THE TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL THE FIVE PEOPLE YOU MEET IN HEAVEN BY MITCH ALBOM AND ITS TRANSLATION MENITI BIANGLALA BY ANDANG H. SUTOPO - UDiNus Repository

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I I R E T P A H C

E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R

y b d e tr o p p u s e b t s u m s i s e h t s i h t f o r e h c r a e s e r e h t ,s i s y l a n a d o o g a e k a m o T

h c i h w s e ir o e h t e h T . s e ir o e h t d e t a l e r l a r e v e

s areappiledi nt hist hesi sa rede ifniitono f ,

n o it a l s n a

rt rtanslaitonandcutlures ,approachesi n rtanslaiton ,de ifniitono frtanslator , ,

s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a l , n o it a l s n a rt n i m e l b o r p , n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r

p address t erms ,and

s c it s i u g n il o i c o

s .

2.1 Transla iton

h t g n ir e d n e r s i n o it a l s n a r

T e meaning o fa tex tinto anothe rlanguage in the f o s n a e m a s A . ) 5 : 8 8 9 1 , k r a m w e N ( t x e t e h t d e d n e t n i r o h t u a e h t t a h t y a w

d e r a e p p a t s a l t a h c i h w , s e c it o n l a u g n il it l u m r o f d e s u s i n o it a l s n a rt , n o it a c i n u m m o c

c e t a s a , e r o m r e h tr u F . s e c a l p c il b u p n i y l g n i s a e r c n

i hnique fo rlearning foreign

o w t a s i n o it a l s n a rt , s e g a u g n a

l -edged insrtument .I tha sthe specia l purpose o f f o m r o f a s a r e h ti e , e g a u g n a l n g i e r o f e h t f o e g d e l w o n k s ’ r e n r a e l e h t g n it a rt s n o m e d

v e d o t r e d r o n i e c n e g il l e t n i s ’ r e n r a e l e h t e s i c r e x e o t r o l o rt n o

c elopt hecompetence.

o t n i e g a u g n a l e n o g n i g n a h c y l n o t o n s i n o it a l s n a rt n e tt ir w r o t x e t a g n it a l s n a r T

n a c s r e d a e r e h t t a h t o s e g a s s e m l u f g n i n a e m a g n i d n e s o s l a t u b , e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a

e s u a c e b s i tI . d n a t s r e d n

u rtanslaiton deal swtih many aspects ,such a ssocia laspects , e h t e k a m o t e l o r t n a tr o p m i n a s a h n o it a l s n a r T . s t c e p s a c it s i u g n il d n a s t c e p s a l a r u tl u c

y ll a c it a m m a r g t x e

e c n e l a v i u q e f o n o it a l e r a h s il b a t s e o t y ll a r e n e g s i n o it a l s n a rt f o l a o g e h T . s r e d a e r e h t

t e g r a t e h t d n a e c r u o s e h t n e e w t e

b language .Here are some de ifniiton so f rtanslaiton s i n o it a l s n a r T “ t a h t s e t a t s ) 0 2 : 4 7 9 1 ( d r o ft a C . s tr e p x e e m o s y b d e s o p o r p e r a h c i h w

n i l a ir e t a m l a u t x e t t n e l a v i u q e y b ) L S ( e g a u g n a l e n o n i l a ir e t a m l a u t x e t f o t n e m e c a l p e r

t a h t s e t a t s ) 2 1 : 4 7 9 1 ( r e b a T d n a a d i N , e li h w n a e M . ” ) L T ( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a

t s i s n o c n o it a l s n a r T

“ s o freproducing the recepto rlanguage to the closes tnatura l t

f o t n e l a v i u q

e hesourcel anguagemessage,f risti nt ermo fmeaning ,secondlyi nt erm .

” e l y t s f o

, e v o b a s tr e p x e e h t o t g n i d r o c c a n o it a l s n a rt f o s n o it i n if e d e h t n o d e s a

B I tcan

e

b concludes tha t rtanslaiton replaced the textua lmate ira lin one language into a

u g n a l r e h t o n

a ge which the targe tlanguage i sthe closes tnatura lequivalen to fthe .

e g a u g n a l e c r u o s

d r o w r e h t o n

I , rtanslaiton mean sdeilvery o fmessage contained in source t

d n a , ) L T ( e g a u g n a l t e g r a t o t n i ) L S ( e g a u g n a

l hemessage rtansferredi nTLi sclosely r

a li m i

s witht hemessagei nSL .Translaiton i sanoperaitono fsomel anguages ; tii sa o t n i ) L S ( e g a u g n a l e n o m o r f s e s o p r u p d n a s t h g u o h t , s a e d i g n ir r e f s n a rt f o s s e c o r p

.) L T ( e g a u g n a l r e h t o n a

e h t m o r f s d r o w g n ir r e f s n a rt h ti w l a e d y l n o t o n o d s e it i v it c a n o it a l s n a r

T source

s a h c u s g n i h t t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t h ti w l a e d o s l a t u b , e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t o t n i e g a u g n a l

. e r u tl u c

2.2 Transla itonandCutlures

) 4 1 : 6 0 0 2 ( d e o H o t g n i d r o c c

A Cutlure i sa complex collecitono fexpe irence s .

e fi l y li a d n o it i d n o c h c i h

w In cutlure t here are seven elements ,socia lorganizaitons , d

n a , tr a , n o i g il e r , y g o l o n h c e t , e c n e i c s , k r o

w language .Language i sone of cutlure s t n e m e l e l a r u tl u c e h t ,t x e t a n i ,r e v e w o H . t x e t a n i d e t n e s e r p e b n a c t i d n a , s t n e m e l e

n e s e r p y ll u f s y a w l a t o n e r

a ted , because each counrty ha s thei r own cutlura l n a o d o t t n e m u rt s n i n a s a d e s u y e h t h c i h w e g a u g n a l e h t g n i d u l c n i d n u o r g k c a b

e h T . s e ir a l u b a c o v n w o r i e h t e v a h s e g a u g n a l t n e r e f fi D . s r e h t o h ti w n o it c a r e t n i

b a d n a t s r e d n u e b t o n y a m e r u tl u c e n o m o r f s e ir a l u b a c o

v le in anothe rcutlure .A

y r e v s i ti , o S . e g a u g n a l t e g r a t n i e g n a rt s m e e s y a m e g a u g n a l e c r u o s m o r f y r a l u b a c o v

. n o it a l s n a rt n i e r u tl u c e c it o n o t t n a tr o p m i

s i e g a s s e m e h t f o t n e t n o c e h t h c i h w n i n o it a l s n a rt a s i n o it a l s n a rt l a r u tl u C

e h t o t m r o f n o c o t d e g n a h

c recepto rcutlure i n some way ,or i n which i nformaiton i s (

l a n i g ir o e h t n i ti c il p m i y ll a c it s i u g n il t o n s i h c i h w d e c u d o rt n

i Nida andTaber ,1982 :

9 9

1 ) .I tcan be said tha tto make the targe treade rcomfo trable wtih the rtanslaiton e

m e h t f o t n e t n o c e h t , k r o

w ssage from source language can be changed into the .

e g a u g n a l t e g r a t n i e r u tl u c e h t f o t n e t n o c

n i m e l b o r p e m o s e c a f n e tf o y a m r o t a l s n a rt a , n o it a l s n a rt l a r u tl u c g n i o d n I

l a r u tl u c e h t g n it a l s n a

rt aspect .Oneo ftheproblem swhichmaya irsei n rtanslaitngt he n I . s e c n e r e f e r l a n o s r e p e h t f o e n o s a s m r e t s s e r d d a g n it a l s n a rt s i t c e p s a l a r u tl u c

f o x e s , s u t a t s l a i c o s , e g a e h t r e d i s n o c y ll a u s u e l p o e p n a i s e n o d n I , s r e h t o g n i s s e r d d a

. n o it a u ti s y r e v e n i y c a m it n i d n a s r e h t

b o r

p lem by ifnding the equivalence in the targe tcutlure ,eilminate ti ,o rjus tlef ti t .

