoop of boy trouts', instead of what he had meant to say - 'a troop of boy scouts' (Cambridge Dictionary 3rd _edition).

Freudian slip is something which is said by accident that is different from what is intended to say, however it seems to show the true thoughts (Cambridge Dictionary 3rd _{edition). The example is: "A woman who refused to attend a party} with her husband because she loathed the hostess finally consented because it involved his business. She promised her husband she would act pleasant and agreeable. True to her word, she behaved charmingly to her hostess all evening. When they left, she shook hands with her hostess and said warmly, "It was so nice for us to come.”

6. Functions of Humor

Humor not only has entertainment functions, but also many social functions. The important functions of humor in conversation are the effects that the speaker may achieve directly by using humorous segments or texts in the discourse (Attardo, 1994: 322). According to Attardo in his book Linguistic Theories of Humor (1994: 323-329), the functions of humor on the communicative process can be grouped into four classes.

a. Social Management

The social management function of humor covers all the cases in which humor is used as a tool to facilitate in-group interaction and strengthen in-group bonding or out-group rejection. For example:

Phil : I deserve that. I was an idiot for doubting you. Please, honey, forgive me.

Cla : How could I not, when you give me this bouquet of crumpled flowers?

(The Modern Family Season 4) This dialogue happens when Phil apologized to Claire and gives the bouquet. In this utterance, Claire flouts maxim of quality since she gives a sarcastic response to Phil. She makes a sarcasm to embarrass Phil who apologies and gives a bouquet of crumpled flowers. This is why the function is categorized as social management. Embarrassing somebody’s behavior by using humor belongs to social control function.

Social management function is divided more in eight sub-types. The first is social control as a social corrective to embarrass or intimidate the members of the group. Then, social norms conveyance is to attract attention on taboos, unacceptable behavior. Ingratiation is the third as a medium to search attention and encourage liking, then discourse management is the use of humor for initiation, termination, passing, exchange of control, topic shift, and checking. Next, common ground establishment that uses the hearer's reaction to humor to establish his/her attention, understanding, and degree of involvement. Cleverness is the function which defines that humor requires extra processing, thus producing and understanding it connote cleverness. Then, social play may function to strengthen social bonds and foster group cohesiveness. The last is repair seeing unpleasant situations that may be defused by humorous comments, connoting positive attitude, in-group bonding, and levity.

b. Decommitment

Kane et al (in Attardo 1994: 325) define decommittment as denying any harmful intention of a speaker action The basis of the decommitment function is that humorous communication is retractable, i.e., the speaker may back off from his/her utterance without loss of face (Brown and Levinson in Attardo, 1994: 325). Decommitment tactics include probing and salvaging. The example is by saying I did not mean it seriously. This sentence shows that the speaker directly say that it is just a joke. It can be an excuse because of the mistake or misunderstand.

The first decommitment tactic is probing. It is a function of humor in which a speaker could get information by making a humorous utterance. The other one is salvaging which is a function of humor in which the speaker wants to make a bad situation better by indicating that the proposed or past action is not serious, but it is instead meant as a joke.

c. Mediation

Humor is used either to carry out potentially embarrassing or aggressive interactions. In short, humor is seen as a mediating device. Therefore, the speaker does not have to face the consequences of his/her assertions since joking is an accepted mode of communication. Mulkay (1994: 327) stresses the fact that humorous discourse carries less responsibility for the speaker, in the sense that its eventual serious content can always be denied.

Jay : Ay, no, no. No fighting in front of the baby. We just made a deal. Gloria : Yeah, but that's not fair because I am always in front of the baby! Jay : Gloria, you're as close to perfect as woman gets. Nothing wrong

with one tiny,little flaw. Yours is when you start to sing, it sounds like something got stuck in the vacuum cleaner.

