X-Bar Application In Active And Passive Sentence Structure In Globe Asia Magazine

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X-BAR APPLICATION IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

STRUCTURE IN GLOBE ASIA MAGAZINE

A THESIS

BY

SARAH ISRAILIA B.

REG. NO. 100705099

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA

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IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN GLOBE ASIA

MAGAZINE

A THESIS

BY

SARAH ISRAILIA B.

REG.NO. 100705099

SUPERVISOR, CO-SUPERVISOR,

Dr. Eddy Setia, .M.Ed. TESP RahmadsyahRangkuti, MA. Ph.D NIP. 19570412 198403 1 001 NIP.19750209 200812 1 002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of SarjanaSastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for SarjanaSastra

Examination.

Head, Secretary,

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AUTHORS’S DECLARATION

I, SARAH ISRAILIA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : SARAH ISRAILIA B.

Title of Thesis : X-BAR APPLICATION IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN GLOBE ASIA MAGAZINE

Qualification :S1/SARJANA SASTRA

Department :ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “X-BAR APPLICATION IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN GLOBE ASIA MAGAZINE" is a linguistic analysis that discusses aboutthe application of sentence structure in active and passive sentence that converted into X-Bar analysis. In writing this thesis the writer applied library research by using descriptive qualitative method by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The theory that used to find active and passive sentence refers to X-Bar theory (Noam Chomsky). In active sentence converted into X-Bar analysis, the “COMPL” completed the subject and predicate as sentence, then passive sentence converted into X-Bar analysis, the “COMPL” completed the unknown subject, which means the action is performed by complement itself.

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “X-BAR APPLICATION IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

STRUCTURE IN GLOBE ASIA MAGAZINE” inimengkajitentangstrukturkalimataktifdanpasif yang masing-masing

dikonversidalamX-Barteoridenganmemakai diagram pohon (tree diagram). Dalampenulisanskripsiini, penulis menerapkankajiankepustakaandenganmenggunakanmetodekualitatifdeskriptif Miles,

Huberman dan Saldana (2014).Adapunteori yang

digunakanuntukmenemukanjenisatautipemakna yang digunakandalamskripsiinimengacupadateori X-Bar (Noam Chomsky).Dalammajalah Globe

Asia Magazine inipenulis mengemukakan bahwa dalam kalimat aktif yang telah di konversi ke X-Bar analisis, “COMPL” melengkapi subjek dan predikat sebagai kalimat yang utuh, sedangkan pada kalimat pasif yang telah di konversi ke x-bar analisis, “COMPL” sebagai pelengkap dari subject yang tidak di ketahui di dalam kalimat pasif, yang artinya komplemen yang melakukan/di kenai pekerjaan oleh subjek.

Kata Kunci: Teori X-Bar (X-bar Theory), StrukturKalimat (Sentence Structure), Kalimat Aktif (Active Sentence), Kalimat Pasif (Passive Sentence)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………... AUTHOR DECLARATION... COPYRIGHT DECLARATION... ABSTRACT………. TABLE OF CONTENTS………...

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……….……… 1

1.1Background of Analysis…….………..………. 1

1.2 Problem of the Study……...……….………...………. 4

1.3 Objective of the Study………..………….……..………….. 5

1.4 Scope of the Study…………..…..……….…….….. 5

1.5 Significance of the Study..………....……….….... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE………. 6

2.1 What is Syntax? ... 6

2.2 Types of Sentence…...……..… ….………...….. ….. 7

2.2.1 Passive Sentence……...…………...………...…….. 7

2.2.2 Active Sentence………...………...……….. 8

2.3 Sentence Structure…………..………..………. 9

2.3.1 Kinds of Sentence………..…………...…... 9

2.3.2 Forms of Sentence………..….…...… 10

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2.4.1 X-Bar Nodes……….………. 13

2.4.2 X-Bar Syntax…...………...….16

2.5 Globe Asia Magazine...………...… 23

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH………..………... 24

3.1Research Design.………..……... 24

3.2Data and Data Source………... 24

3.3 Data Collecting Method………...……. 25

3.4 Data Analyzing Method……….……….….…. 25

CHAPTHER IV ANALISIS AND FINDING………. 28

4.1 Active sentence converted into X-Bar analysis...…………... 28

4.2 Passive sentences converted into X-Bar analysis...…...…. 64

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……….……...69

5.1 Conclusion…………..………..……….……... 69

5.2 Suggestion………..………..……….….….. 69

REFERENCES……….…... 70 APPENDICES...

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “X-BAR APPLICATION IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

STRUCTURE IN GLOBE ASIA MAGAZINE” inimengkajitentangstrukturkalimataktifdanpasif yang masing-masing

dikonversidalamX-Barteoridenganmemakai diagram pohon (tree diagram). Dalampenulisanskripsiini, penulis menerapkankajiankepustakaandenganmenggunakanmetodekualitatifdeskriptif Miles,

Huberman dan Saldana (2014).Adapunteori yang

digunakanuntukmenemukanjenisatautipemakna yang digunakandalamskripsiinimengacupadateori X-Bar (Noam Chomsky).Dalammajalah Globe

Kata Kunci: Teori X-Bar (X-bar Theory), StrukturKalimat (Sentence Structure), Kalimat Aktif (Active Sentence), Kalimat Pasif (Passive Sentence)

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Language has a very important role for human being. As a human being we can not be separated from language. By language, we can make interaction,express our mind and making communication with others. Language also can bring the information from one people to another. Everyday we always use language for our activities, such as, in study, work, play and we can use language to express our ideas and emotions. Chomsky (2002 : 3) states that a language is an enormously involved system, and it is quite obvious that any attempt to present directly the set of grammatical phoneme sequences would lead to a grammar so complex that it would be practically useless.