d e t a l s n a rt t o n g n i e

b Fo rtha treason a rtanslato rmus thave a large knowledge and g

n i d n a t s r e d n u d o o

g , no tonlyt hel anguage sbu talsot hecutluresi nbothcount ire .s n

if e

D iiton o f rtanslaiton and cutlure above canno t separate from the n

o it a l s n a rt e h t tr o p p u s o t y r o e h t f o e n o s i ti e s u a c e b n o it a l s n a rt n i s e h c a o r p p

a , andan

. n o it a l s n a rt f o c i s a b s i n o it a l s n a rt n i h c a o r p p a

2.3 Approachesi nTransla iton

i s s u c s i d r o f s i n o it a l s n a r

T on bothi n tisr eferen ita land ti spragmaitcaspec.tI t n

n a c r o t c a f s i h t t u b , r o t c a f t n a ir a v n i n a s a

h o tbepreciselyde ifnedsince tidepend son g n i h t o N . n o it a l s n a rt e n o n o l a n i g ir o e n o y b s e s i c r e x e s t n i a rt s n o c d n a s t n e m e ri u q e r e h t

r o e v it c e j b o y l e r u p s

i subjecitve ,everythingi smoreorl ess .Therei sanassumpitono f ll

e w h c a e d n i h e b ” y l n o m m o c “ r o ” y ll a u s u “ r o ” y ll a m r o n

“ -estabilshed p irnciple .

. e t u l o s b a o n e r a e r e h t ,t s i x e t o n o d ” t s u m “ , ” r e v e n “ , ” s y a w l a “ s a h c u s s n o it a c if il a u Q

i s e h c a o r p p a o w t e r a e r e h

T n rtanslaitonaccordingNewmark( 1988:21)t heyare: a. Star t rtanslaitng sentence by sentence in orde rto ge tthe fee land the

d n a n o it i s o p e h t w e i v e r , k c a b t i s y l e t a r e b il e d n e h t ,t x e t e h t f o e n o t g n il e e f

.t x e t e c r u o s e h t f o t s e r e h t d a e r

b. Read the whole tex ttwo o rthree itme sand ifnd the inteniton ,register , k

r a m , e n o

y r a r e ti l a r o f e l b a ti u s e r o m e b y a m h c a o r p p a t s ri f e h

T tt . ex Thedisadvantage s

e h t n o n o i s i v e r h c u m o o t e v a e l y a m t i t a h t e r a h c a o r p p a t s ri f e h t f

o ea lrypar tand i t

.s e m it y n a m s e k a t e b l li w

The second approach may be more sutiable fo rtechnica lo ran insttiuitona l t o n d l u o h s t i t u b , e c n e r e f e r f o t n i o p a s a l u f e s u s i s i s y l a n a t x e t l a n o it a l s n a rt A . t x e t

y a l p e e r f e h t ti b i h n

i o fone’si ntuiiton. m

o r

F the explanaitonabove,i tcanbeconcludet ha tthef ris tapproach i sf o ra ,

t x e t y s a e y l e v it a l e

r andthes econdapproach si fort heharde rone.

.r o t a l s n a rt a y b d e s u e b t s u m n o it a l s n a rt n i s e h c a o r p p a , tl u s e r r e tt e b a t e g o T

2.4Translator

t e g r a T o t n i e g a u g n a L e c r u o S m o r f t x e t a s e t a l s n a rt o h w n o s r e p a s i r o t a l s n a r T

, l a u g n il i b t c e f r e p y lt s o h g a s a f o t h g u o h t e b r e g n o l o n n a c r o t a l s n a rt e h T . e g a u g n a L

d e s s u c s i d d n a d e b ir c s e d e b n a c t a h t s e it il i b a d n a e l o r a h ti w g n i e b g n i v il a s a t u b

ll e b p m a C

( ,1998:4) .Thus , ti i sgood t o discus sabou t rtanslato rbecause rtanslaiton t s o m e h t s i r o t a l s n a r T . r o t a l s n a rt f o e c n e t s i x e e h t t u o h ti w d e h s il p m o c c a e b t o n l li w

t n a tr o p m

i o ne in rtanslaiton .Thu ,s t here wli lbe no rtanslaiton i n t he wo lrd wtihou t t

s i x e e h

t enceo frtanslator .sI nI ndonesian ,rtanslato rmean spene jremahataupengailh o h w e n o e m o s o s l a s i e r e h t r o t a l s n a rt e d i s e B . ) 1 0 6 : 2 9 9 1 , y li d a h S d n a s l o h c E ( a s a h a b

g n i y a s s i y d o b e m o s t a h w e t a l s n a rt o t s i b o j e s o h w n o s r e p a s i tI . r e t e r p r e t n i n a d e ll a c

n a o t n

t n e r e f fi d g n i k a e p s e l p o e p n e e w t e b r o t a l s n a rt l a r o s a s e v r e s o h w e n o , y ll a c if i c e p s

.s e g a u g n a l

e b d l u o c t i , e v o b a r e t e r p r e t n i d n a r o t a l s n a rt t u o b a s n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r F

b t a h t n w o n

k oth rtanslato randi nterprete rarepeoplewho rtanslateonel anguagei nto l a r o r o h c e e p s s e o d r e t e r p r e t n i t u b , n o it a l s n a rt g n it ir w s e o d y lt s o m r o t a l s n a r T . r e h t o n a

. n o it a l s n a rt

According to Dole tin Bassnet-McGurie (1980:54) ,in orde rto ge ta good t

a l s n a

rt ion,t hereare ifvep irnciplesf o ra rtanslato :r

1. The rtanslato rmus tfully understand the sense and the meaning o fthe o irgina l .s

e it ir u c s b o y fi r a l c o t y tr e b il t a s i e h h g u o h tl a , r o h t u a

2. The rtanslato rshould have a perfec tknowledge o fboth source language and .

e g a u g n a l t e g r a t

3. The rtanslators houldavoidword- rf -o wordr endeirng. 4. The rtanslators houldusef orm sofs peechi ncommonuse.

5. The rtanslators houldchooseandorde rword sapprop iratelyt oproducet hecorrec t .

e n o t

h t o b n i y r e t s a m d o o g e v a h d l u o h s r o t a l s n a rt a “ t a h t s e t a t s ) 1 1 : 0 0 0 2 ( i l a h c a M

n i s m e l b o r p t n e r e f fi d g n il d n a h n i s ll i k s e g a u g n a L t e g r a T d n a e g a u g n a L e c r u o S

l u f s s e c c u s o t y e k e h t s i t x e t e c r u o s e h t g n i d n a t s r e d n u , t x e t e c r u o s e h t g n ir e d n e r

n a c t I . ” n o it a l s n a

rt be said t ha tto ge ta successfu l rtanslaiton, a rtanslato rshould be e c r u o s e h t g n it a l s n a rt n i s m e l b o r p t n e r e f fi d g n il d n a h d n a , g n i d n a t s r e d n u , g n ir e t s a m

.t x e t t e g r a t e h t o t n i ll e w t x e t

it a l s n a rt a g n i o d n

I o , n a rtanslato rshould rtansfer the message o fsource g

n ir r e f s n a r T . e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t o t n i e g a u g n a

l processe sare doing by a rtanslato r .

n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r p s a d e ll a c

2.5Proces so fTransla iton

r o t a l s n a rt a y b e n o d e b h c i h w s e it i v it c a f o s e ir e s s i n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r p e h T

m it e h t t

a e she/he rtansfer sthe message from the source language into the targe t f o y ti v it c a e h t g n i o d n i l u f e r a c e b d l u o h s r o t a l s n a rt A . ) 6 : 7 9 9 1 , n a b a b a N ( e g a u g n a l

f I . t n i o p r e h t o n a n i s e k a t s i m t l u s e r y a m t n i o p e n o n i e k a t s i m a e s u a c e b , n o it a l s n a rt

, d e n e p p a h s i h

t ther esul toft he rtanslaitonwouldbel esss aitsfying. o

t g n i d r o c c

A Nidaand Taber i n Hoed ( 1993:57), t heprocesse so f rtanslaiton :

e r a

1. Analyzing l(earning t he source t ex )t . tI i s t he fris tstep i n which t he conten tand e

s i t x e t e c r u o s e h t n i e s o p r u p e h

t ntrielyt ober eadandt obeunderstood.