(Modern Family Season 4) Jay flouts maxim of quality since he makes a hyperbole statement by saying that Gloria’s voice sounds like something got stuck in the vacuum cleaner. He uses humor to criticize her voice. It makes him creating spontaneous conversational humor that has mediation function. It is because Jay carries out potentially embarrassing or aggressive interactions to Gloria in order to make her stop singing.

d. Defunctionalization

Humor, especially nonsense humor or puns, can in some cases be seen as a defunctionalization of language (Guiraud in Attardo, 1994: 328). Defunctionalized language is language that is not used for transmission of information, but for playful purposes. The speakers are aware of the fun possibilities of language, thus they may choose to take it for entertainment purposes.

Cla : Phil!

Phil : There's no Phil here! These jeans just slipped on me so perfectly, my name must be pantsarella. Boom!

(Modern Family Season 4) Phil says that his name must be “pantsarella” not Phil. Pantsarella is the name of comfortable pants without zipper that usually wear by people when they relax at home or by pregnant woman. Phil’s pun is categorized as defunctionalization since Phil uses language for playful purpose. He is aware of

the fun possibilities of language and chooses to take advantage of these possibilities for entertainment purposes.

7. Grey’s Anatomy Season 2

Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, a human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray. The show's premise is originated with Shonda Rhimes as an executive producer. After the first season becomes successful, Grey’s Anatomy continues on the second season and currently on 13th _season.

The second season is commenced airing on September 25, 2005 and concluded on May 15, 2006. It is set in the fictional Seattle Hospital, located in the city of Seattle. Whereas, the first season puts the emphasis mainly on the unexpected impact the surgical field has on the main characters, the second season provides a detailed perspective on the personal background of each character, focusing on the consequences that their decisions have on their careers. New story lines are introduced, including the love triangle between Meredith Grey, Derek Shepherd, and Addison, the main actors of the season. Also heavily developed is the story line involving Izzie Stevens' relationship with patient Denny Duquette, which results in critical acclaim and positive fan response.

The show ends its second season with 21.07 million total viewers and a 6.9 ratings share in the 18–49 demographic. It becomes the highest-rated season of the series and also gets the fifth rank in the 2005-2006 television season. Moreover, according to Nielsen Ratings, the first four seasons of Grey’s Anatomy

are ranked in the top ten among all viewers, then it reaches its peak in the second season attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode.

The second season of Grey’s Anatomy contains 27 episodes which becomes the longest season since the other episodes just consists of 24 on average. However, there will be just first 5 episodes from all of the episodes in Season 2 that used as the object of the research since those episodes are considered enough to get the findings.

8. Previous Studies

Many researchers have discussed studies on humor using pragmatic approach. Some previous studies give contribution along the process of observing and leads the researcher to find the relevant theories.

The first research is Septi D. Anggraeni who conducts a thesis entitled A Pragmatic Analysis of Humor in Modern Family Season 4 analyzing the maxims that are flouted, the forms of humor, and the functions of humor. The researcher employs Martin’s theory of humor types and Attardo’s function theory in his book Linguistic Theories Humor. The first finding is that the first most-often appearing phenomenon is maxim of quality flouting. It is because there are several ways to flout maxim of quality such as irony, sarcasm, and overstatement. Then, there are only two forms of humor that are created by maxim flouting, i.e. joke and spontaneous conversational humor. Meanwhile, unintentional humor is not found in the sitcom. Spontaneous conversational humor becomes the first rank because it is considered to be the common humor that people use in a daily basis. The last is that the researcher found all of four functions of humor.

The second research is Risti Utami Dewi entitled A Pragmatic Analysis of Maxim Flouting and Rhetorical Devices to Create Humor in Modern Family Season 1. She identified the kinds of maxim flouting and rhetorical devices used to create humor. To achieve the objectives, the analysis consists of two viewpoints: pragmatics and rhetorics. Related to the types of maxim flouting, the findings is that the characters tend to flout quality maxim. Then, related to the types of rhetorical devices, the characters flout the maxims by using 12 types of rhetorical devices. The first rank is they flout the maxim mainly by using the form of exaggeration and the last is using pun. However, there are 3 types of rhetorical devices which are not used. Those are misunderstanding, infantilism, and over-literalness.