Language can be viewed as a communication system that relates something to be communicated. Language can be said as a message on the one hand with a set signs or symbols on the other. Language is basically a communication for the people and that distinguish man from animals.

Talking about language, we can not separate it with sentence. When we use language both written and spoken, we must use sentence. Sentence is a group of words that express a statement or expression. It is an expression in natural language, and it is often defined to indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command.

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The network of relation between the words of a sentence is called structure. Chomsky (1965 : 15) states that hence, a generative grammar must be a system of rules that can iterate to generate an indefinitely large number of structures. This system of rules can be analyzed into the three major components of a generative grammar : the syntatic, phonological, and semantic components. The concept of structure is essential in distinguishing between the strings of words that are well-formed expression in the language and those are not. Specifying the function of constituent is an important part of structural analysis. It represents the structural relationship between words in a sentence.

Diagramming sentences provides a way of picturing the sturcture of a sentence. By placing the various parts of a sentence in relation to the basic subject-verb relationship, we can see how the parts fit together and how the meaning of a sentence branches out, just as the branches of a plant ramify from the stem in space and time.

In Linguistics, Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural language. Syntactical has to do with how words are put together to build phrases, with how phrases are put together to build clauses or bigger phrases, and with how clauses are put together to build sentences.

If someone wants to improve both spoken and written language, he/she has to study Syntax well. There are some of theories to identify the Syntax features in language. This sentences can be identified by X-Bar theory, which the idea stems from Zellig Harris.

The purpose using X-Bar theory in this paper because the writer has not found S1 in English Literature which uses its theory analysis in any student’s thesis, therefore I am interested to discuss it. The advantage of X-Bar theory than other theories in Syntaxwhich this theory is universal, means this theory can be used to analyze the structure of language

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phrases in many language of the world even though the structure of languages is SVO or SOV and so on.

There are many object that can be analyzed on sentence structure such as: novel, short story, songs, newspaper and magazine. This thesis will try to convertsentences into 2 part, which is active and passive sentences found in an article, entitled JOKO WIDODO: MAN OF THE YEAR, pages 10, 33-35, 38-42, 44, 46-47, in addition Jokowi is still talking until this day because it is associated with his performances in Solo, became governor in Jakarta, and now the president of Indonesia.Below is the example of sentences found in Globe Asia Magazine:

(1) The country is crying out for the leadership. ( before conversion ) NP

NP PP PP

Det N Prep V Prep Det N

The country is crying out forthe leadership

After conversion into X-bar categories:

N-Double Bar SPEC N-Bar

The N-Bar COMPL

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country P V-Double Bar

is V-Bar V

crying out

The main idea behind X-Bar theory is to explain the similarity between the rules for each category. The X in X-Bar theory is a variable over categories. As the tree diagram above, the COMPL “for the leadership” became completed of this NP “the country” after converted into x-bar analysis.

This article is the main news in Globe Asia Magazine. This magazine isquarterly magazine published by the East Asia Foundation. Similar in concept to Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs, Globe Asia deals with global issues, but with a special focus on Asia. The editor in chief is Chung in Moon of Yonsei University.

1.2Problems of the Study

1. How is X-Bar theory applied in active sentences found in an article entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine?

2. How is X-Bar theory applied in passive sentences found in an article entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine?

1.3Objectives of the Study

1. To find out how X-bar theory applied in activesentences in an article entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine.

2. To find out how X-Bar theory applied in passive sentences in an article entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year in Globe Asia Magazine.

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1.4Scope of the Study

This thesis deals with English Syntax. It is impossible for the writer to analyze all aspects of Syntax because the limitation and time. Therefore, it is very important to limit the scope of analysis in order to get a clear and satisfactory result. This thesis focus to analyse X-Bar theory on sentence structure found in an article entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year.

1.5Significance of the Study

The significance which will be expected from this thesis in theoretically is the thesis can explore and add knowledge for student of language in terms of Syntax, especially in sentence structure. The reader of this thesis can understand how to describe the Syntaxcomponent of words or how to define the Syntax field of words. Practically, it is expected that this thesis will be a useful reference for those who are interested in analyzing sentence structure.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 What is Syntax?

One of the branches of linguistics that talks about sentence or clause is Syntax. English Syntax was concerned with how we studied sentences. Syntaxis not only related to the structure of sentences, but also to structure of phrases and clauses. Baker (1989:03) says, “By the Syntax of a language, we mean the body of rules that speakers of the language follow when they combine words into sentences.” Thus, when we investigate English Syntax, we will trying to study the rules which underline how English speakers combine words to make sentences.

In addition to referring to the discipline, the term Syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language. Modern research in Syntax attempts t professional in this discipline attempt to f languages.

The term Syntax is also used to refer to the rules governing the behavior of mathematical systems, such as was dominated by a framework known as grammaire générale, first expounded in 1660 by

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assumption that language is a direct reflection of thought processes and therefore there is a single, most natural way to express a thought.