2. Transfer irng (replacing the substance o fsource language wtih ti sequivalence s i t x e t e c r u o s e h t n i e g a s s e m e h t , p e t s s i h t n I . ) e g a u g n a l t e g r a t f o e c n a t s b u s

n o c a e b n a c e g a s s e m e h T . t x e t t e g r a t e h t o t n i d e r r e f s n a

rt ten,ti deaort hough.t

3. Resrtuctu irng( adaptedt he rtanslatedt extt ot het urnofr eader) .Resrtucturemean s e h t o t n i t x e t e c r u o s m o r f e g a s s e m e h t g n ir r e f s n a rt r e tf a , d r o w r e h t o n I . e g n a r r a e r

. k r o w n o it a l s n a rt e h t e g n a r r a e r o t s a h r o t a l s n a rt a , t x e t t e g r a t

s i l a o g s ’ r o t a l s n a rt e h t ,t x e t a g n it a l s n a rt n e h w , ) 7 1 : 4 8 9 1 ( n o s r a L o t g n i d r o c c A

f o g n i n a e m r i e h t e t a c i n u m m o c o t tr o f f e y r e v e s e k a m h c i h w n o it a l s n a rt c it a m o i d i n a

s t n e s e r p y l p m i s n o s r a L . e g a u g n a l r o t p e c e r e h t f o s m r o f l a r u t a n e h t o t n i t x e t e c r u o s e h t

e h

t diagram o fthe proces so f rtanslaiton which i squoted from Susan Basne tin )

6 1 : 1 9 9 1 ( s e i d u t s n o it a l s n a

rt .

2 e r u g i

F .1 :Diagramoft ran lsaitonProcess

) 6 1 : 1 9 9 1 ( s e i d u t S n o it a ls n a r T n i t e n s s a B n a s u S m o r f d e t o u Q

n a c n o it a l s n a rt f o s s e c o r p t a h t e d u l c n o c n a c e w , e v o b a m a r g a i d e h t n o d e s a B

.s tr a p e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d e b

c u rt s e c a f r u s e h t s n a e m t i ; s i s y l a n a s i t s ri f e h

T ture (message )a sgiven i n t he

u o

s rce language i sanalyzed in term s o f the grammaitca l relaitonship and the s n a e m t i ;r e f s n a rt s i d n o c e s e h T . s d r o w f o n o it a n i b m o c d n a s d r o w e h t f o s g n i n a e m

e c r u o s e h t m o r f r o t a l s n a rt e h t f o d n i m e h t n i d e r r e f s n a rt s i l a ir e t a m d e z y l a n a e h t

e r e h t o t e g a u g n a

l ceptor l anguage .The l as tprocess i sresrtuctu irng ;means t hat t he e l b a t p e c c a y ll u f e g a s s e m l a n if e h t e k a m o t r e d r o n i d e r u t c u rt s e r s i l a ir e t a m d e r r e f s n a rt

. e g a u g n a l t e g r a t e h t n i

t x e t e g a u g n a L e c r u o S

s i s y l a n A

e g a u g n a L r o t p e c e R

n o it a l s n a r T

g n ir u t c u rt s e R g

n ir r e f s n a r T

y e h

T desc irbet hati n rtanslaitont ex,tt hef orm soft hes ourcel anguagemay be e h t e v e i h c a o t r e d r o n i e g a u g n a l r o t p e c e r e h t f o s m r o f e t a ir p o r p p a o t n i d e g n a h c

. n o it a l s n a rt c it a m o i d i

s tr e p x e e m o s o t g n i d r o c c a s e s s e c o r p e h t g n i w o n k y

B above ,anyone can do

n o it a l s n a

rt easliy . tI i sbecause t heprocesse sabovegiveexplanaiton t ha tanyone can o s e r a e r e h T . s m e l b o r p e m o s e c a f t s u m e n o e m o s , t x e t a g n it a l s n a rt n i t u B . w o ll o f

r o t a l s n a rt a y b d e c a f s s e c o r p n o it a l s n a rt n i s m e l b o r p y n a

m .

2.6 Problemsi nTransla iton 4 5 : 9 9 9 1 ( n a b a b a

N -60 )explain stha tin rtanslaitng process ,there are some e g a u g n a l f o s e c n e r e f fi d e h t s a h c u s , s r o t c a f e m o s y b d e s u a c e r a t a h t s m e l b o r p

d n a , e c n e t e p m o c s ’ r o t a l s n a rt e h t , c it s il y t s d n a c it n a m e s f o y ti x e l p m o c e h t , s m e t s y s

.t x e t e c r u o s f o y ti l a u q e h t o s l a

1. Thedfiference sofl anguages ystems t a h t e g a u g n a l o n s i e r e h

T ha sthe same form and system sin term so f .

e m e h p r o m d n a l a c i x e l , x a t n y

s In Engilsh,t here i sa rule t ha tsome plura lword s v

e w o H . s n e p s a h c u s ” s “ h ti w d e d d a e r

a e ,ri nI ndonesiant herei snor ule ilket ha.t 2. Thes emanitcands tyilsitccomplextiy

n s i e r e h

T o counrty t ha thas t he same cutlure as t he othe rcount ires .The h

t g n it a l s n a rt n i m e l b o r p a e c a f l li w r o t a l s n a

rt e t erm so fsource l anguage socio -n

i e r u tl u

c tot het argetl anguage .Styilsitccomplextiyi salsooneoft hef actorst ha t e

s u a c e B . e g a s s e m e h t r e f s n a rt o t tl u c if fi d r o t a l s n a rt e h t e k a

e c r u o

s and targe tlanguage’ scutlure sand the style o fthose language si salso .t

n e r e f fi d

3. Thet ranslator’ scompetence 9 5 : 9 9 9 1 ( n a b a b a

N -60 )say stha tthe rtanslato ri sthe main subjec tin l a r u tl u c , e c n e t e p m o c e g a u g n a l e v a h d l u o h s r o t a l s n a rt A . s s e c o r p g n it a l s n a rt

d n a , e c n e t e p m o c r e f s n a rt , e c n e t e p m o c l a u t x e t , e c n e t e p m o c t c e j b u s , e c n e t e p m o c

t n e i c if f u

s expe irence s in rtanslaitng . I f the rtanslator s do no t have good e

c u d o r p o t e l b a e b t o n l li w y e h t , e c n e t e p m o

c agoodqualtiy fo rtanslaiton. 4. Thequaltiyofs ourcet ext

e b n a c o s l a n o it a l s n a rt f o s m e l b o r p e h t t a h t s e t a t s ) 0 6 : 9 9 9 1 ( n a b a b a N

e c r u o s e h t f o e g a s s e m e h T . t x e t e g a u g n a l e c r u o s e h t f o y ti l a u q w o l e h t y b d e s u a c

s i t x e t e g a u g n a l e c r u o s e h t f o y ti l a u q f i d o o t s r e d n u e b o t tl u c if fi d e b l li w e g a u g n a l

w s a h c u s , d o o g t o

n rong grammar ,ambiguou ssentences ,poo rcoherency wtihin d

e s s i m , h p a r g a r a p r o s e c n e t n e

s punctuaiton, .e tc e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r

F d that t o ge ta bette rresul ta

g e v a h t o n o d s r o t a l s n a rt e h t f i , e c n e t e p m o c d o o g e v a h d l u o h s r o t a l s n a

rt ood

t s o m e h T . n o it a l s n a rt f o y ti l a u q d o o g a e c u d o r p o t e l b a e b t o n l li w y e h t , e c n e t e p m o c

d n a e c n e t e p m o c e g a u g n a l e r a n w o t s u m r o t a l s n a rt a t a h t s e c n e t e p m o c t n a tr o p m i

.s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a l n i s e c n e u lf n i e v a h h c i h w e c n e t e p m o c e r u tl u c

7 .

