X-Bar Application In Active And Passive Sentence Structure In Globe Asia Magazine
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 What is Syntax?
One of the branches of linguistics that talks about sentence or clause is Syntax.
English Syntax was concerned with how we studied sentences. Syntaxis not only related to
the structure of sentences, but also to structure of phrases and clauses. Baker (1989:03) says,
“By the Syntax of a language, we mean the body of rules that speakers of the language follow
when they combine words into sentences.” Thus, when we investigate English Syntax, we
will trying to study the rules which underline how English speakers combine words to
make sentences.
In addition to referring to the discipline, the term Syntax is also used to refer directly
to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language.
Modern research in Syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules. Many
professional in this discipline attempt to find general rules that applied to all natural
languages.
The term Syntax is also used to refer to the rules governing the behavior of
mathematical systems, such as formal languages used in logic. For centuries, work in Syntax
was dominated by a framework known as grammaire générale, first expounded in 1660 by
Antoine Arnauld in a book of the same title. This system took as its basic premise the
assumption that language is a direct reflection of thought processes and therefore there is a
single, most natural way to express a thought.
The writer of this thesis wants to show the readers some definitions of Syntax given
by the Linguistics below:
Linda (1993:01) states, “Syntax describes the way words fit together to form
sentences”. She adds one way to study syntax is to look at sentences which are
already known to be considered syntactically ‘well-formed’ sentences to the
speakers of that language.
John Lyons (1981:103) states, “Syntax deals with the distribution of words (i.e
word-forms)”.
Jim Miller (2002: xii) states, “Syntax has to do with how words are put
together to build phrases, with how phrases are put together to build
sentences.”
Andrew Carnie (2001:4) states, “Syntax is the cover term for studies of this
level of langauge.”
From the definitions above, we know that Syntax is the study of words which put
together to build sentence through human expression.
2.2 Types of Sentence
A sentence is a group of words that we use to communicate our ideas in writing or in
speaking. In this thesis, the types of sentence become two, which is active and passive
sentence.
2.2.1
Passive Sentence
In a passive sentence, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence.
In fact, the action is performed on it. For example:
1. They would have been met by him.
2. The floor is swept by Jane.
3. Mary has been bitten by John
4. The cake was eaten by dog.
Subject
Passive Verb
The Actor
was eaten
by dog
The cake
1.
2.
Note: (1) the subject is not doing the verb. (2) the action of the verb is done to the
subject.
2.2.2
Active Sentence
Active voicedescribes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated
by the verb. Example:
1. He would have met them.
2. Jane sweeps the floor.
3. John has bitten Mary.
4. The dog ate all the biscuits.
Subject
Active verb
Object
The dog
ate all the biscuits
Note: “the dog” is the subject of the verb to eat. The dog is performing the action of the verb.
2.3 Sentence Structure
Bolinger (1975 : 156) states that the traditional definition of a sentence is the
minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought, and certainly some sense of
completeness is essential to it. In sentence, there are the differences between the deep and
surface structure. The surface structure of a sentence is its grammatical form, while the deep
structure is understood as its meaning (Chomsky). In order to analyze sentence structures,
spesific methods and symbols had to be introduced. This is where Syntax tree diagram
comes in, and it is utilized to perform the analysis. Tree diagram are the other way of
graphically representing the sentence structure.
Tree diagram, also known as a phrase marker since it is intended to represent structure
by marking which sequences of words in a sentence are its constituent phrases. Besides, it is
also known as analytical tree, systematic diagram or hierarchy diagram. It consists of
multiple choices or sub-parts, which come under one broad category.
2.3.1 Kinds of Sentence
There are four kinds of sentences based on their purpose: declarative, exclamatory,
interrogative, and imperative :
1. Declarative, a declarative sentence commonly makes a statement. It is the most
common type of sentenc used. In a declarative sentence, the subject and predicate
have normal word order. The sentence ends with a period in writing and a drop in
pitch in speech. For example : I like ice cream.
2. Interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information. In an
interrogative sentence, the subject and auxiliary are often reserved. For example :
Why didn’t you come?
3. Exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of a
statement. Such sentences begin with an exclamatory phrase consisting of what or
how plus a part of the predicate. For example : What beautiful eyes she has!
4. Imperative sentence or command tells someone or people to do something. In an
imperative semtence, only the predicate is expressed. The simple form of verb is
used, regardless of person or tense. For exaample : eat your dinner!
2.3.2 Forms of Sentence
This classification is based on the number and kind of clauses within a sentence. A
clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence, it is a full predication that
contains a subject and a predicate with a finite verb. There are two kinds of clause :
1. Independent clause : A full predication that may stand alone as a sentence.
2. Dependent clause : It has a special introductory word that makes the
predication “depend” on an independent clause.
One traditional scheme for classifying English sentence is by the number and
types of finite clauses. There are four types of sentences :
1. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no
dependent clauses. For example :
a. Jenny is singing in the bathroom.
b. James and Don do exercise every morning. ( It contains a compound
subject).
c. My mother goes to the supermarket and buys some vegetables. (It
contains a compound verb).
2. A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no
dependent clause. These clauses are joined together using conjuctions (for,
but, or, nor, yet, so, and). for example :
a. The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home.
b. She likes to eat much but her body is thin.
c. My younger sister wants to be the first rank in her class, so she studies
harder now.
3. A complex sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with at
least one dependent clause. A dependent clause starts with a subordinating
conjuction, such as : that, because, although, where, which, and since.
a. I am suspicious with a man that walked in front of our house when I
went home last night. (One independent clause and two dependent
clauses).
b.
You can drink the soft drink, although the water is healthier. (One
independent clause and one dependent clause).
4. A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses,
at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.
a. I love shopping and my sister loves travelling because they can refresh
our mind. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).
b. You can go by taxi, but going by train is faster as you can get there
early. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).
2.4 X-Bar Theory
The theory of X–Bar idea stems from Zellig Harris. Noam Chomskyis a pupil of
Harris who adopt this theory while studying at the University of Pensilvania in the 50’s
(Solomon, 1993:489). It may be said that Chomsky is the first people who argued that the
phrase has the same structure should be studied explicitly. The idea of the X-Bar theory is
that the internal structure in different phrases in a language similar pattern was found in each
structure (Sells,1985:27).
In this rule, there are two
types of lexical
categories, such as verbs, nouns,
adjectives, and prepositional phrases and categories such as verb phrases, noun phrases,
adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases. The fact that through a number of Syntax tests
such as substitution, coordination proved the existence of such categories. This is called an
intermediate category and the basis for the emergence of X-Bar theory.
It claims that among their phrasal categories, all those languages share certain
structural similarities, including one known as the “X-Bar”, which does not appear in
traditional phrase structure rules for English or other natural languages. X-Bar theory was
first proposed by Chomsky (1970) and further developed by Jackendoff (1977). An X-Bar
theoretic understanding of sentence structure is possible in a constituency-based grammar
only, it is not possible in a dependency-based grammar.
The letter X is used to signify an arbitrary lexival category (part of speech). When
analyzing a specific utterance , specific categories are assigned. Thus, the X may become N
for noun, V for verb, an A for adjective, or a P for preposition.
The term X-Bar is derived from the notation representing this structure. Certain
structure are represented by X (an X with a bar over it). Because this is difficult to typeset,
this is often written as X, using the prime symbol, In English, however, this is still read as
“X-Bar”. The notation XP stands for X Phrase, and is equivalent to X-Bar-Bar (X with a
double overbar), written X, usually read as X double bar.
2.4.1 X-Bar Nodes
The deficiency in the earlier model of transformational grammar was remedied
by the creation of X-Bar Syntax or X-Bar Theory. It takes into consideration that
many other kind of lexical and phrasal units in language need to have an X-Bar
category added to their phrase markers. In order to more adequately describe the
process, linguists noted that each kind of phrase has a head constituent upon which a
phrase is constructed.
HEAD
PHRASE
COMMENT
The Noun is the functional head of a Noun
N
NP
Phrase
The Verb is the functional head of a Verb
V
VP
Phrase
The Adjective is the functional head of an
A
AP
Adjectival Phrase
The Preposition is the functional head of a
P
PP
Prepositional Phrase
The Adverb is the functional head of the
ADV
ADVP
Adverbial Phrase
The Quantifier is the functional head of a
Q
QP
Quantifier Phrase
From this pattern of head constructions, linguists were able to generalize that X is the
head of XP.