The writer of this thesis wants to show the readers some definitions of Syntax given by the Linguistics below:

 Linda (1993:01) states, “Syntax describes the way words fit together to form sentences”. She adds one way to study syntax is to look at sentences which are already known to be considered syntactically ‘well-formed’ sentences to the speakers of that language.

 John Lyons (1981:103) states, “Syntax deals with the distribution of words (i.e word-forms)”.

 Jim Miller (2002: xii) states, “Syntax has to do with how words are put together to build phrases, with how phrases are put together to build sentences.”

 Andrew Carnie (2001:4) states, “Syntax is the cover term for studies of this level of langauge.”

From the definitions above, we know that Syntax is the study of words which put together to build sentence through human expression.

2.2 Types of Sentence

A sentence is a group of words that we use to communicate our ideas in writing or in speaking. In this thesis, the types of sentence become two, which is active and passive sentence.

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In a passive In fact, the action is performed on it. For example:

1. They would have been met by him. 2. The floor is swept by Jane.

3. Mary has been bitten by John 4. The cake was eaten by dog.

Subject Passive Verb The Actor

The cake was eaten by dog 1. 2.

Note: (1) the subject is not doing the verb. (2) the action of the verb is done to the subject.

2.2.2 Active Sentence

by the verb. Example:

1. He would have met them. 2. Jane sweeps the floor. 3. John has bitten Mary. 4. The dog ate all the biscuits.

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The dog

Note: “the dog” is the subject of the verb to eat. The dog is performing the action of the verb. ate all the biscuits

2.3 Sentence Structure

Bolinger (1975 : 156) states that the traditional definition of a sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought, and certainly some sense of completeness is essential to it. In sentence, there are the differences between the deep and surface structure. The surface structure of a sentence is its grammatical form, while the deep structure is understood as its meaning (Chomsky). In order to analyze sentence structures, spesific methods and symbols had to be introduced. This is where Syntax tree diagram comes in, and it is utilized to perform the analysis. Tree diagram are the other way of graphically representing the sentence structure.

Tree diagram, also known as a phrase marker since it is intended to represent structure by marking which sequences of words in a sentence are its constituent phrases. Besides, it is also known as analytical tree, systematic diagram or hierarchy diagram. It consists of multiple choices or sub-parts, which come under one broad category.

2.3.1 Kinds of Sentence

There are four kinds of sentences based on their purpose: declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative :

1. Declarative, a declarative sentence commonly makes a statement. It is the most common type of sentenc used. In a declarative sentence, the subject and predicate have normal word order. The sentence ends with a period in writing and a drop in pitch in speech. For example : I like ice cream.

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2. Interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information. In an interrogative sentence, the subject and auxiliary are often reserved. For example : Why didn’t you come?

3. Exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of a statement. Such sentences begin with an exclamatory phrase consisting of what or how plus a part of the predicate. For example : What beautiful eyes she has!

4. Imperative sentence or command tells someone or people to do something. In an imperative semtence, only the predicate is expressed. The simple form of verb is used, regardless of person or tense. For exaample : eat your dinner!

2.3.2 Forms of Sentence

This classification is based on the number and kind of clauses within a sentence. A

clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence, it is a full predication that contains a subject and a predicate with a finite verb. There are two kinds of clause :

1. Independent clause : A full predication that may stand alone as a sentence. 2. Dependent clause : It has a special introductory word that makes the

predication “depend” on an independent clause.

One traditional scheme for classifying English sentence is by the number and types of finite clauses. There are four types of sentences :

1. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses. For example :

a. Jenny is singing in the bathroom.

b. James and Don do exercise every morning. ( It contains a compound subject).

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c. My mother goes to the supermarket and buys some vegetables. (It contains a compound verb).

2. A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clause. These clauses are joined together using conjuctions (for, but, or, nor, yet, so, and). for example :

a. The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home. b. She likes to eat much but her body is thin.

c. My younger sister wants to be the first rank in her class, so she studies harder now.

3. A complex sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with at least one dependent clause. A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjuction, such as : that, because, although, where, which, and since. a. I am suspicious with a man that walked in front of our house when I

went home last night

b. You can drink the soft drink,

. (One independent clause and two dependent clauses).

although the water is healthier

4. A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.

. (One independent clause and one dependent clause).

a. I love shopping and my sister loves travelling because they can refresh our mind

b. You can go by taxi, but going by train is

. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).

faster as you can get there early

2.4 X-Bar Theory

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The theory of X–Bar idea stems from Zellig Harris. Noam Chomskyis a pupil of Harris who adopt this theory while studying at the University of Pensilvania in the 50’s (Solomon, 1993:489). It may be said that Chomsky is the first people who argued that the phrase has the same structure should be studied explicitly. The idea of the X-Bar theory is that the internal structure in different phrases in a language similar pattern was found in each structure (Sells,1985:27).

In this rule, there are two types of lexical categories, such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, and prepositional phrases and categories such as verb phrases, noun phrases, adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases. The fact that through a number of Syntax tests such as substitution, coordination proved the existence of such categories. This is called an intermediate category and the basis for the emergence of X-Bar theory.

It claims that among their phrasal categories, all those languages share certain structural similarities, including one known as the “X-Bar”, which does not appear in traditional phrase structure rules for English or other natural languages. X-Bar theory was first proposed by Chomsky (1970) and further developed by Jackendoff (1977). An X-Bar theoretic understanding of sentence structure is possible in a constituency-based grammar only, it is not possible in a dependency-based grammar.