There are several differences between this research and those previous researches. The objectives of finding types and function of humor are same because this research also applies the theory from Martin in finding the types of humor and Attardo’s theory about the function of humor. However, those two researches are focused on how the four basic maxims are flouted to create humor. This research deals with humor specifically in medical terms since the object is medical drama. The humor taken from the dialogue are not all the humors appeared in the drama but just the humor using medical terms. This research also explains the usage of medical terminology to create humor and its meaning since humor using medical terms is quite difficult to be understood by common people.

B. Conceptual Framework

Humor cannot be separated from communication. Therefore, humor becomes an important topic in linguistic study, especially pragmatics. Although there are still several approaches could be applied to analyze humor, i.e. sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and stylistics. Pragmatically, humor is created by the use of Grice’s cooperative principle. Usually, people should observe maxims to conduct right information in communication, however breaking any of four basic maxims sometimes is needed to get something interesting for example to make humorous utterances.

Then, humor as the flouting of maxims here is specified in medical conversation which is considered as humor using medical terms since it uses medical word or terminology to create humor. A famous medical drama in America entitled Grey’s Anatomy applies various medical terms to communicate and also performs a various kind of humor.

This research draws attention in how the medical terms are used to create humor followed by the types and also the function of humor. Since the humor using medical terms is rarely used, it is difficult to be understood by common people. This is the reason why this topic is interesting to be observed. The kind of medical terms used in humor are analyzed in detail as the characteristic of humor in medical drama. The researcher applies Martin’s theory of humor forms to identify the types of humor. There are three basic forms of humor including jokes, spontaneous conversational humor that consists of eleven sub-types, and unintentional humor.

Humor also gives impact for both the speaker and hearer because while performing humor, the speaker always has purposes. The theory of social goals of humor by Attardo is employed here to observe the function of humor said by a speaker. It is grouped into four classes. Those are social management, decommitment, mediation, and defunctionalization. The diagram of the research formulation is presented in the analytical construct on the following page.

Figure 1. Analytical Construct

Grey’s Anatomy

Season 2

Types by Martin _{Medical Terms used to}

create humor Functions by Attardo

Spontaneous Conversational Humor

Jokes Unintentional

Humor a. Irony g. Replies to Rhetorical Question b. Satire h. Clever replies to serious Statement c. Sarcasm i. Double Entendres

d. Overstatement j. Transformation of Frozen Expression e. Self-Deprecation k. Puns

f. Teasing

a. Social Management b. Decommitment c. Mediation

d. Defunctionalization

A Pragmatic Analysis of Humor Using Medical Terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2

a. Disease b. Medicine c. Hospital Position e. Anatomy

f. Mediation Process Politeness Speech Act

Maxim Flouting Cooperative

Principles

Implicature Deixis

Violating

Opting Out Infringing

35 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS

A. Type of the Study

This research employed the descriptive-qualitative method because it emphasized on describing the phenomenon of humor in its context by interpreting the data. As stated by Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 166-167), a qualitative research is a research based on people’s interpretation of their own experience. Hence, the qualitative research is about making description than prediction of the data. That is why a deep understanding of the researcher’s point of view is the goal of this type of research. Moreover, this research applied pragmatic approach which also deals with the context of the humor, focusing on the explanation and interpretation that also gives descriptive results for this research.

B. Forms, Contexts, and Sources of Data

The form of the data used in this study was utterances which could be in words, sentences, and spoken discourse. Thus, the context was the text as the dialogues in which the humor was presented. Meanwhile, the source of the data for this research was the TV drama Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. In Addition, the researcher downloaded the transcript of the drama from www.transcripts.foreverdreaming.org.

C. Data Collection Techniques

The data in this research were all collected from the conversations in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences which had the characteristics of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. The technique of collecting data was note taking. Those data were taken in the form of written texts which were only from the characters’ speeches related to medical terms. The procedures of the data collection are presented as follows.