HEAD
PHRASE
COMMENT
X
XP
X is the functional head of the X Phrase
This new way of categorizing phrase markers allows linguists to create three levels of
categories: X, X-bar, and X-Double Bar.
PHRASE
X-BAR UNIT
HEAD
X-Double Bar X-Bar
X
NP
N-bar
N
VP
V-bar
V
AP
A-Bar
A
PP
P-Bar
P
ADVP
ADV-Bar
ADV
QP
Q-Bar
Q
Under this new way of writing phrase structure rules (X-Bar Theory), the phrase
marker discussed earlier appears as follows;
Further evidence for X-Bar Theory comes from the following sentence in which "very
tall girl" must be treated as a unit and pronominalized and not "this very tall girl." Hence,
"very tall girl has to be treated as a unit, viz., N-Bar.
Acceptable Sentence
Very tall girl though she is, everyone admires her.
Unacceptable Sentence
*This very tall girl though she is, every admires her.
2.4.2 X-Bar Syntax
In X-Bar Theory, every phrase is endocentric. This means that every phrase
has an element in its construction that acts as the head of the construction. Hence, X is
the head of construction, XP. The head of the construction is X, the category
immediately above it is X-Bar and the category above X-Bar is X-Double Bar. Hence,
the rules for X-Bar Syntax can be stated as follows:
Xm
Xm-1 ..….. Xn
This description as stated is not adequate because it does not mention the fact that in
English Specifiers (SPEC) occur before X and Complements (COMPL) occur after X. Hence,
the following rule revision is of X-Bar Syntactical is necessary:
PS Rule 1
X-Double Bar > SPEC + X-Bar
PS Rule 2
X-Bar > X + COMPL
PS Rule 3
X-Bar > X-Bar
When these rules are applied, it produces the following phrase marker:
This pattern illustrates an X-Bar Template for English. In this language, the Head of
an endocentric construction comes after the Specifier. In other languages, the Head may
come before a Specifier. Similarly, in English the Complement follows the Head of an
endocentric construction. In other languages, the reverse order of constituents may occur.
What this variation in the order of constituents means is that each language must have its
order specified by general rules known as Licensing Conditions.
Consider the following examples of the placement of Complements with respect to
the functional Head of X-Bar phrases in English.
Now, consider the following examples of the placement of Specifiers with respect to
the functional Head in X-Double Bar phrases in English .
Modifiers and Specifiers have been treated as the same constituent in most of the
literature in Government and Binding Theory. However, some linguists who work with XBar Theory on the lexical level want to make a distinction between Specifiers and Modifiers.
By the latter, Modifiers, they have in mind a restricted clause that modifies the Head of the
phrase, i. e, it limits the reference. This means that Modifiers function as restrictive
complements.
The last rule in X-Bar Syntax is the recursive rule that allows X-Bar to duplicate
itself. The recursiveness of constituents within a phrase marker is a fact about natural
language and the theory must account for this generative capacity within the grammar. Notice
the following example in which products of the recursive rule can be found.
Transform the following surface structure sentences into traditional phrase markers.
Next convert these into the constituents of X-Bar Syntax. In the grafic example of analysis,
notice that a Noun must belong to a higher constituent, viz., N-Bar and N-Double Bar,
example sentence: A Student of Physics with long hair.
Example before the Conversion into X-Bar Categories:
Example after the Conversion into X-Bar Categories:
2.5 Globe Asia Magazine
Magazines are publications, usually periodical publications, that are printed or
published electronically (the online version called online magazines). They are generally
published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed
by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three
above. At it is root, the word “magazine” refers to a collection or storage location. In case of
written publication, it is a collection of written articles. Globe Asia Magazine is quarterly
magazine published by the East Asia Foundation. Similar in concept to Foreign Policy and
Foreign Affairs, Globe Asia deals with global issues, but with a special focus on Asia. The
editor in chief is Chung in Moon of Yonsei University.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 What is Syntax?