2 LanguageVarie ites

e l p o e p d n a s e c n a t s m u c ri c n o s d n e p e d d e s u y t e ir a v e g a u g n a l f o e c i o h c e h T

d n i k ‘ y n a o t s r e f e r y l p m i s h c i h w m r e t l a rt u e n a s i y t e ir a V . o t s k l a t r e k a e p s e h t m o h w

s e t a t s ) 2 2 : 0 8 9 1 ( n o s d u H . ) 7 1 : 4 7 9 1 , ll i g d u r T ( c if i c e p s g n i e b t u o h ti w ’ e g a u g n a l f o

f o y t e ir a v t a h

t language or j us tva irety fo rsho tr i sdfiferen tfrom oneanother .Wha t , s u h T . s m e ti c it s i u g n il e h t e r a r e h t o n a m o r f t n e r e f fi d e g a u g n a l f o y t e ir a v e n o e k a m

e g a u g n a l f o y t e ir a v s e n if e d n o s d u

H a sas e to filnguisitc tiems . n

a c t i , e v o b a s n o it i n if e d e h t m o r

F be concluded tha tevery language ha s ti s s i e g a u g n a l e l o h w A . s e v l e s m e h t s r e s u e g a u g n a l y b d e t a e r c e r a h c i h w s e it e ir a v n w o

y b d e s u e g a u g n a l f o d n i k y n a e r a s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a L . s u o e n e g o r e t e h d n a t s a v o s

. y ti n u m m o c r o e l p o e p

p y t e m o s e v a h s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a

L es .According to Hudson (1980 :24) ,the d e ll a c e b y ll a m r o n d l u o w t a h w f o s e l p m a x e s e d u l c n i ’ y t e ir a v ‘ n o it o n l a r e n e g y r e v

t o n s i t I . c it a m e l b o r p y l e m e rt x e e r a s e p y t e e r h t e h T . r e t s i g e r d n a , t c e l a i d , e g a u g n a l

h w e n o h c a e r o f n o it i n if e d l a r e n e g a d n if o t y s a

e ichwli ldisitnguish tif romt heother s .s

e it e ir a v g n it i m il e d r o f a ir e ti r c d n if o t o s l a d n a

1. Language

t i e e s n a c t n i o p w e i v e n o o n t a h t n o n e m o n e h p x e l p m o c a h c u s s i e g a u g n a L

l o h w a s

a e (Pi tCoder , 1973:21) . Haugen in Hudson (1980:31 ) state s tha t s

i e g a u g n a

2. Dialect

s e c n e r e f fi d o t s r e f e r t c e l a i d f o m r e t e h t ,) 7 1 : 4 7 9 1 ( l li g d u r T o t g n i d r o c c A

s a r a m m a r g d n a y r a l u b a c o v f o s e c n e r e f fi d e r a h c i h w e g a u g n a l f o s d n i k n e e w t e b

e f fi d o t s r e f e r t n e c c a m r e t e h t , y r a rt n o c e h t n O . n o it a i c n u n o r p s a l l e

w rence so f

, t c e l a i d f o s d n i k o w t e r a e r e h t t a h t s e t a t s ) 2 4 1 : 2 9 9 1 ( s e m l o H . n o it a i c n u n o r p

f o s e r u t a e f s e v l o v n i t c e l a i d l a n o i g e R . t c e l a i d l a i c o s d n a t c e l a i d l a n o i g e r y l e m a n

e h t a e r a l a c i h p a r g o e g e h t o t g n i d r o c c a r a m m a r g d n a , y r a l u b a c o v , n o it a i c n u n o r p

s r e k a e p

s come from . And , socia l dialec t i s disitnguished by feature s o f e h t f o p u o r g l a i c o s e h t o t g n i d r o c c a r a m m a r g d n a , y r a l u b a c o v , n o it a i c n u n o r p

.r e k a e p s

3. Register

e h t y b d e y a l p g n i e b e l o r l a i c o s r e d i w e h t o t d e t a l e r y t e ir a v a s i r e t s i g e R

t n e m o m e h t t a r e m r o f r e

p o futterance (Caftord ,1965 :85) .According t o Hudson d

e s u y l e d i w s i r e t s i g e r m r e t e h t ,) 5 4 : 0 8 9 1

( in socioilnguisitcs t o refer ‘va ireite s o t g n i d r o c c a s e it e ir a v ‘ s a d e n if e d , s t c e l a i d h ti w t s a rt n o c n i , ’ e s u o t g n i d r o c c a

.’ r e s u

t a ir a v e l b a r e d i s n o c s i e r e h

T ion in addres sterm susage ,acros slanguage , e n o m o r f , y rt n u o c e m a s e h t n i h ti w s p u o r g l a i c o s s s o r c a , s e ir a d n u o b l a n o it a n s s o r c a

e c n a t s n i e n o m o r f n o s r e p e m a s e h t f o r o i v a h e b e h t n i n e v e d n a , t x e n e h t o t l a u d i v i d n i

s e c r u o s o w t t s a e l t a e r a e r e h T . r e h t o n a o

t o fva iraiton in the use o faddres sterms . , s g n i p u o r g l a i c o s e m a s e h t n i h ti w n e v e , d n o c e S . s e c n e r e f fi d p u o r g e r a e r e h t , t s ri F

s n r e tt a p l a r e n e g e l b a t p e c c a e h t f o r e h t o r o e n o t c e l e s o t m o d e e r f e l b a r e d i s n o c s i e r e h t

.) 6 1 : 0 9 9 1 , d l o s a F ( s i s a b l a u d i v i d n i n a n o

2.8 Addres sTerms

Addres sterm sare the word sspeaker suse to designate the person they are o

t g n i k l a

t F( asold ,1990:1-2) .Inmostl anguage ,st herearet womain kind so faddres s h s ll i w n o it c e lf e r s ’t n e m o m f e ir b a t s u J .s n u o n o r p n o s r e p d n o c e s d n a s e m a n : s m r e

t ow

r i e h t y b : s y a w o w t f o r e h ti e n i e n o y n a s s e r d d a , t s a e l t a e l p i c n ir p n i , n a c u o y t a h t u o y

. e m a n t s a l d n a e lt it r i e h t y b r o e m a n t s ri

f Address t erm sare really par to fcomplete if

f u s y ll a e r t o n s i tI . s p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s h ti w o d o t g n i v a h s m e t s y s c it n a m e

s cient t o

y b g n i s s e r d d a t a y l n o k o o

l nameandsecond personpronoun .There arel anguages i n . s p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s f o n o i s s e r p x e e h t r o f d e s u e r a s e c i v e d r e h t o y n a m h c i h w

p i h s n i k r o f s d r o W ( s m r e t n i k f o n o it s e u q e l o h w e h t s i e r e h t , e r o m r e h tr u F

s p i h s n o it a l e

r ilke ‘mother’ ,‘brother’ ,‘cousin’) .We wli lmeniton kin term sonly .’

y r r a H e l c n U ‘ n i s a , e l p o e p s s e r d d a o t d e s u e r a y e h t e r e h

w The othe rcase i swhen

o t , e s r u o c f o , e l b i s s o p s i tI . e m a n s ’ n o s r e p r e h t o e h t w o n k t o n s e o d y l p m i s r e k a e p s e h t

s i d a f o t u o p e t

s course and ask fo ran inrtoduciton (‘ ’Im sorry , Ididn’ tge tyou r n

i v r E , s i h t g n il i a F . g n i s s a r r a b m e d n a d r a w k w a s i y a l p s i h t t u b , ) ’ e m a

n -T irpp’ schar t

. e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ s s i M ‘ r o , ’ s r M ‘ ’. r M ‘ ,’ e lt it ‘ o t s u s d a e l

e h t s a h y d a e rl a r e k a e p s a n e h w d e s u e r a s m r e t s s e r d d

A ilstener’ sattenitonand

. n o it n e tt a r i e h t t e g o t d e s u e r a s e s n o m m u s

m o r f y r o e h t n o d e s a

B Fasoldabove,t her esearche rclassi ifedt hedataanalysi s f

o t n

i ou raddress t erms .They are pronoun ,kinship ,name ,and it lte.Each of t hem i s :

w o l e b d e b ir c s e d

2.8.1 Pronoun

a e c a l p e r o t s e v r e s t a h t s d r o w s s a l c a f o e n o s a h c e e p s f o t r a p a s i n u o n o r P

t n e m o t t u o b a s i r o n e e b y d a e rl a s a h t a h t e s a r h p n u o

n ion i n t he sentence o rcontex t

(Coliln sin Brata, 2010:2) .Beside sreplacing a noun phrase ,pronoun also used fo r a n i e l p o e p f o p u o r g a o t d e g n o l e b e c i o h c l a s a r h p r o l a c i x e l f o s m r o f e h t n i g n i s s e r d d a