1. The researcher watched the TV series comprehensively in order to find out the valid and relevant information.

2. The researcher downloaded the movie script.

3. The researcher determined and took notes the conversations that could be taken as the data related to humor that use medical terms.

4. The researcher transferred the data into the data sheet. D. Research Instruments

The main instrument of the research was the researcher herself who used her capacity to interpret and analyze the data. It is in line with Bogdan and Biklen’s statement (1982: 27) who state that a qualitative research involves the researcher herself as the key instrument. Thus, the research took role as the designer, data collector, data analyst, data interpreter, and the reporter of the research findings. The secondary instrument of this research was the data sheet which was applied in order to make the researcher easier to analyze the data from the TV series. The form of the data sheet is presented below.

Table 1. The Sample Data Sheet of Medical Terms, Types, and Functions of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2

N o

Text Medical Terms

Types of Humor Functions of Humor Explanation D s M d

Hp An Mp Jo

Sc

Uh Sm Dm Me Df Ir St Sc Ou Sd Ts Rr Cr De Tf Pn

1 Derek: _{I'm well} aware of Richard's recovery time. I'm the one who operated on him,

remember? Burke: I do. You operated. He survived and chose me to take over while recruiting your wife. Derek: Clearly, he has brain damage.

√ √ √ “Brain

damage” belongs to the disease term which is related to injury happens in the brain. Derek emphasizes by saying that Richard has a brain damage. It means not only the real brain damage or tumor in his brain but the damage in his thought because of choosing Burke as a chief. The form of humor is double entendres since it uses the word “brain damage” in different meaning not the real use in medical. Then, the function is social

management because it is embarrassing somebody by emphasizing the disease.

Note:

Ds : Disease Ts : Teasing

Md : Medicine Rr : Replies to rhetorical question Hp : Hospital Position Cr : Clever reply to serious statements An : Anatomy De : Double entendres

Mp : Medication Proses Tf :Transformations of frozen expressions

Jo : Jokes Pn : Puns

Sc : Spontaneous Conversation Hum. Uh : Unintentional Humor Ir : Irony Sm : Social Management

St : Satire Dm : Decommitment

Sr : Sarcasm Me : Mediation

Ou : Overstatement & understatement Df : Defunctionalization Sd : Self-deprecation

E. Data Analysis Techniques

In relation to the data and data source, the researcher discussed the analysis of the data in this research. The data analysis was used as a method for analyzing the messages from humor using medical terms. The result of the analysis was in the form of description.

The steps of data analysis in this research were identifying the data collection that has been made, finding out the medical terms spoken by the characters, classifying the data of the character’s speeches based on the types of humor, explaining the functions of humor using medical terms, presenting the results clearly, and giving conclusions also suggestions.

F. Data Trustworthiness

In this study, the researcher applied data trustworthiness to ensure the quality of the findings. It could be enhanced by doing triangulation processes. Vanderstoep and Johnston (2008: 179) state that trustworthiness could be achieved by conducting triangulation. It was used to increase the readers’ belief and to check the validity of the research. The researcher consulted her research

routinely with lecturers who are experts in this field and also some students of the same study program as the peer reviewers in order to check the correctness and to give some suggestions.

40

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains two sections: findings and discussion. In the findings section, the researcher presents the findings about the medical terms, the types and also functions of humor that she obtains from the analysis of the character’s utterances in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 in the form of brief explanations and tables. Furthermore, the detailed explanation of findings are provided in the discussion.

A. Findings

Medical humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 is the sense of humor that is created by the characters through their utterances. This kind of humor is contextual and somehow hard to understand by common people without medical background knowledge. Therefore, in dealing with the humor using medical terms as a language phenomenon, pragmatic approach is needed to be applied. It is because pragmatics provides the theory of Cooperative Principle proposed by Grice.