One of the branches of linguistics that talks about sentence or clause is Syntax.
English Syntax was concerned with how we studied sentences. Syntaxis not only related to
the structure of sentences, but also to structure of phrases and clauses. Baker (1989:03) says,
“By the Syntax of a language, we mean the body of rules that speakers of the language follow
when they combine words into sentences.” Thus, when we investigate English Syntax, we
will trying to study the rules which underline how English speakers combine words to
make sentences.
In addition to referring to the discipline, the term Syntax is also used to refer directly
to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language.
Modern research in Syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules. Many
professional in this discipline attempt to find general rules that applied to all natural
languages.
The term Syntax is also used to refer to the rules governing the behavior of
mathematical systems, such as formal languages used in logic. For centuries, work in Syntax
was dominated by a framework known as grammaire générale, first expounded in 1660 by
Antoine Arnauld in a book of the same title. This system took as its basic premise the
assumption that language is a direct reflection of thought processes and therefore there is a
single, most natural way to express a thought.
The writer of this thesis wants to show the readers some definitions of Syntax given
by the Linguistics below:
Linda (1993:01) states, “Syntax describes the way words fit together to form
sentences”. She adds one way to study syntax is to look at sentences which are
already known to be considered syntactically ‘well-formed’ sentences to the
speakers of that language.
John Lyons (1981:103) states, “Syntax deals with the distribution of words (i.e
word-forms)”.
Jim Miller (2002: xii) states, “Syntax has to do with how words are put
together to build phrases, with how phrases are put together to build
sentences.”
Andrew Carnie (2001:4) states, “Syntax is the cover term for studies of this
level of langauge.”
From the definitions above, we know that Syntax is the study of words which put
together to build sentence through human expression.
2.2 Types of Sentence
A sentence is a group of words that we use to communicate our ideas in writing or in
speaking. In this thesis, the types of sentence become two, which is active and passive
sentence.
2.2.1
Passive Sentence
In a passive sentence, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence.
In fact, the action is performed on it. For example:
1. They would have been met by him.
2. The floor is swept by Jane.
3. Mary has been bitten by John
4. The cake was eaten by dog.
Subject
Passive Verb
The Actor
was eaten
by dog
The cake
1.
2.
Note: (1) the subject is not doing the verb. (2) the action of the verb is done to the
subject.
2.2.2
Active Sentence
Active voicedescribes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated
by the verb. Example:
1. He would have met them.
2. Jane sweeps the floor.
3. John has bitten Mary.
4. The dog ate all the biscuits.
Subject
Active verb
Object
The dog
ate all the biscuits
Note: “the dog” is the subject of the verb to eat. The dog is performing the action of the verb.
2.3 Sentence Structure
Bolinger (1975 : 156) states that the traditional definition of a sentence is the
minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought, and certainly some sense of
completeness is essential to it. In sentence, there are the differences between the deep and
surface structure. The surface structure of a sentence is its grammatical form, while the deep
structure is understood as its meaning (Chomsky). In order to analyze sentence structures,
spesific methods and symbols had to be introduced. This is where Syntax tree diagram
comes in, and it is utilized to perform the analysis. Tree diagram are the other way of
graphically representing the sentence structure.
Tree diagram, also known as a phrase marker since it is intended to represent structure
by marking which sequences of words in a sentence are its constituent phrases. Besides, it is
also known as analytical tree, systematic diagram or hierarchy diagram. It consists of
multiple choices or sub-parts, which come under one broad category.
2.3.1 Kinds of Sentence
There are four kinds of sentences based on their purpose: declarative, exclamatory,
interrogative, and imperative :
1. Declarative, a declarative sentence commonly makes a statement. It is the most
common type of sentenc used. In a declarative sentence, the subject and predicate
have normal word order. The sentence ends with a period in writing and a drop in
pitch in speech. For example : I like ice cream.
2. Interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request information. In an
interrogative sentence, the subject and auxiliary are often reserved. For example :
Why didn’t you come?
3. Exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of a
statement. Such sentences begin with an exclamatory phrase consisting of what or
how plus a part of the predicate. For example : What beautiful eyes she has!