The letter X is used to signify an arbitrary lexival category (part of speech). When analyzing a specific utterance , specific categories are assigned. Thus, the X may become N for noun, V for verb, an A for adjective, or a P for preposition.

The term X-Bar is derived from the notation representing this structure. Certain structure are represented by X (an X with a bar over it). Because this is difficult to typeset, this is often written as X, using the prime symbol, In English, however, this is still read as

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“X-Bar”. The notation XP stands for X Phrase, and is equivalent to X-Bar-Bar (X with a double overbar), written X, usually read as X double bar.

2.4.1 X-Bar Nodes

The deficiency in the earlier model of transformational grammar was remedied by the creation of X-Bar Syntax or X-Bar Theory. It takes into consideration that many other kind of lexical and phrasal units in language need to have an X-Bar category added to their phrase markers. In order to more adequately describe the process, linguists noted that each kind of phrase has a head constituent upon which a phrase is constructed.

HEAD PHRASE COMMENT

N NP

The Noun is the functional head of a Noun Phrase

V VP

The Verb is the functional head of a Verb Phrase

A AP

The Adjective is the functional head of an Adjectival Phrase

P PP

The Preposition is the functional head of a Prepositional Phrase

ADV ADVP

The Adverb is the functional head of the Adverbial Phrase

Q QP

The Quantifier is the functional head of a Quantifier Phrase

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From this pattern of head constructions, linguists were able to generalize that X is the head of XP.

HEAD PHRASE COMMENT

X XP X is the functional head of the X Phrase

This new way of categorizing phrase markers allows linguists to create three levels of categories: X, X-bar, and X-Double Bar.

PHRASE X-BAR UNIT HEAD X-Double Bar X-Bar X

NP N-bar N

VP V-bar V

AP A-Bar A

PP P-Bar P

ADVP ADV-Bar ADV

QP Q-Bar Q

Under this new way of writing phrase structure rules (X-Bar Theory), the phrase marker discussed earlier appears as follows;

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Further evidence for X-Bar Theory comes from the following sentence in which "very tall girl" must be treated as a unit and pronominalized and not "this very tall girl." Hence, "very tall girl has to be treated as a unit, viz., N-Bar.

Acceptable Sentence Very tall girl though she is, everyone admires her. Unacceptable Sentence *This very tall girl though she is, every admires her.

2.4.2 X-Bar Syntax

In X-Bar Theory, every phrase is endocentric. This means that every phrase has an element in its construction that acts as the head of the construction. Hence, X is the head of construction, XP. The head of the construction is X, the category immediately above it is X-Bar and the category above X-Bar is X-Double Bar. Hence, the rules for X-Bar Syntax can be stated as follows:

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Xm Xm-1 ..….. Xn

This description as stated is not adequate because it does not mention the fact that in English Specifiers (SPEC) occur before X and Complements (COMPL) occur after X. Hence, the following rule revision is of X-Bar Syntactical is necessary:

PS Rule 1 X-Double Bar > SPEC + X-Bar PS Rule 2 X-Bar > X + COMPL

PS Rule 3 X-Bar > X-Bar

When these rules are applied, it produces the following phrase marker:

This pattern illustrates an X-Bar Template for English. In this language, the Head of an endocentric construction comes after the Specifier. In other languages, the Head may come before a Specifier. Similarly, in English the Complement follows the Head of an endocentric construction. In other languages, the reverse order of constituents may occur.

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What this variation in the order of constituents means is that each language must have its order specified by general rules known as Licensing Conditions.

Consider the following examples of the placement of Complements with respect to the functional Head of X-Bar phrases in English.

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Now, consider the following examples of the placement of Specifiers with respect to the functional Head in X-Double Bar phrases in English .

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Modifiers and Specifiers have been treated as the same constituent in most of the literature in Government and Binding Theory. However, some linguists who work with X-Bar Theory on the lexical level want to make a distinction between Specifiers and Modifiers. By the latter, Modifiers, they have in mind a restricted clause that modifies the Head of the phrase, i. e, it limits the reference. This means that Modifiers function as restrictive complements.

The last rule in X-Bar Syntax is the recursive rule that allows X-Bar to duplicate itself. The recursiveness of constituents within a phrase marker is a fact about natural

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language and the theory must account for this generative capacity within the grammar. Notice the following example in which products of the recursive rule can be found.

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Transform the following surface structure sentences into traditional phrase markers. Next convert these into the constituents of X-Bar Syntax. In the grafic example of analysis, notice that a Noun must belong to a higher constituent, viz., N-Bar and N-Double Bar, example sentence: A Student of Physics with long hair.

 Example before the Conversion into X-Bar Categories:

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2.5 Globe Asia Magazine

Magazines are publications, usually periodical publications, that are printed or published electronically (the online version called online magazines). They are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three above. At it is root, the word “magazine” refers to a collection or storage location. In case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles. Globe Asia Magazine is quarterly magazine published by the East Asia Foundation. Similar in concept to Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs, Globe Asia deals with global issues, but with a special focus on Asia. The editor in chief is Chung in Moon of Yonsei University.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

Method research is the process of collecting data, analyzing, and find the solution in the field of science. In this research the writer uses the qualitative research, which is qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts (Creswell:2006).Mardalis (1995:24) says “Metodedisinidiartikansebagaisuatucaraatauteknis

yang dilakukandalam proses penelitian. Sedangkanpenelitianitusendiridiartikansebagaiupayadalambidangilmupengetahuan yang

dijalankanuntukmemperolehfakta-faktadanprinsip-prinsipdengansabar, hati-hatidansistematisuntukmewujudkankebenaran”.(Method is defined as a way or technical that

used in the research process. Whereas the research itself is defined as an attempt in the field of science that is run to obtain the facts and principles patiently, carefully and systematically to realize the truth).