Based on the analysis on Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 Episodes 1-5, the researcher found some data related to the kind of medical terms, the types and functions of humor employed by the characters. In creating humor, the characters flout medical terms based on the types and purposes they want. The findings are presented in the form of tables and brief explanations. This findings of medical terms, types of humor, and functions in creating humor are provided in Table 2.

Table 2. Findings of Medical Terms, Types and Functions of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2

No Medical Terms Types Functions

1 a. Disease b. Medicine c. Hospital Position d. Anatomy e. Medication Process

Jokes Social Management

2 Spontaneous Conversational Humor

a. Irony Social Management,

Mediation

b. Sarcasm Social Management,

Mediation c. Overstatement and

Understatement

Social Management, Decommitment,

Mediation

d. Self-Deprecation Social Management

e. Teasing Social Management,

Mediation f. Replies to Rhetorical

Question

Social Management g. Clever Replies to Serious

Statement

Social Management h. Double Entendres Social Management i. Transformation of Frozen

Expression

Decommitment, Mediation

Table 2 shows that all of the medical terms such as disease, medicine, hospital position, anatomy, and medication process are employed by the characters in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. These terms are not uttered just in a serious work situation but also in a humor creation. The medical terms are said by the characters who mostly work in the hospital as doctors and nurses.

Meanwhile, there are only two types of humor employed by the characters. They are jokes and spontaneous conversational humor. The type of humor which cannot be found is unintentional humor because the humor in this drama mostly

are done intentionally and all of the humor are in verbal way. There is no accidental physical humor and accidental linguistic humor such as mishaps and pratfalls, mispronunciations, errors in logic, and the kinds of speaker confusions. The type of jokes are employed just three times by the characters, particularly

between the doctors’ conversation to relieve the tension and stress. Meanwhile, in spontaneous conversational humor, there are only 9 types which are found. Those are irony, sarcasm, overstatement, self-deprecation, teasing, reply to rhetorical question, clever reply to serious statement, double entenders, and transformations of frozen expressions. The other types of spontaneous conversational humor which are not exist are satire and pun.

In terms of function, from four functions of humor, there is only defunctionalization that cannot be found since the characters do not apply pun and word playing to create humor using medical terms. They just play with the meaning and the intention of humor, but not play with the homophone of the word itself. Meanwhile, the other functions which are used and finally found by the researcher after analyzing the data are social management, decommitment, and mediation. First, there is only one function of jokes found in the data, that is social management. Then, the sub-types of spontaneous conversational humor such as irony, sarcasm, and teasing only have two functions which are social management and mediation. On the other hand, self-deprecation, reply to rhetorical question, clever reply to serious statement, and double entendres have just social management as the function. Then, overstatement humor have three kinds of function which are social management, decommitment, and mediation. The last

but not least, transformation of frozen expression humor have two types of function which are decommitment and mediation.

Social management and mediation become the main functions of humor in

Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 since the humor are employed in their social group such

as close friends among the interns, the doctors and the interns, or the doctors and the patients. The humor mostly have purposes to embarrass each other whether the embarrassments are just to tease or to criticize.

B. Discussion

In discussion section, the findings table as the answer of the research questions and the brief explanation in findings section are elucidated more in a deep explanation. The discussion contains examples of the data as well as explanations of the analysis to clarify the objectives of the research covering the discussion on medical terms, types and functions of humor found in TV drama

Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 episode 1-5.

1. Medical Terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2

There are five types of medical terms that are found in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. Those are disease, medicine, hospital position, anatomy, and medication process terms. All of those medical terms are used to create humor uttered by the characters in this drama that mostly are medical professionals, such as doctors and nurses.

a. Disease

This type of medical terminology is related to disease and illness names including general and scientific names.

Dr. Cristina: You know what's ruined for me? Coronary artery bypass grafts and aortic aneurysms. God, I used to love aortic aneurysms.

(Datum 20) This dialogue happens when Christina tells Grey that she just breaks up with Bruke and feels sad about it. Burke ends their relationship because he chooses his work as the hospital chief to be his first priority rather than being with Cristina. Cristina expresses her sadness by cursing the disease that she has examined with Burke. The disease which later becomes the medical term as the

remark of humor here is “aortic aneurysms”.