( e e s s e r d d a e h t s s e r d d a o t r e s s e r d d a e h t y b d e s u y t e i c o s n i a tr e

c Braun ,1988:5 .)

i h w e c n e i d u a e h t s t n e s e r p e r n o s r e p d n o c e

S cht hespeakeri saddressing.‘ You ’ s s e r d d a o t d e s u s i ’ u o y ‘ n u o n o r P . n o s r e p d n o c e s s a d e s u s n u o n o r p e h t e r a ’ r u o y ‘ d n a

.s m r o f l a r u l p d n a r a l u g n i s n i h t o b d e s u s i ti , . e .i s n o s r e p f o p u o r g a r o n o s r e p e l g n i s

t m r o f r a l u g n i s n i d e s u e b n a c ’ u o y ‘ n u o n o r p e h

T o communicate t oa single person .

e r o f e b , r e h t o M “ , e l p m a x e r o

F you headf o rMlian ctiy ,please r ememberst o r ead t he ” . e s o R s r u o y , e v o L . e l b a t e h t n o t p e k e v a h I g n i p p o h s y r e n o it a t s f o t s il k c e h

c The

c i n u m m o c o t m r o f l a r u l p n i d e s u e b n a c ’ u o y ‘ n u o n o r p e m a

s ate wtih a group o f

, m a e T “ , e l p m a x e r o F . e l p o e

p youneedt obepreparedf ort henex tse to fprojectst ha t ”

.s k e e w w e f n i p u g n i m o c e r

a Second person‘ you’ r epresent ssubjecitve casei f ti i s c

e v it c e j b o n i d e s u e b n a c ’ u o Y ‘ . e c n e t n e s a n i t c e j b u s a s a d e s

u ase a swell .

“ e l p m a x e r o F . ’ s r u o y ‘ r o ’ r u o y ‘ s i n o s r e p d n o c e s f o e s a c e v i s s e s s o

e s i c r e x

e your irght sasIndian ciitzen sand vote in the nex tyea 'r seleciton” .Here , . e s a c e v i s s e s s o p e h t s t n e s e r p e r ’ s r u o y ‘ e li h w e s a c e v it c e j b u s s t n e s e r p e r ’ u o y

‘ In t he

. e s a c e v it c e j b o n i d e s u s i ’ u o y ‘ n o s r e p d n o c e s e h t , ” u o y o t t i e v a g I “ e c n e t n e

s In

l a rt n e c e h t r o e c n e i d u a /r e d a e r e h t o t r e f e r y a m n o s r e p d n o c e s , g n it ir w y r a r e ti l

.r e t c a r a h

c (http/:l/fiestyle.lioveindia.coml/ounget/ypes- fo -person- ni -grammar-14006. )l

m t h

s e d i s e

B tt , ha secondperson‘you’canbe represent svocaitvecase i ftii sused a

s

a vocaitveint hesentence .Vocaitvei sawordo rphraseusedt oaddres sar eade ro r r o F . e lt it r o , n u o n o r p , e m a n l a n o s r e p a f o m r o f e h t n i y ll a u s u , y lt c e ri d r e n e t s il

: e l p m a x e

: L

S “Didyouevers eemeagain?”heasked.( Page89 ilne4) :

L

T “Pernahkahkaubertemul ag idenganku?”t anyanya.( Page92 ilne28) e

r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h

T d by captain to Eddie .Captain is t he second t I . r a w a n i t e e m r e v e n e e b e v a h m e h t f o h t o B . n e v a e h n i s t e e m e i d d E o h w n o s r e p

e h t , t c a f n I . p i h s n o it a l e r l a n o s r e p e s o l c y lt n e i c if f u s a e v a h y e h t t a h t s e t a c i d n i

n o it a s r e v n o

c happensi nheavenbetweenCaptainandEddiei ninformalstiuaiton. e

c n a r e tt u e h t n

I ,there i ssecond persona lpronoun y ou a sa vocaitve in the e

c n e t n e

s and refer sto Eddie. And tha tsecond persona lpronoun y ou a re rtanslated o

t n

i k ua . tIi sonekindo frtanslaitonva iraitono fsecondpersona lpronounyouwhich y

l n o m m o

c used i ni nforma lstiuat nio o rbetween paritcipant swhohave asuf ifcienlty .

p i h s n o it a l e r l a n o s r e p e s o l c

e t n o c s i h t n i t a h t e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r

F xtt hesecond

n u o n o r p l a n o s r e

p youare rtanslatedi ntok au becauset he addresser( captain )and t he )

e i d d E ( e e s s e r d d

a arei ninformalstiuaitonandt heyhaveasuf ifcienltyclosepersona l .

p i h s n o it a l e r

2.8.2 Kinship

, ) 3 : 0 9 9 1 ( d l o s a F o t g n i d r o c c

A Addres sterm sare really par to fcomplete o t t n e i c if f u s y ll a e r t o n s i tI . s p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s h ti w o d o t g n i v a h s m e t s y s c it n a m e s

n i s e g a u g n a l e r a e r e h T . s n u o n o r p n o s r e p d n o c e s d n a e m a n y b g n i s s e r d d a t a y l n o k o o l

s f o n o i s s e r p x e e h t r o f d e s u e r a s e c i v e d r e h t o y n a m h c i h

w ocia lrelaitonships .

p i h s n i k r o f s d r o W ( s m r e t n i k f o n o it s e u q e l o h w e h t s i e r e h t , e r o m r e h tr u F

y l n o s m r e t n i k n o it n e m l li w e W . ) ’ n i s u o c ‘ , ’ r e h t o r b ‘ , ’ r e h t o m ‘ e k il s p i h s n o it a l e r

d e t a l e r r e h t o n A . ’ y r r a H e l c n U ‘ n i s a , e l p o e p s s e r d d a o t d e s u e r a y e h t e r e h w

n e h

p omenon i showa person i s r eferred t o a swel la show heo rshe i saddressed .A s a r e h o t r e f e r y a m t u b , e m a n t s ri f r e h y b e fi w s i h s s e r d d a o t d e t c e p x e e b n a c n a m

n i d n e p e d , ’ r e h t o m s ’ y m m o T ‘ r o , ’ s ir r a H s r M ‘ ,’ y r r a M ‘ ,’ e fi w y m ‘ ,’ m o M

‘ gonhowi t

l a t s i e h s

i kingt o.

l e v o n e h t m o r f e l p m a x e e h t s i e r e h , r a e l c t i e k a m o

T The ifvepeopleyoumee t

e v a e h n

i nbyMtichAlbomand ti srtanslaitonMenti ibianglalabyAndangH .Sutopo:

: L

S "Youhea rme?Dad?"( Page144 ilne14) :

L

y e h t t a h t s e t a c i d n i tI . r e h t a f s i h o t e i d d E y b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h T

r e h t o h c a e o t e t a m it n i e r

a .Thisi sutteredwhenEddiewantst oapologizet ohisf athe r .

n o it a u ti s l a m r o f n i n i

e c n a r e tt u e h t n

I ,there i sa word which refer sto second person addres sin s

i tI . m r e t p i h s n i

k Dad a sa vocaitve i nthesentence and refers t o Eddie’ sfather. In d

r o w e h t e c n a r e tt u s i h

t D ad i s rtanslated i nto Ayah.Both of t hem used to designate .t

n e r a p e l a m

d r o w e h t t x e t n o c s i h t n i t a h t e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r F d a

D i s rtanslated into Ayah which designate to male parent ,because the addresse r .)

r e h t a f s ’ e i d d E ( e e s s e r d d a e h t f o n o s e h t s i ) e i d d E (