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data of this analysis is sentence structure which taken from an article entitled is JokoWidodo: Man of the Year found in Globe Asia Magazine (January 2014). The sentences will be analyzed using X-Bar theory and the sentence will be separated into 2 parts, active and passive sentences.The writer difided into 2 types of sentences to make it easier to be analyzed by using tree diagram because X-Bar theory is using tree diagram to explain its sentences.

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3.3 Data Collecting Method

Azwar (1997:36) says, “Data penelitiandikumpulkanbaiklewat instrument

pengumpulan data, observasi, maupunlewat data dokumentasi. Data yang dikumpulkanmungkinberupa data primer, data sekunder, ataupunkeduanya.”

It means that the data for research can be collected from both research instruments, observation, and documents. In analyzing data, written method is used. In this analysis, the data is primary data, they are kinds of X-Bar Theory on sentence structure in the source of data, which is document, Globe Asia Magazine.

3.4 Data Analyzing Method

Qualitative data analysis (2014), by Miles, Huberman and Saldana, is a comprehensive sourcebook, describing analysis that is directed at tracing out lawful and stable relationships among social phenomena, based on the regularities and sequences.

Data collection

Data display

Data reduction

Conclusion: drawing/verifyi ng

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Figure 3.4.1. Components of data analysis: interractive model That data has three main components:

1. Data reduction: This refers to the process whereby the mass of qualitative data you

may obtain: interview transcripts, field notes, observation, etc. It is reduced and organized, for example coding, writing summaries, discarding irrelevant data and so on. The writer presented the data from article JokoWidodo : Man of The Year , reduced from 43 into 30 sentence that converted into x-bar analysis.

2. Data display: To draw conclusions from the mass of data. Miles and Huberman

suggest that a good display of data, in the form of tables, charts, networks, and other graphical formats is essential. This is a continual process, rather than just one to be carried out at the end of the data collection. The writer presented the data from Globe Asia Magazine, which there are articles discussing about the government of Jokowi.

3. Drawing and verifying conclutions: Your analysis should allow you to begin the

develop conclusions regarding your study. These initial conclusions can then be verified, that is their validity examined through reference to your existing field notes or further data collection. The conclusions obtained that has been displayed and reduced, from Globe Asia Magazine, that there are more active sentence used in the Magazine than passive sentence, because the context is talking about the present day.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Active Sentence

Active voice describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In Globe Asia Magazine, which concerned to Jokowi’s text, the writer found 43 active sentences. This kind of active sentence below is presented in the form of tree diagram transformative generative grammar and then converted into x-bar analysis, from 1-30 sentence below:

(1) The country is crying out for the leadership. (p. 10)

NP PP PP

Prep V Prep Det N Det N

The country is crying out for the leadership

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N-Double Bar SPEC N-Bar

The N-Bar COMPL

N P-Bar for the leadership country P V-Double Bar

is V –Bar

crying out

The main idea behind the X-Bar theory is to explain the similarity between the rules for each category. The X in X-Bar theory is a variable over categories. When we talk of XP, we mean to be describing any kind of phrase (VP, NP, AdjP, AdvP, PP, TP, CP,…..). As we see the tree diagram above, the COMPL “for the leadership” became completed of this NP “the country” after converted into X-Bar analysis.

(40)

(2) He has won people’s heart. (p.35) S

NP Aux VP

N modal

Tense V

has NP

He past won people’s heart

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar V Bar N- Bar

He has wo n people’s heart

As the sentence above, the X-Bar structures seem to accurately characterize the structure of the NP (NBar). A complement is the phrase which is sister of the head “he”, so after converted into X-Bar, “people;s heart” completed the N “he” as the subject itself.

(41)

(3) Actions speak louder than words (p.38) S

NP AdjP

V Prep NP

N Adj N

Actions speaks louder than words

N Double-Bar

After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar

N Bar A-Bar

N A COMPL

Actions speaks louder than words

As the sentence above, the COMPL is modifier the meaning of the noun “actions” and the verb “speaks”, so “ than words” completed both “actions” and “speaks” as the head of sentence.

(42)

(4) I visit them to seek solutions. (p.38) S

NP NP

V VP

N N NP

I visit them to seek solutions

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar N Bar

N V Bar N V Bar

I V them V COMPL

Visit to seek

(43)

After converted into X-Bar analysis, the direct object is the complement, because “the solutions” completed the word “I” however the sentence completed each other.

(5) Jokowi is a man of actions (p. 40) S

NP VP

N V (to be) Spec N PP

Jokowi is a man of actions

(44)

N Double Bar

N Bar N Bar

V Bar P Bar

N V Spec N P N-Bar

Jokowi is a man of actions

After converted into X-Bar analysis, “action” become the head of this sentence, which means “the actions” word completed the subject “Jokowi” as the main of actions.

(6) Jokowi resigned in 2012 (p.44) S

NP PP

V AdvP

N P

Adv

Jokowi resigned in 2012

(45)

N Double Bar

N Bar V Bar

P Bar

N V P Adv-Bar

Adv (of Time)

Jokowi resigned in 2012

As the sentence above, the “Adv’ is modifier the meaning of noun. However, “2012” completed the N “Jokowi” as the subject of sentence.