According to WebMD.com, it is the disease occurs in blood vessel when a bulge is in a section of the aorta, the body's main artery. This humor belongs to overstatement as she exaggerates her curse to disease. Thus, the function is social management. Datum below is also the example of the application of disease term in humor.

Nurse : He says he got shot in the head. Dr. Karev : I say he's a mental defect.

(Datum 46) This conversation occurs between Karev and a nurse after hearing the chronology from the gunshot patient. The patient says that he got a gunshot wound right in his head, but Karev does not believe it before doing an X-ray since the patient seems absolutely fine. The disease term detected here is “mental

defect”. Mental defect is a brain damage because of illness or injury. However, it

also can be interpreted as crazy or insane. The second meaning seems to be the right meaning of what Karev wants to say because the patient says something that can be easily believable. Thus, the type is double entendres, while the function is social management. Another example is provided in the following utterance.

Dr. Burke: Manufacturing things that really aren't there, seeing only what you want to see. Wasting our time, our resources, and throwing away your own life. Your illness is in your head, Kalpana.

(Datum 53) Burke speaks a little bit rude when he finds a patient that actually is healthy but consumes some pills in order to get sick. Therefore, there must be something wrong in her head. The medical terminology is the disease term that is

“illness in head”. Actually, Burke brings two meanings in his utterance between a disease that might be suffered in her head as the medical meaning and the mentally illness of a lying which Kalpana did. Thus, the type of humor is double entendres, while the function is social management.

b. Medicine

This type of medical terminology is related to chemical things and medical stuffs which are used as medicine to cure disease and to do medication process. Some findings of medicine terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 are shown below.

Dr. Bailey: You swallow a bitter pill this morning, Yang? They're dolls. (Datum 14) The situation is in the morning when the interns prepare their stuffs to start the work and Bailey as the resident tries to make the situation warm and

comfortable by creating a teasing humor using an unusual case that happened the day before. A patient was operated because of swallowing doll heads that doctors

thought as balloon of drugs. The medicine term “pill” is employed to create humor by comparing it to dolls. Pill is a small solid piece of medicine which a person swallows to cure the disease. Since the form is similar, she employs the

term “pill” to create a humor to one of the intern named Cristina Yang. The second example is in the following.

Dr. Grey: Surgeons are control freaks. With a scalpel in your hand... Oh, crap! You feel unstoppable.

(Datum 21) The context of this humor is an exaggeration Grey made as her expression of angriness toward Derek. Grey breaks up with Derek and she expresses her sadness in a humor. However, she hides her personal emotion by employing a

medical tool “scalpel” which is usually used in surgery. A scalpel is a very sharp knife that is used for cutting through skin and flesh during an operation.

The use of scalpel here, however, symbolizes the weapon that a surgeon has as the control or power which in this context refers to Derek’s, so he can do anything including hurting her. Thus, she uses hyperbole to strengthen her argument. Moreover, social management is the function. The last example is in this following sentence.

Dr. Karev : Gunshot wound to the head. Where the hell's this GSW to the head? Why wasn't the trauma team called? Hello? Are you people insane?

(Datum 42) This utterance is spoken by an intern, Karev. He is interested in checking the document of a patient and gets shock because the illness is a gunshot wound.

However, he is wondering why there is no emergency call or even the action of trauma team since this injury he expects will be categorized as a very serious injury. Therefore, he shouts to the nurses at surgery unit in order to get the detail information.

The medical term used to create sarcastic humor here is “trauma team”. This is a term belongs to a multidisciplinary group of healthcare workers who collectively work together on the assessment and treatment of those who are severely injured. The humor type is sarcasm because Karev yells at the nurses who do not take care of the patient. Thus, the function is social management to attract attention.

c. Hospital Position

Hospital position is the medical terminology which is related to position and duty in the hospital, such as a nurse, doctor, surgeon, and many more. The findings from the drama are presented here.

