X-Bar Application In Active And Passive Sentence Structure In Globe Asia Magazine
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language has a very important role for human being. As a human being we can not be
separated from language. By language, we can make interaction,express our mind and
making communication with others. Language also can bring the information from one
people to another. Everyday we always use language for our activities, such as, in study,
work, play and we can use language to express our ideas and emotions. Chomsky (2002 : 3)
states that a language is an enormously involved system, and it is quite obvious that any
attempt to present directly the set of grammatical phoneme sequences would lead to a
grammar so complex that it would be practically useless.
Language can be viewed as a communication system that relates something to be
communicated. Language can be said as a message on the one hand with a set signs or
symbols on the other. Language is basically a communication for the people and that
distinguish man from animals.
Talking about language, we can not separate it with sentence. When we use language
both written and spoken, we must use sentence. Sentence is a group of words that express a
statement or expression. It is an expression in natural language, and it is often defined to
indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal
syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words
grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command.
The network of relation between the words of a sentence is called structure. Chomsky
(1965 : 15) states that hence, a generative grammar must be a system of rules that can iterate
to generate an indefinitely large number of structures. This system of rules can be analyzed
into the three major components of a generative grammar : the syntatic, phonological, and
semantic components. The concept of structure is essential in distinguishing between the
strings of words that are well-formed expression in the language and those are not.
Specifying the function of constituent is an important part of structural analysis. It represents
the structural relationship between words in a sentence.
Diagramming sentences provides a way of picturing the sturcture of a sentence. By
placing the various parts of a sentence in relation to the basic subject-verb relationship, we
can see how the parts fit together and how the meaning of a sentence branches out, just as the
branches of a plant ramify from the stem in space and time.
In Linguistics, Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing
sentences in natural language. Syntactical has to do with how words are put together to build
phrases, with how phrases are put together to build clauses or bigger phrases, and with how
clauses are put together to build sentences.
If someone wants to improve both spoken and written language, he/she has to study
Syntax well. There are some of theories to identify the Syntax features in language. This
sentences can be identified by X-Bar theory, which the idea stems from Zellig Harris.
The purpose using X-Bar theory in this paper because the writer has not found S1 in
English Literature which uses its theory analysis in any student’s thesis, therefore I am
interested to discuss it. The advantage of X-Bar theory than other theories in Syntaxwhich
this theory is universal, means this theory can be used to analyze the structure of language
phrases in many language of the world even though the structure of languages is SVO or
SOV and so on.
There are many object that can be analyzed on sentence structure such as: novel, short
story, songs, newspaper and magazine. This thesis will try to convertsentences into 2 part,
which is active and passive sentences found in an article, entitled JOKO WIDODO: MAN
OF THE YEAR, pages 10, 33-35, 38-42, 44, 46-47, in addition Jokowi is still talking until
this day because it is associated with his performances in Solo, became governor in Jakarta,
and now the president of Indonesia.Below is the example of sentences found in Globe Asia
Magazine:
(1) The country is crying out for the leadership. ( before conversion )
NP
NP
Det
The
PP
N Prep
country
PP
V
Prep
Det
N
is crying out forthe leadership
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N-Double Bar
SPEC
The
N-Bar
N-Bar
N
COMPL
P-Bar
for the leadership
country
P
is
V-Double Bar
V-Bar
V
crying out
The main idea behind X-Bar theory is to explain the similarity between the rules for
each category. The X in X-Bar theory is a variable over categories. As the tree diagram
above, the COMPL “for the leadership” became completed of this NP “the country” after
converted into x-bar analysis.
This article is the main news in Globe Asia Magazine. This magazine isquarterly
magazine published by the East Asia Foundation. Similar in concept to Foreign Policy and
Foreign Affairs, Globe Asia deals with global issues, but with a special focus on Asia. The
editor in chief is Chung in Moon of Yonsei University.
1.2 Problems of the Study
1. How is X-Bar theory applied in active sentences found in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine?
2. How is X-Bar theory applied in passive sentences found in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1. To find out how X-bar theory applied in activesentences in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine.
2. To find out how X-Bar theory applied in passive sentences in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This thesis deals with English Syntax. It is impossible for the writer to analyze all
aspects of Syntax because the limitation and time. Therefore, it is very important to limit the
scope of analysis in order to get a clear and satisfactory result. This thesis focus to analyse XBar theory on sentence structure found in an article entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance which will be expected from this thesis in theoretically is the thesis
can explore and add knowledge for student of language in terms of Syntax, especially in
sentence structure. The reader of this thesis can understand how to describe the
Syntaxcomponent of words or how to define the Syntax field of words. Practically, it is
expected that this thesis will be a useful reference for those who are interested in analyzing
sentence structure.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language has a very important role for human being. As a human being we can not be
separated from language. By language, we can make interaction,express our mind and
making communication with others. Language also can bring the information from one
people to another. Everyday we always use language for our activities, such as, in study,
work, play and we can use language to express our ideas and emotions. Chomsky (2002 : 3)
states that a language is an enormously involved system, and it is quite obvious that any
attempt to present directly the set of grammatical phoneme sequences would lead to a
grammar so complex that it would be practically useless.