2.8.3 Name

n i s ’ d r o F d n a n w o r

B Wardhaugh (2006:268 )state tha tstudy o fnaming s e c it c a r p g n i m a n e h t ,s y a l p n r e d o m f o s i s y l a n a n a n o d e s a b s a w h s il g n E n i s e c it c a r p

d n a s e v it u c e x e s s e n i s u b f o e g a s u d e tr o p e r e h t d n a , n o t s o B n i s s e n i s u b a n i d e v r e s b o

d i m e h t n i n e r d li h

c -westernUntied State sandi n ‘ Yoredale’i n England .They r epor t that t he asymmet irc use o f it lte plus las tname ,and fris tname (TLN/FN) .Tilte plu s

e m a n t s a

l ( NTL ) sw a indicated i nequaltiy and unfamiilartiy ,meanwhlie Fris tName (

y l n

o FN )wasindicatedequal tiyandf amiilartiy .Theswtichf rommutua lTLNt oFN g n i w o n K . p i h s n o it a l e r e h t f o r e b m e m l u f r e w o p e r o m e h t y b d e t a it i n i y ll a u s u o s l a s i

t s a e l t a r o y c a m it n i e l b a r e d i s n o c f o n g i s a , e s r u o c f o , s i e m a n t s ri f s ’ r e h t o n a g n i s u d n a

o h s e m a n t e p r o e m a n k c i n a g n i s U . y c a m it n i h c u s r o f e ri s e d a f

o w san even greate r

l e e f y a m u o y , u o y g n i s s e r d d a n i e n o l a e m a n t s ri f r u o y s e s u e n o e m o s n e h W . y c a m it n i

, r o e z i n g o c e r t o n o d u o y y c a m it n i n a g n i m u s e r p s i n o s r e p t a h t n o i s a c c o n o

. u o y r e v o r e w o p e m o s tr e s s a o t g n i y rt s i , y l e v it a n r e tl a

s i e r e h , r a e l c t i e k a m o

T theexamplef romt henove lThe ifvepeopleyoumee t e

v a e h n

i nbyMtichAlbomand ti srtanslaitonMenti ibianglalabyAndangH .Sutopo: 1. Firs tName

: L

S ”Hiya ,Eddie,”Marguerties ay .s(Page77 ilne16) :

L

T “Hai ,Eddie,”kataMarguertie.( Page81 ilne19) y

b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h

T Marguertie to Eddie. The relaitonship n

e e w t e

b MarguertieandEddiei sahusbandandwfie .SowhenMarguertieaddressing y ti r a il i m a f d n a y ti l a u q e n a d e t a c i d n i t i , y l n o ) e m a N t s ri F ( N F h ti w d n a b s u h r e h

.s t n a p i c it r a p n e e w t e b

d r o w e h t s p e e k r o t a l s n a rt e h

T EddieinTL .tIi sunnecessaryf ort he rtanslato r e h t e g n a h c l li w t i e s u a c e b , m r e t n a i s e n o d n I o t n i n o s r e p f o e m a n e h t e g n a h c o t

. L T n i t x e t e l o h w e h t f o g n i n a e m

2. Ti lteplusl as tname :

L

S "HAP-PYBIRTH-DAY ,MR .ED- EDI ! "

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T "H -AP PYBIRTH-DAY ,MR .ED- EDI !"( Page156 ilne22) n e r d li h c f o p u o r g a y b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h

T to Eddie.They are a

. y tr a p e lt ti l y a d h tr i B s ’ e i d d E o t e ti r e u g r a M y b s g n ir b o h w n e r d li h c f o p u o r

. e i d d E n a h t r e g n u o

y B oth o fthem have neve rknown yet .So ,when a group o f y ti l a u q e n i n a d e t a c i d n i ti , ) e m a n t s a L s u l p e lt i T ( N L T h ti w e i d d E g n i s s e r d d a n e r d li h c

.s t n a p i c it r a p n e e w t e b y ti r a il i m a f n u d n a

2.8.4 Ti lte

d e s u d r o w a s i e lt i

T fo rshowing somebody’ srank,profession martia lstatus , c

t

e (Oxford Dicitonary) .It i ndicates t here i sno or l east initmacybetween addresse r k

n a r s ’ e n o s e t a n g i s e d y ll a u s u t i d n a , e e s s e r d d a d n

a o roccupaiton such a sDoctor ,

r e t s i n i M e m i r P , y d a L , e c n i r P , d r o

L , cEt .

5 1 : 0 9 9 1 ( d l o s a

F ) statet ha:t

s ’ n o s r e p r e h t o e h t w o n k t o n s e o d y l p m i s r e k a e p s e h t n e h w s i e s a c r e h t o e h T

n a r o f k s a d n a e s r u o c s i d a f o t u o p e t s o t , e s r u o c f o , e l b i s s o p s i t I . e m a n

d r a w k w a s i y a l p s i h t t u b , ) ’ e m a n r u o y t e g t ’ n d i d I , y r r o s m ’I ‘ ( n o it c u d o rt n i

. g n i s s a r r a b m e d n

a Faiilng this ,Ervin-T irpp’ schar tlead su sto ‘itlte’ ,‘M .r ’ .

e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ s s i M ‘ r o , ’ s r M ‘

s a , e l p m a x e r o f , t s e ir p a s s e r d d a o t e l b a t p e c c a y lt c e f r e p s i t i e li h w t u B

t d d o s i tI . ’ r o t c o D ‘ s a n a i c i s y h p a r o , ’ r e h t a F

‘ oaddresss omeoneasj us t‘Mrs .’Ervin -8

2 2 : 2 7 9 1 ( p p ir

T -9 )proposes t hat t hi sproblem be solvedbychangingmetaphors .So :l

e d o m r e h o t m r o f g n i w o ll o f e h t f o s e l u r s d d a d n a , k a e p s o t

+ r e h t a

F

ø

Father +

r

r e h t a F ‘ o t p u s d d a e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ r e h t a F ‘ ,s d r o w r e h t o n

I ’ ,but‘ Mr ’

s r e k a e p s e h t d n a g n i h t o n o t p u s d d a e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l

p u senonamea tal .l

y ll a u s u s e lt it t a h t n i s s e r d d a f o m r o f e t a m it n i t s a e l e h t s i e n o l a e lt it y b s s e r d d A

n i s a , s n o it a p u c c o r o s k n a r e t a n g i s e

d Colonel ,Doctor ,o rWatier .Theyaredevoid o f t

a h t e r o f e r e h t e u g r a n a c e W . t n e t n o c ’ l a n o s r e p

‘ Docto rSmtih i smore i nitmate t han

r o t c o

D alone ,acknowledging as i tdoes t hat t he othe rperson’ sname i sknown and .

d e n o it n e m e b n a c

e h t t e g o t s r e k a e p s h s il g n E n a c ir e m A r o f n o m m o c s i

tI atteniton o fvi trually

e s u o t f fi t s y lr e v o d n u o s y l e k il t s o m d l u o w t i t u b , ’ ri s ‘ m i h g n il l a c y b e l a m t l u d a y n a

. n o it n e tt a s i h e v a h u o y e c n o ’ ri s

‘ Fo rexample i fa d irve rin a ca rwanted to ge t s

y b d e v e i h c a e b l l e w t h g i m s i h t , n a ir t s e d e p a m o r f s n o it c e ri

d aying something ilke :

e h t n i y a s o t n o s r e p e m a s e h t r o f d d o e b d l u o w t I ’ ? tr o p ri a e h t o t t e g I o d w o h , ri S ‘

I e r o f e b s t h g il p o t s e e r h t y a s u o y d i D ‘ : e k il g n i h t e m o s n o it a s r e v n o c e h t f o e l d d i m

? ri s , n r u

t ’

f o n o it i n if e

D addres sterm sabove canno t separate from socioilnguisitc ,s e

s u a c e

b Addres sTerms tisefli sabrancho fsocioilnguisitcsi nsubchapte rSoildartiy .s

s e n e ti l o P d n a

2.9Socioilnguis itcs

h ti w d e n r e c n o c s i s c it s i u g n il o i c o S ) 3 1 : 6 0 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a W o t g n i d r o c c A

g a u g n a l n e e w t e b s p i h s n o it a l e r e h t g n it a g it s e v n

n i n o it c n u f s e g a u g n a l w o h f o d n a e g a u g n a l f o e r u t c u rt s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e tt e b