Dr. Izzie : You have been treating these people for the last week. How can you not know their names?

Dr. Karev: Surgery is the only specialty where we do not waste time getting to know the patients. They're slabs of meat, we're butchers.

(Datum 4) The datum above contains the conversation between Izzie and Karev before they start to do their work as interns. Karev is hated by the other interns because of his coldness and annoying character. Here, Izzie tries to remind him that he should be more care and close to the patients; even their names he does not know as the doctor. However, he answers using a sarcastic humor telling Izzie

about his principle that surgery is just a specialty, so there is no need to know patients as long as they recover. He even adds a sarcastic comment that patients are just like a slabs of meat and the doctors are the butchers. This dialogue shows that he is cold enough, arrogant, and having no humanity.

The medical term found here as the main remark of the humor is “patient”. The definition of a patient is a person who receives medical care, or who is taken care by a particular doctor. However, Karev uses a sarcasm that seeing a patient not as a person here. The function of this humor is social management. There is another example found related to the use of hospital position in creating humor.

Dr. Bailey: OK, I'm sorry. I thought I was your resident, not your hostess. I assign, you take. Is that a problem?

(Datum 26) The context of Datum 26 is when Bailey shares the works that interns have to do, then Cristina gets to accompany Burke in doing an operation while she is not really in a good relationship with him. Thus, Cristina protests to Bailey to give another job. However, Bailey does not like to be interrupted especially by someone who denies her assignment.

Because Bailey is annoyed when Cristina refuses her assignment, Bailey

answers by highlighting that she is Cristina’s resident not her hostess. Bailey tries

to remind Cristina that she is an intern who has to obey the resident by comparing job position between a resident and a hostess. Thus, the hospital position

“resident” appeared here as the medical remark. Resident is a term for the ones who have completed eight years of higher education and also physicians who enters a residency program are known as resident. The resident position is in

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51 Police:

Ma'am, why don't you have a seat? We need to ask you a few questions. (to a patient’s wife)

Dr. Addison:

Well, nothing like a domestic dispute to liven up a pre-op, huh?

√ √ √ The medication process called

“pre-op” means pre-operation here said in the sentence to create a humor between the doctors. It uses exaggeration, thus it belongs to overstatement. Because of the crowded of polices in the patient’s room, Addison wants to know what happens, so she says humor as an attempt to discover information. Therefore, the function is decommitment.

52 Dr. Richard:

Oh, no you didn't. You lost her again? Again?

Dr. George:

I am a surgeon. A surgeon!

√ √ √ George repeats his medical

position in hospital as “surgeon” to remind Richard that he is a surgeon that should do medical operation and not to be a nanny. It is a clever reply to a serious question since George does not answer it explicitly. Then, the function is social management. 53 Dr. Burke:

Manufacturing things that really aren't there, seeing only what you want to see. Wasting our time, our resources, and throwing away your own life. Your illness is in your head, Kalpana.

√ √ √ The “illness in head” here has two

meaning as the disease that might be suffered in head or the illness of a lying which Kalpana did in order to get attention. Thus, the type of humor is double entendres, while the function is social management.

No Text Medical Terms Forms of Humor _{Functions of} Humor

Explanation

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Sc

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54 Dr. Grey:

He's a brain surgeon. How can he be so brainless?

√ √ √ There is a word play of a position

in a hospital as “brain surgeon” and brainless which means stupid. Grey emphasizes that Derek, as a brain surgeon, should not be brainless since he always operates brains. This humor belongs to sarcasm, and the function is mediation.

55 Dr. Grey:

You must be in pain. You should take something. Dr. Cristina:

Drugs are for babies.

√ √ √ “Drugs” is another term to say

medicine. Cristina says that it is just for babies means that drugs is just for the weak ones, not a strong adult like her. Cristina says this to avoid Grey’s order to take pills, thus the type is reply to rhetorical question. Then, the function is social management.