4. Imperative sentence or command tells someone or people to do something. In an
imperative semtence, only the predicate is expressed. The simple form of verb is
used, regardless of person or tense. For exaample : eat your dinner!
2.3.2 Forms of Sentence
This classification is based on the number and kind of clauses within a sentence. A
clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence, it is a full predication that
contains a subject and a predicate with a finite verb. There are two kinds of clause :
1. Independent clause : A full predication that may stand alone as a sentence.
2. Dependent clause : It has a special introductory word that makes the
predication “depend” on an independent clause.
One traditional scheme for classifying English sentence is by the number and
types of finite clauses. There are four types of sentences :
1. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no
dependent clauses. For example :
a. Jenny is singing in the bathroom.
b. James and Don do exercise every morning. ( It contains a compound
subject).
c. My mother goes to the supermarket and buys some vegetables. (It
contains a compound verb).
2. A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no
dependent clause. These clauses are joined together using conjuctions (for,
but, or, nor, yet, so, and). for example :
a. The man stole jewelry and he hid it in his home.
b. She likes to eat much but her body is thin.
c. My younger sister wants to be the first rank in her class, so she studies
harder now.
3. A complex sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with at
least one dependent clause. A dependent clause starts with a subordinating
conjuction, such as : that, because, although, where, which, and since.
a. I am suspicious with a man that walked in front of our house when I
went home last night. (One independent clause and two dependent
clauses).
b.
You can drink the soft drink, although the water is healthier. (One
independent clause and one dependent clause).
4. A compound-complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses,
at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.
a. I love shopping and my sister loves travelling because they can refresh
our mind. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).
b. You can go by taxi, but going by train is faster as you can get there
early. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).
2.4 X-Bar Theory
The theory of X–Bar idea stems from Zellig Harris. Noam Chomskyis a pupil of
Harris who adopt this theory while studying at the University of Pensilvania in the 50’s
(Solomon, 1993:489). It may be said that Chomsky is the first people who argued that the
phrase has the same structure should be studied explicitly. The idea of the X-Bar theory is
that the internal structure in different phrases in a language similar pattern was found in each
structure (Sells,1985:27).
In this rule, there are two
types of lexical
categories, such as verbs, nouns,
adjectives, and prepositional phrases and categories such as verb phrases, noun phrases,
adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases. The fact that through a number of Syntax tests
such as substitution, coordination proved the existence of such categories. This is called an
intermediate category and the basis for the emergence of X-Bar theory.
It claims that among their phrasal categories, all those languages share certain
structural similarities, including one known as the “X-Bar”, which does not appear in
traditional phrase structure rules for English or other natural languages. X-Bar theory was
first proposed by Chomsky (1970) and further developed by Jackendoff (1977). An X-Bar
theoretic understanding of sentence structure is possible in a constituency-based grammar
only, it is not possible in a dependency-based grammar.
The letter X is used to signify an arbitrary lexival category (part of speech). When
analyzing a specific utterance , specific categories are assigned. Thus, the X may become N
for noun, V for verb, an A for adjective, or a P for preposition.
The term X-Bar is derived from the notation representing this structure. Certain
structure are represented by X (an X with a bar over it). Because this is difficult to typeset,
this is often written as X, using the prime symbol, In English, however, this is still read as
“X-Bar”. The notation XP stands for X Phrase, and is equivalent to X-Bar-Bar (X with a
double overbar), written X, usually read as X double bar.
2.4.1 X-Bar Nodes
The deficiency in the earlier model of transformational grammar was remedied
by the creation of X-Bar Syntax or X-Bar Theory. It takes into consideration that
many other kind of lexical and phrasal units in language need to have an X-Bar
category added to their phrase markers. In order to more adequately describe the
process, linguists noted that each kind of phrase has a head constituent upon which a
phrase is constructed.
HEAD
PHRASE
COMMENT
The Noun is the functional head of a Noun
N
NP
Phrase
The Verb is the functional head of a Verb
V
VP
Phrase
The Adjective is the functional head of an
A
AP
Adjectival Phrase
The Preposition is the functional head of a
P
PP
Prepositional Phrase
The Adverb is the functional head of the
ADV
ADVP
Adverbial Phrase
The Quantifier is the functional head of a
Q
QP
Quantifier Phrase
From this pattern of head constructions, linguists were able to generalize that X is the
head of XP.