Language can be viewed as a communication system that relates something to be
communicated. Language can be said as a message on the one hand with a set signs or
symbols on the other. Language is basically a communication for the people and that
distinguish man from animals.
Talking about language, we can not separate it with sentence. When we use language
both written and spoken, we must use sentence. Sentence is a group of words that express a
statement or expression. It is an expression in natural language, and it is often defined to
indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal
syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words
grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command.
The network of relation between the words of a sentence is called structure. Chomsky
(1965 : 15) states that hence, a generative grammar must be a system of rules that can iterate
to generate an indefinitely large number of structures. This system of rules can be analyzed
into the three major components of a generative grammar : the syntatic, phonological, and
semantic components. The concept of structure is essential in distinguishing between the
strings of words that are well-formed expression in the language and those are not.
Specifying the function of constituent is an important part of structural analysis. It represents
the structural relationship between words in a sentence.
Diagramming sentences provides a way of picturing the sturcture of a sentence. By
placing the various parts of a sentence in relation to the basic subject-verb relationship, we
can see how the parts fit together and how the meaning of a sentence branches out, just as the
branches of a plant ramify from the stem in space and time.
In Linguistics, Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing
sentences in natural language. Syntactical has to do with how words are put together to build
phrases, with how phrases are put together to build clauses or bigger phrases, and with how
clauses are put together to build sentences.
If someone wants to improve both spoken and written language, he/she has to study
Syntax well. There are some of theories to identify the Syntax features in language. This
sentences can be identified by X-Bar theory, which the idea stems from Zellig Harris.
The purpose using X-Bar theory in this paper because the writer has not found S1 in
English Literature which uses its theory analysis in any student’s thesis, therefore I am
interested to discuss it. The advantage of X-Bar theory than other theories in Syntaxwhich
this theory is universal, means this theory can be used to analyze the structure of language
phrases in many language of the world even though the structure of languages is SVO or
SOV and so on.
There are many object that can be analyzed on sentence structure such as: novel, short
story, songs, newspaper and magazine. This thesis will try to convertsentences into 2 part,
which is active and passive sentences found in an article, entitled JOKO WIDODO: MAN
OF THE YEAR, pages 10, 33-35, 38-42, 44, 46-47, in addition Jokowi is still talking until
this day because it is associated with his performances in Solo, became governor in Jakarta,
and now the president of Indonesia.Below is the example of sentences found in Globe Asia
Magazine:
(1) The country is crying out for the leadership. ( before conversion )
NP
NP
Det
The
PP
N Prep
country
PP
V
Prep
Det
N
is crying out forthe leadership
After conversion into X-bar categories:
N-Double Bar
SPEC
The
N-Bar
N-Bar
N
COMPL
P-Bar
for the leadership
country
P
is
V-Double Bar
V-Bar
V
crying out
The main idea behind X-Bar theory is to explain the similarity between the rules for
each category. The X in X-Bar theory is a variable over categories. As the tree diagram
above, the COMPL “for the leadership” became completed of this NP “the country” after
converted into x-bar analysis.
This article is the main news in Globe Asia Magazine. This magazine isquarterly
magazine published by the East Asia Foundation. Similar in concept to Foreign Policy and
Foreign Affairs, Globe Asia deals with global issues, but with a special focus on Asia. The
editor in chief is Chung in Moon of Yonsei University.
1.2 Problems of the Study
1. How is X-Bar theory applied in active sentences found in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine?
2. How is X-Bar theory applied in passive sentences found in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1. To find out how X-bar theory applied in activesentences in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine.
2. To find out how X-Bar theory applied in passive sentences in an article entitled
JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This thesis deals with English Syntax. It is impossible for the writer to analyze all
aspects of Syntax because the limitation and time. Therefore, it is very important to limit the
scope of analysis in order to get a clear and satisfactory result. This thesis focus to analyse XBar theory on sentence structure found in an article entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance which will be expected from this thesis in theoretically is the thesis
can explore and add knowledge for student of language in terms of Syntax, especially in
sentence structure. The reader of this thesis can understand how to describe the
Syntaxcomponent of words or how to define the Syntax field of words. Practically, it is
expected that this thesis will be a useful reference for those who are interested in analyzing
sentence structure.