56 Dr. Addison: Richard, breathe. Dr. Richard:

Don't tell me to breathe. I'll breathe if I want to breathe.

√ √ √ Richard puts medication term

“breathe” to answer the rhetorical question uttered by Addison that tells him to breathe to be calm down. However, instead of doing it, he chooses to yell at her not to order him to do that. This reply to rhetorical question belongs to social management as a tool for rejection.

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57 Dr. Bailey:

Porn as pain management? Dr. Derek:

It's possible. Pornography can stimulate the brain to produce endorphins that minimize pain.

Dr. Bailey:

Porn as pain management. Dr. Derek:

I didn't prescribe it. It wasn't me!

√ √ √ Bailey repeats the same question

with the medical term “pain management”. She does that to offend Derek on how can he uses porn to reduce pain of the patient. This humor belongs to sarcasm and the function is social management as a rejection of a medication process.

58 Dr. Izzie:

Dr. Burke is talking to George and Alex through heart surgery in the elevator.

Dr. Grey:

Shepherd's setting up a shaman healing ritual. Dr. Cristina:

Rock on. I have porn guy.

√ √ √ The “heart surgery” is the remark

of medication process. Izzie wants to see how Karev and George do the surgery. Grey also has an interesting job to do before operate a patient. Meanwhile, Cristina deals with a porn guy; a patient that has to watch porn to reduce his pain. This humor is a joke since it has a setup from the story of Grey and Izzie and a punch line to highlight how pitiful Cristina is. This joke belongs to social management.

No Text Medical Terms Forms of Humor _{Functions of} Humor

Explanation

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59 Dr. Grey:

The healing ritual. Are you OK with that?

Patient:

Yeah. They can't find my soul if I'm medicated. No pain, no gain, right?

√ √ √ “No pain no gain” is an

exercise motto to endure pain and pressure to achieve the price of hard work. It is said by an actress Jane Fonda. However, the pain here does not mean the pain of exercise just like in the proverb but the pain from a surgery. This humor is a transformation of frozen expression. It has the function as decommitment in order to get agreement from the doctor. 60 Dr. Derek:

It's painful but it's not hard. Dr. Bailey:

Come on, you know what to do already. If you didn't, you wouldn't be in so much pain.

√ √ √ Derek needs a suggestion from

Bailey, but Bailey answers by teasing him that he already knows the answer since he is in so much pain now. The medical term is “pain”. Moreover, the function of the humor is social management as a tool of interaction.

61 Dr. George:

He's definitely coming. Ow! Want her doing tequila shots all night? I'll be the one cleaning up the vomit. Besides, I touched a heart today, Porny.

√ √ √ The word “heart” uttered by

George in this sentence has double meanings as the heart of human part he touched in a heart surgery and as the heart of feeling because he saves the patient’s life. He uses this double entendres humor to mock Cristina. Therefore, the function is social management.

Uh : Unintentional Humor

Md : Medicine Ir : Irony Rr : Replies

to rhetorical question Sm : Social Management

Hp : Hospital Position St : Satire Cr : Clever

replies to serious statements Dm : Decommitment

An : Anatomy Sr : Sarcasm De : Double

entendres Me : Mediation

Mp : Medication Process Ou : Overstatement & understatement Tf : Transformations of frozen expressions Df : Defunctionalization

Appendix A. The Data Sheet of Medical Terms, Types, and Functions of Humor

Using Medical Terms in

Grey’s Anatomy Season 2

Notes :

Ds : Disease ` Sc : Spontaneous Conversation Humor Ts : Teasing Uh : Unintentional Humor

Md : Medicine Ir : Irony Rr : Replies

to rhetorical question Sm : Social Management

Hp : Hospital Position St : Satire Cr : Clever

replies to serious statements Dm : Decommitment

An : Anatomy Sr : Sarcasm De : Double

entendres Me : Mediation

Mp : Medication Process Ou : Overstatement & understatement Tf : Transformations of frozen expressions Df : Defunctionalization

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