(7) Jokowi has done it with a smile (p.33) S

NP NP

V NP

N N Prep Det N

Jokowi has done it with a smile

(46)

N Double Bar

N Bar V Bar N Bar

N V N Prep Det N

Jokowi has done it with a smile

As the tree diagram above, the N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The N Bar “with a smile” is the complement of the noun “it” and the N Bar “Jokowi”. However, the N bar completed “with a smile” and “Jokowi”.

(8) Jokowi came along and reignited hope (p.33) S

NP VP

V Conj NP

(47)

Jokowi came along and reignited hope

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar V Bar

N V Conj V

Jokowi came along and reignited hope

After converted into x-bar analysis, the N Bar is modifier the meaning of noun. The N Bar “hope” is the complement of the noun “Jokowi” its (logical subject). However, “reignited hope” completed the subject “Jokowi” after converted into X-Bar.

(9) A man of simple tastes and needs (p.33) S

NP Adj P

Adj NP

Det N

A Man of simple tastes and need

(48)

N Double Bar

Det N Bar A Bar

N COMP

A of simple

Man tastes and needs

The noun “taste and needs” is the complement of the N Bar “Jokowi” its (logical subject). However, the COMPL “taste and needs” completed the N Bar “a man” as the head.

(10) Jokowi has already made an impression on the citizens of Jakarta (p.33) S

Aux VP

NP tense NP

N modal V

Past

Jokowi has made an impression

on the citizens of Jakarta

(49)

N Double Bar

N VP

V N Bar

Jokowi COMPL

has made an impression

on the citizens of Jakarta

After converted into X-Bar analysis, the complement “on the citizens of Jakarta” completed the noun “Jokowi”, however, the COMPL “on the citizens of Jakarta” completed the subject “Jokowi” as the head of sentence.

(11) He gained a degree in agriculture and forestry from Hassanudin University in 1988 (p.34)

NP NP COMPL

V N

He gained a degree in agriculture and forestry

from

Hassanudin in 1986

(50)

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar

V Double Bar

N V Bar N COMPL

He gained a degree

in agriculture and forestry fromHassanudin University in 1986

The complement “ in agriculture and forestry from Hassanudin in 1986” is the complement of the N “ a degree” and the N Bar “he”, so the COMPL completed the head “a degree” as the sister of the head.

(51)

(12) He worked at several large companies.(p.34) S

NP PP

V QP AP

N P Q A NP

He worked at several large companies

N Double Bar

After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar

N Bar P-Bar

V Q-Bar A-Bar

N P Q A N-Bar

(52)

The adjective “large companies” is the complement of the Q Bar “several” and N Bar ” he”, however, both the COMPL and the Q Bar are sisters to the head N “he” and therefore each other.

(13) They work alone (p.35) S

NP VP

N V Adv

They work alone

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar V Bar

ADV Bar

They work alone

The adverb “alone” completed the N Bar “they” as the subject, so, “alone” is restricted to the meaning of subject “they”.

(53)

(14) It is Jokowi (p.39) S

NP Aux Verb NP

Det Jokowi

It is

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Double Bar Det

It V Bar NP

V N

IsJokowi

The N Bar is modifier to the meaning of noun.”Jokowi” as the noun completed “it” as the head of sentence.

(54)

(15) He set a new selection standard (p.40) S

NP Adj P

V NP

N Spec Adj N

He set a new selection

Standart

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar

N Bar Adj Bar

V N Bar

N Spec Adj N

He set a new selection

(55)

After converted into X-Bar analysis, the N Bar ”selection standard” is the complement of the specifier “a” and the N Bar “he”, however, both the N Bar and the specifier are sisters to the head N “he”.

(16) the monorail is a public private partnership (PPP) project (p.40) S

NP NP

Det N Spec N

The monorail is a public private partnership (PPP) project

(56)

N Double-Bar

V Bar

N-Bar N-Bar

Det N Spec N

The monorail is a public private partnership (PPP) project

The N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of spec “a”. The N Bar “public private partnership (PPP)” is the compelement and also completed both the spec and the N.

(57)

(17) It will cost $ 1.5 billion (p.40) S

NP VP NP

Det Aux V N

It will cost $ 1.5 billion

N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories

Det V Bar N-Bar

It V N

Will cost $ 1.5 billion

The noun “1.5 billion’ completed the det “it’ as the coimplementitself , so the det and verb completed by N.

(58)

(18) He sent a letter to Vice President Boediono (p.41) S

NP VP

V NP PP Det N P NP

He Sent a letter to Mary

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar V Bar

N Bar P Bar N V SPEC N P NP

He sent a letter to N

Mary

The N Bar is modifier that restricts the meaning of noun “he”. However, both the N Bar “Mary” and the spec “a letter to” are sisters to the head N “he”.

(59)

(19) I will put policies (p.41)

NP VP

Aux NP

N tense modal V N

I present will put policies

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V-Bar N-Bar

V COMPL

I will put

The compl “policies” restrict the meaning of N bar itself “I”,compl completed both the N Bar and the V.