. n o it a c i n u m m o c

w o h r e v o c s i d o t g n i y rt s i e g a u g n a l f o y g o l o i c o s e h t n i l a o g t n e l a v i u q e e h T

u o r h t d o o t s r e d n u r e tt e b e b n a c e r u t c u rt s l a i c o

s gh the study o flanguage ,e.g. ,how .s

t n e m e g n a r r a l a i c o s r a l u c it r a p e z ir e t c a r a h c o t e v r e s s e r u t a e f c it s i u g n il n i a tr e c

: 6 9 9 1 ( n o s d u

H 4 )ha sdesc irbed the dfiference a sfollows :socioilnguisitc si s e

h t s a e r e h w ’ , y t e i c o s o t n o it a l e r n i e g a u g n a l f o y d u t s e h

t‘ sociology o flanguage i s

e w s c it s i u g n il o i c o s n i ,s d r o w r e h t o n I ’ . e g a u g n a l o t n o it a l e r n i y t e i c o s f o y d u t s e h t‘

f o d n i k t a h w t u o b a n a c e w s a h c u m s a t u o d n if o t r e d r o n i y t e i c o s d n a e g a u g n a l y d u t s

e v e r e w e g a u g n a l f o y g o l o i c o s e h t n i d n a , s i e g a u g n a l g n i h

t rse t he drieciton o fou r

.t s e r e t n i

s m r e t e v it a n r e tl a e h t g n i s

U given above ,Coulma s(1997:2 )says t ha t‘micro -d n a k l a t e l p o e p y a w e h t s e c n e u lf n i e r u t c u rt s l a i c o s w o h s e t a g it s e v n i s c it s u g n il o i c o s

c o s h ti w e t a l e r r o c e s u f o s n r e tt a p d n a s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a l w o

h ia latt irbute ssuch a s

. e g a d n a , x e s ,s s a l c

, e li h w n a e

M Macro-socioilnguisitc ,s studie s wha t socieite s do wtih thei r l a n o it c n u f e h t r o f t n u o c c a t a h t s t n e m h c a tt a d n a s e d u ti tt a , s i t a h t , s e g a u g n a l

t n i a m , tf i h s e g a u g n a l , y t e i c o s n i s m r o f h c e e p s f o n o it u b ir t s i

d enance ,andr eplacement ,

t n i d n a n o it a ti m il e d e h

e t n o c s i h t n i t a h t e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r

F xtt hesecond

n u o n o r p l a n o s r e

p youare rtanslatedi ntok au becauset he addresser( captain )and t he )

e i d d E ( e e s s e r d d

a arei ninformalstiuaitonandt heyhaveasuf ifcienltyclosepersona l .

p i h s n o it a l e r

2.8.2 Kinship

, ) 3 : 0 9 9 1 ( d l o s a F o t g n i d r o c c

A Addres sterm sare really par to fcomplete o t t n e i c if f u s y ll a e r t o n s i tI . s p i h s n o it a l e r l a i c o s h ti w o d o t g n i v a h s m e t s y s c it n a m e s

n i s e g a u g n a l e r a e r e h T . s n u o n o r p n o s r e p d n o c e s d n a e m a n y b g n i s s e r d d a t a y l n o k o o l

s f o n o i s s e r p x e e h t r o f d e s u e r a s e c i v e d r e h t o y n a m h c i h

w ocia lrelaitonships .

p i h s n i k r o f s d r o W ( s m r e t n i k f o n o it s e u q e l o h w e h t s i e r e h t , e r o m r e h tr u F

y l n o s m r e t n i k n o it n e m l li w e W . ) ’ n i s u o c ‘ , ’ r e h t o r b ‘ , ’ r e h t o m ‘ e k il s p i h s n o it a l e r

d e t a l e r r e h t o n A . ’ y r r a H e l c n U ‘ n i s a , e l p o e p s s e r d d a o t d e s u e r a y e h t e r e h w

n e h

p omenon i showa person i s r eferred t o a swel la show heo rshe i saddressed .A s a r e h o t r e f e r y a m t u b , e m a n t s ri f r e h y b e fi w s i h s s e r d d a o t d e t c e p x e e b n a c n a m

n i d n e p e d , ’ r e h t o m s ’ y m m o T ‘ r o , ’ s ir r a H s r M ‘ ,’ y r r a M ‘ ,’ e fi w y m ‘ ,’ m o M

‘ gonhowi t

l a t s i e h s

i kingt o.

l e v o n e h t m o r f e l p m a x e e h t s i e r e h , r a e l c t i e k a m o

T The ifvepeopleyoumee t

e v a e h n

i nbyMtichAlbomand ti srtanslaitonMenti ibianglalabyAndangH .Sutopo:

: L

S "Youhea rme?Dad?"( Page144 ilne14) :

L

y e h t t a h t s e t a c i d n i tI . r e h t a f s i h o t e i d d E y b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h T

r e h t o h c a e o t e t a m it n i e r

a .Thisi sutteredwhenEddiewantst oapologizet ohisf athe r .

n o it a u ti s l a m r o f n i n i

e c n a r e tt u e h t n

I ,there i sa word which refer sto second person addres sin s

i tI . m r e t p i h s n i

k Dad a sa vocaitve i nthesentence and refers t o Eddie’ sfather. In d

r o w e h t e c n a r e tt u s i h

t D ad i s rtanslated i nto Ayah.Both of t hem used to designate .t

n e r a p e l a m

d r o w e h t t x e t n o c s i h t n i t a h t e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , e v o b a n o it a n a l p x e e h t m o r F d a

D i s rtanslated into Ayah which designate to male parent ,because the addresse r .)

r e h t a f s ’ e i d d E ( e e s s e r d d a e h t f o n o s e h t s i ) e i d d E (

2.8.3 Name

n i s ’ d r o F d n a n w o r

B Wardhaugh (2006:268 )state tha tstudy o fnaming s e c it c a r p g n i m a n e h t ,s y a l p n r e d o m f o s i s y l a n a n a n o d e s a b s a w h s il g n E n i s e c it c a r p

d n a s e v it u c e x e s s e n i s u b f o e g a s u d e tr o p e r e h t d n a , n o t s o B n i s s e n i s u b a n i d e v r e s b o

d i m e h t n i n e r d li h

c -westernUntied State sandi n ‘ Yoredale’i n England .They r epor t that t he asymmet irc use o f it lte plus las tname ,and fris tname (TLN/FN) .Tilte plu s

e m a n t s a

l ( NTL ) sw a indicated i nequaltiy and unfamiilartiy ,meanwhlie Fris tName (

y l n

o FN )wasindicatedequal tiyandf amiilartiy .Theswtichf rommutua lTLNt oFN g n i w o n K . p i h s n o it a l e r e h t f o r e b m e m l u f r e w o p e r o m e h t y b d e t a it i n i y ll a u s u o s l a s i

t s a e l t a r o y c a m it n i e l b a r e d i s n o c f o n g i s a , e s r u o c f o , s i e m a n t s ri f s ’ r e h t o n a g n i s u d n a

o h s e m a n t e p r o e m a n k c i n a g n i s U . y c a m it n i h c u s r o f e ri s e d a f

o w san even greate r

l e e f y a m u o y , u o y g n i s s e r d d a n i e n o l a e m a n t s ri f r u o y s e s u e n o e m o s n e h W . y c a m it n i

, r o e z i n g o c e r t o n o d u o y y c a m it n i n a g n i m u s e r p s i n o s r e p t a h t n o i s a c c o n o

. u o y r e v o r e w o p e m o s tr e s s a o t g n i y rt s i , y l e v it a n r e tl a

s i e r e h , r a e l c t i e k a m o

T theexamplef romt henove lThe ifvepeopleyoumee t e

v a e h n

i nbyMtichAlbomand ti srtanslaitonMenti ibianglalabyAndangH .Sutopo: 1. Firs tName

: L

S ”Hiya ,Eddie,”Marguerties ay .s(Page77 ilne16) :

L

T “Hai ,Eddie,”kataMarguertie.( Page81 ilne19) y

b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h

T Marguertie to Eddie. The relaitonship n

e e w t e

b MarguertieandEddiei sahusbandandwfie .SowhenMarguertieaddressing y ti r a il i m a f d n a y ti l a u q e n a d e t a c i d n i t i , y l n o ) e m a N t s ri F ( N F h ti w d n a b s u h r e h