HEAD
PHRASE
COMMENT
X
XP
X is the functional head of the X Phrase
This new way of categorizing phrase markers allows linguists to create three levels of
categories: X, X-bar, and X-Double Bar.
PHRASE
X-BAR UNIT
HEAD
X-Double Bar X-Bar
X
NP
N-bar
N
VP
V-bar
V
AP
A-Bar
A
PP
P-Bar
P
ADVP
ADV-Bar
ADV
QP
Q-Bar
Q
Under this new way of writing phrase structure rules (X-Bar Theory), the phrase
marker discussed earlier appears as follows;
Further evidence for X-Bar Theory comes from the following sentence in which "very
tall girl" must be treated as a unit and pronominalized and not "this very tall girl." Hence,
"very tall girl has to be treated as a unit, viz., N-Bar.
Acceptable Sentence
Very tall girl though she is, everyone admires her.
Unacceptable Sentence
*This very tall girl though she is, every admires her.
2.4.2 X-Bar Syntax
In X-Bar Theory, every phrase is endocentric. This means that every phrase
has an element in its construction that acts as the head of the construction. Hence, X is
the head of construction, XP. The head of the construction is X, the category
immediately above it is X-Bar and the category above X-Bar is X-Double Bar. Hence,
the rules for X-Bar Syntax can be stated as follows:
Xm
Xm-1 ..….. Xn
This description as stated is not adequate because it does not mention the fact that in
English Specifiers (SPEC) occur before X and Complements (COMPL) occur after X. Hence,
the following rule revision is of X-Bar Syntactical is necessary:
PS Rule 1
X-Double Bar > SPEC + X-Bar
PS Rule 2
X-Bar > X + COMPL
PS Rule 3
X-Bar > X-Bar
When these rules are applied, it produces the following phrase marker:
This pattern illustrates an X-Bar Template for English. In this language, the Head of
an endocentric construction comes after the Specifier. In other languages, the Head may
come before a Specifier. Similarly, in English the Complement follows the Head of an
endocentric construction. In other languages, the reverse order of constituents may occur.
What this variation in the order of constituents means is that each language must have its
order specified by general rules known as Licensing Conditions.
Consider the following examples of the placement of Complements with respect to
the functional Head of X-Bar phrases in English.
Now, consider the following examples of the placement of Specifiers with respect to
the functional Head in X-Double Bar phrases in English .
Modifiers and Specifiers have been treated as the same constituent in most of the
literature in Government and Binding Theory. However, some linguists who work with XBar Theory on the lexical level want to make a distinction between Specifiers and Modifiers.
By the latter, Modifiers, they have in mind a restricted clause that modifies the Head of the
phrase, i. e, it limits the reference. This means that Modifiers function as restrictive
complements.
The last rule in X-Bar Syntax is the recursive rule that allows X-Bar to duplicate
itself. The recursiveness of constituents within a phrase marker is a fact about natural
language and the theory must account for this generative capacity within the grammar. Notice
the following example in which products of the recursive rule can be found.
Transform the following surface structure sentences into traditional phrase markers.
Next convert these into the constituents of X-Bar Syntax. In the grafic example of analysis,
notice that a Noun must belong to a higher constituent, viz., N-Bar and N-Double Bar,
example sentence: A Student of Physics with long hair.
Example before the Conversion into X-Bar Categories:
Example after the Conversion into X-Bar Categories:
2.5 Globe Asia Magazine
Magazines are publications, usually periodical publications, that are printed or
published electronically (the online version called online magazines). They are generally
published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed
by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three
above. At it is root, the word “magazine” refers to a collection or storage location. In case of
written publication, it is a collection of written articles. Globe Asia Magazine is quarterly
magazine published by the East Asia Foundation. Similar in concept to Foreign Policy and
Foreign Affairs, Globe Asia deals with global issues, but with a special focus on Asia. The
editor in chief is Chung in Moon of Yonsei University.