(60)

(20) In 2013 we procured just around 700 buses (p.41) S

PP NP

Adv P VP

P NP

In 2013 we procured just around 700

(61)

N- Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

P Bar N Bar

V Bar

AdvBar N V COMP

P 2013 we procured

Just around 700 buses

The complement “just around 700 buses” is the complement of the verb “procured” and the N Bar “we” its (logical subject). However, the COMPL ‘just around 700 buses” is sister to the head N “we”.

(62)

(21) The budget was more than Rp 1 trilion (p.41) S

NP NP

Det N Det N

The budget was more than Rp 1 trillion

N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

Spec N-Bar

V-Bar

N-Bar

N V Det N

(63)

The noun “Rp 1 trillion” is the complement of the Det “more than” and the N bar “budget” , however, the N bar completed the N and therefore each other.

(22) In 2014, we plan for 4000 (p.41) S

PP NP

Adv P VP

P PP

P Det

In 2014 we procured for 4000

(64)

N Double Bar

P Bar N Bar

V Bar

AdvBar N V P Bar

P 2014 we procured P Det

In for 4000

After converted into X-Bar analysis,the compl “for 4000” is completed the verb “procured” and the N bar ‘we” as the head of sentence.

(23) The budget will be around Rp 5 trilion (p.41) S

NP NP

Det N V

(65)

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar N Bar

SPEC N V COMPL

The budget will be around Rp 5 trillion

The compl “around 1 trillion” is the complement of the noun “budget”, so, the N bar is the sister to the head N.

(24) He beat incumbent SlametSuryanto (p.42) S

NP VP

N V N

(66)

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar V-Bar

N Bar V COMPL

He beat incumbent SlametSuryanto

As the diagram above, the compl is modifier the restricts meaning of the noun. “incumbentSlametSuryanto” is the complement of the N Bar. However, the compl were completed the N Baras the head.

(25) He has supporters outside PDI-P (p.46) S

NP VP

N V N COMPL

(67)

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar V Double Bar

V Bar N Bar

N V N COMPL

He has supporters outside PDI-P

The noun “outside PDI-P” is the complement of the noun “supporters” and the N Bar “he” its (logical subject). However, both the N Bar and the N are sisters to the head N.

(26) He can win at the July polls (p.47) S

NP Aux VP

NP N tense modal V N

He present can win at the July poll

(68)

N Double Bar

V-Bar

N Bar N Bar

N N

He can win at the July polls

As we see the diagram above, The N Bar is modifier the meaning of the noun “at the July polls’ completed the N Bar “he” also V “can win”, so they are sisters to the head of N.

(69)

(27) The ball is now in the kingmakers’s court (p.47) S

NP AdvP

V NP

Det N Adv Prep Det N

The ball is now in the kingmaker’scourt

N Double-Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar

N Bar Adv Bar

V N Bar

Det N Adv Prep Det N

The ball is now in the kingmaker’s court

After converted into X-Bar, the N “in the King’s court” is the complement of the noun “ the ball”. However, the N Bar is sisters to the head “ball”.

(70)

NP NP

V VP

N Quant Prep N Prep V

I have lots of homework to do

N Double Bar

After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar

N Bar N Bar

V V Bar

N Quant Prep N Prep V

I have lots of homework to do

According the diagram above, the V Bar “to do” is a modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The verb “ to do” is the complement of the noun “homework’ and the N Bar “I”, so, both the V and the N are sisters to the head “I”.

(71)

NP PP

V NP

N P Spec N

He replied with a laugh

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar

N Bar P Bar

V N Bar

N P Spec N

He replied with a laugh

According the diagram above, the noun “with a laugh” is the complement of the noun “he”. However, the N Bar is completed as the head of sentence.

(72)

NP NP

V AdvP

N Det N Prep Adv

He won the Solo Mayoral election in 2015

N Double Bar

After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar

N Bar N Bar

V AdvP

N Det N Prep Adv

He won the Solo Mayoral election in 2015

As the diagram above, the adverb “ in 2015” is the complement of the N Bar “solo mayoran election” and the N Bar “he”. However, both the Adv and the N Bar are sisters to the head N and therefore each other.

(73)

(31) Indonesian is today under threat from vanous directions. (p.10) (32) He is not afraid to take on powerful vested interests. (p.10) (33) He achieved all this in the first year of his tenure (p.34) (34) there are so many troubled areas in Jakarta (p.38) (35) IKEA never paid any down payments in advance (p.32)

(36) Yet in just over a year he has proved that the impossible is possible (p.33) (37) His easy going style is like a breath of fresh air in a country. (p.33) (38) Jokowi is the most watched figure in Indonesian politics today. (p.38) (39) Jokowi pleased the crowd by posing for the photographs (p.39) (40) In all of them, he is well ahead of my other candidates (p.46)

(41) His presence has helped regain supporters confident in the party (p.47) (42) She still harbors hopes for a second presidential term (p.47)

(43) If Jokowi can finally win the candidacy then game is over (p.47)

4.2 Passive Sentence

In passive sentence, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence. In fact, the action is performed on it. In Globe Asia Magazine, entitled JokoWidodo: Man of the Year, is presented in the form of tree diagram transformative generative grammar, then converted into x-bar analysis, which 1-3 sentence, from 5 sentence below:

(74)

COMPL VP

N AdjP

Fifty year old Nurdin was born in Pare Pare

N Doube Bar

After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar

COMPL V Bar

N AdjP

Fifty year old Nurdin was born in Pare Pare

According the diagram above, the compl is modifier the meaning of noun ‘Nurdin” as the complement “fifty year old” were completed each other.

(75)

VP NP

Det N

The electronic road pricing (ERP) system will be implemented

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar COMPL N Bar

Det N

The electronic road pricing (ERP) system will be implemented

As the diagram above, the V Bar is a modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The verb “will be implemented” is the complement of the N Bar “electronic road pricing (ERP) system”, however, the V completed the N Bar as the head.

(76)

NP VP

V NP

N Prep V N

Foreign investors were invited to dobusineesintheregion

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Double Bar

N Bar V Bar

N Bar

N V Prep V N COMPL

Foreign investors were invited to dobusinees inthe region

The Adverb of time is a modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The Adverb“ in the region” is the complement of the N Bar “business” , so the Adverb completed both the N bar and the N.

(4) He remained relaxe despite being jostled by the crowd (p.39) (5) As the governor is affectionaly called (p.10)

(77)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

In this thesis, having described the X Bar Theory in Global Asia, completed with the examples and meaning in preceding chapters, the writer would like to draw some conclusion

1. In this thesis, there are two types of sentence namely Active Sentence and Passive Sentencethat occur in the magazine. As we see the analysis of active sentence converted into X-Bar analysis, the complement completed the subject and predicate as the head of sentence. Therefore, complement here as the sister of the head (subject).

2. As we see the analysis of passive sentence converted into X-Bar analysis, the complement completed the unknown subject , which means the action is performed by complement itself.

5.2 Suggestion

On this occasion, the writer would like to suggest to the readers who are interested in this topic that they should carry out further research concerning the X- Bar Theories. X-Bar Theories is not limited to be studied only in the magazine, but it can be applied in studying short story, songs, newspaper, poem and etc.

The writer would also like to propose this thesis to get a reference in analyzing about X Bar Theories or other terms related to Syntax.

(78)

REFERENCES

Aswar, S. 1997. Reliabilitas dan Validalitas. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Baker, Mark. 1989. Object Sharing and Projection in Serial Verb Constructions. Linguistic Inquiry 20.153-53.

Black, Cheryl A. 1999. A Step by Step Introduction to the Government and Binding Theory of

Syntax. SIL-Mexico Branch and University of North Dakota.

Bolinger, Dwight. 1975. Aspects of Language. 2nd Edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Carnie, Andrew. 2001. Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers

Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. M.I.T. Press.

Chomsky, Noam. 2002. Syntatic Structure (2nd Edition). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Hockett, Charles F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan Publishing. Co. Inc.

Latif, Muhammad. 1995. English Syntax. Surabaya: Karya Abditama.

Lyons, John. 1981. Language and Linguistics. London: Cambridge University Press. Mardalis. 1995. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

Miller, Jim. 2002. An Introduction to English Syntax. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

(79)

April 2013. Qualitative Data Analysis.Retrieved from http:// eprints.uny.ac.id/17968.(October 2015).

(1)

COMPL VP

N AdjP

Fifty year old Nurdin was born in Pare Pare

N Doube Bar

After conversion into X-bar categories:

N Bar

COMPL V Bar

N AdjP

Fifty year old Nurdin was born in Pare Pare

According the diagram above, the compl is modifier the meaning of noun ‘Nurdin” as the complement “fifty year old” were completed each other.

(2)

Det N

The electronic road pricing (ERP) system will be implemented

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Bar COMPL

N Bar

Det N

The electronic road pricing (ERP) system will be implemented

(3)

NP VP

V NP

N Prep V N

Foreign investors were invited to dobusineesintheregion

N Double Bar After conversion into X-bar categories:

V Double Bar

N Bar V Bar

N Bar

N V Prep V N COMPL

Foreign investors were invited to dobusinees inthe region

The Adverb of time is a modifier that restricts the meaning of noun. The Adverb“ in the region” is the complement of the N Bar “business” , so the Adverb completed both the N bar and the N.

(4) He remained relaxe despite being jostled by the crowd (p.39)

(4)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

In this thesis, having described the X Bar Theory in Global Asia, completed with the examples and meaning in preceding chapters, the writer would like to draw some conclusion

2. As we see the analysis of passive sentence converted into X-Bar analysis, the complement completed the unknown subject , which means the action is performed by complement itself.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer would also like to propose this thesis to get a reference in analyzing about X Bar Theories or other terms related to Syntax.

(5)

REFERENCES

Aswar, S. 1997. Reliabilitas dan Validalitas. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Baker, Mark. 1989. Object Sharing and Projection in Serial Verb Constructions. Linguistic Inquiry 20.153-53.

Black, Cheryl A. 1999. A Step by Step Introduction to the Government and Binding Theory of Syntax. SIL-Mexico Branch and University of North Dakota.

Bolinger, Dwight. 1975. Aspects of Language. 2nd Edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Carnie, Andrew. 2001. Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers

Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. M.I.T. Press.

Chomsky, Noam. 2002. Syntatic Structure (2nd Edition). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Hockett, Charles F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan Publishing. Co. Inc.

Latif, Muhammad. 1995. English Syntax. Surabaya: Karya Abditama.

Lyons, John. 1981. Language and Linguistics. London: Cambridge University Press.

Mardalis. 1995. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

Miller, Jim. 2002. An Introduction to English Syntax. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

(6)

April 2013. Qualitative Data Analysis.Retrieved from http:// eprints.uny.ac.id/17968.(October 2015).

X-Bar Application In Active And Passive Sentence Structure In Globe Asia Magazine