.s t n a p i c it r a p n e e w t e b

d r o w e h t s p e e k r o t a l s n a rt e h

T EddieinTL .tIi sunnecessaryf ort he rtanslato r e h t e g n a h c l li w t i e s u a c e b , m r e t n a i s e n o d n I o t n i n o s r e p f o e m a n e h t e g n a h c o t

. L T n i t x e t e l o h w e h t f o g n i n a e m

2. Ti lteplusl as tname :

L

S "HAP-PYBIRTH-DAY ,MR .ED- EDI ! "

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T "H -AP PYBIRTH-DAY ,MR .ED- EDI !"( Page156 ilne22) n e r d li h c f o p u o r g a y b d e r e tt u s a w e v o b a e c n a r e tt u e h

T to Eddie.They are a

. y tr a p e lt ti l y a d h tr i B s ’ e i d d E o t e ti r e u g r a M y b s g n ir b o h w n e r d li h c f o p u o r

. e i d d E n a h t r e g n u o

y B oth o fthem have neve rknown yet .So ,when a group o f y ti l a u q e n i n a d e t a c i d n i ti , ) e m a n t s a L s u l p e lt i T ( N L T h ti w e i d d E g n i s s e r d d a n e r d li h c

.s t n a p i c it r a p n e e w t e b y ti r a il i m a f n u d n a

2.8.4 Ti lte

d e s u d r o w a s i e lt i

T fo rshowing somebody’ srank,profession martia lstatus , c

t

e (Oxford Dicitonary) .It i ndicates t here i sno or l east initmacybetween addresse r k

n a r s ’ e n o s e t a n g i s e d y ll a u s u t i d n a , e e s s e r d d a d n

a o roccupaiton such a sDoctor ,

r e t s i n i M e m i r P , y d a L , e c n i r P , d r o

L , cEt .

5 1 : 0 9 9 1 ( d l o s a

F ) statet ha:t

s ’ n o s r e p r e h t o e h t w o n k t o n s e o d y l p m i s r e k a e p s e h t n e h w s i e s a c r e h t o e h T

n a r o f k s a d n a e s r u o c s i d a f o t u o p e t s o t , e s r u o c f o , e l b i s s o p s i t I . e m a n

d r a w k w a s i y a l p s i h t t u b , ) ’ e m a n r u o y t e g t ’ n d i d I , y r r o s m ’I ‘ ( n o it c u d o rt n i

. g n i s s a r r a b m e d n

a Faiilng this ,Ervin-T irpp’ schar tlead su sto ‘itlte’ ,‘M .r ’ .

e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ s s i M ‘ r o , ’ s r M ‘

s a , e l p m a x e r o f , t s e ir p a s s e r d d a o t e l b a t p e c c a y lt c e f r e p s i t i e li h w t u B

t d d o s i tI . ’ r o t c o D ‘ s a n a i c i s y h p a r o , ’ r e h t a F

‘ oaddresss omeoneasj us t‘Mrs .’Ervin -8

2 2 : 2 7 9 1 ( p p ir

T -9 )proposes t hat t hi sproblem be solvedbychangingmetaphors .So :l

e d o m r e h o t m r o f g n i w o ll o f e h t f o s e l u r s d d a d n a , k a e p s o t

+ r e h t a

F

ø

Father +

r

r e h t a F ‘ o t p u s d d a e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l p ’ r e h t a F ‘ ,s d r o w r e h t o n

I ’ ,but‘ Mr ’

s r e k a e p s e h t d n a g n i h t o n o t p u s d d a e m a n t s a l y t p m e n a s u l

p u senonamea tal .l

y ll a u s u s e lt it t a h t n i s s e r d d a f o m r o f e t a m it n i t s a e l e h t s i e n o l a e lt it y b s s e r d d A

n i s a , s n o it a p u c c o r o s k n a r e t a n g i s e

d Colonel ,Doctor ,o rWatier .Theyaredevoid o f t

a h t e r o f e r e h t e u g r a n a c e W . t n e t n o c ’ l a n o s r e p

‘ Docto rSmtih i smore i nitmate t han

r o t c o

D alone ,acknowledging as i tdoes t hat t he othe rperson’ sname i sknown and .

d e n o it n e m e b n a c

e h t t e g o t s r e k a e p s h s il g n E n a c ir e m A r o f n o m m o c s i

tI atteniton o fvi trually

e s u o t f fi t s y lr e v o d n u o s y l e k il t s o m d l u o w t i t u b , ’ ri s ‘ m i h g n il l a c y b e l a m t l u d a y n a

. n o it n e tt a s i h e v a h u o y e c n o ’ ri s

‘ Fo rexample i fa d irve rin a ca rwanted to ge t s

y b d e v e i h c a e b l l e w t h g i m s i h t , n a ir t s e d e p a m o r f s n o it c e ri

d aying something ilke :

e h t n i y a s o t n o s r e p e m a s e h t r o f d d o e b d l u o w t I ’ ? tr o p ri a e h t o t t e g I o d w o h , ri S ‘

I e r o f e b s t h g il p o t s e e r h t y a s u o y d i D ‘ : e k il g n i h t e m o s n o it a s r e v n o c e h t f o e l d d i m

? ri s , n r u

t ’

f o n o it i n if e

D addres sterm sabove canno t separate from socioilnguisitc ,s e

s u a c e

b Addres sTerms tisefli sabrancho fsocioilnguisitcsi nsubchapte rSoildartiy .s

s e n e ti l o P d n a

2.9Socioilnguis itcs

h ti w d e n r e c n o c s i s c it s i u g n il o i c o S ) 3 1 : 6 0 0 2 ( h g u a h d r a W o t g n i d r o c c A

g a u g n a l n e e w t e b s p i h s n o it a l e r e h t g n it a g it s e v n

n i n o it c n u f s e g a u g n a l w o h f o d n a e g a u g n a l f o e r u t c u rt s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e tt e b

. n o it a c i n u m m o c

w o h r e v o c s i d o t g n i y rt s i e g a u g n a l f o y g o l o i c o s e h t n i l a o g t n e l a v i u q e e h T

u o r h t d o o t s r e d n u r e tt e b e b n a c e r u t c u rt s l a i c o

s gh the study o flanguage ,e.g. ,how .s

t n e m e g n a r r a l a i c o s r a l u c it r a p e z ir e t c a r a h c o t e v r e s s e r u t a e f c it s i u g n il n i a tr e c

: 6 9 9 1 ( n o s d u

H 4 )ha sdesc irbed the dfiference a sfollows :socioilnguisitc si s e

h t s a e r e h w ’ , y t e i c o s o t n o it a l e r n i e g a u g n a l f o y d u t s e h

t‘ sociology o flanguage i s

e w s c it s i u g n il o i c o s n i ,s d r o w r e h t o n I ’ . e g a u g n a l o t n o it a l e r n i y t e i c o s f o y d u t s e h t‘

f o d n i k t a h w t u o b a n a c e w s a h c u m s a t u o d n if o t r e d r o n i y t e i c o s d n a e g a u g n a l y d u t s

e v e r e w e g a u g n a l f o y g o l o i c o s e h t n i d n a , s i e g a u g n a l g n i h

t rse t he drieciton o fou r

.t s e r e t n i

s m r e t e v it a n r e tl a e h t g n i s

U given above ,Coulma s(1997:2 )says t ha t‘micro -d n a k l a t e l p o e p y a w e h t s e c n e u lf n i e r u t c u rt s l a i c o s w o h s e t a g it s e v n i s c it s u g n il o i c o s

c o s h ti w e t a l e r r o c e s u f o s n r e tt a p d n a s e it e ir a v e g a u g n a l w o

h ia latt irbute ssuch a s

. e g a d n a , x e s ,s s a l c

, e li h w n a e

M Macro-socioilnguisitc ,s studie s wha t socieite s do wtih thei r l a n o it c n u f e h t r o f t n u o c c a t a h t s t n e m h c a tt a d n a s e d u ti tt a , s i t a h t , s e g a u g n a l

t n i a m , tf i h s e g a u g n a l , y t e i c o s n i s m r o f h c e e p s f o n o it u b ir t s i

d enance ,andr eplacement ,

t n i d n a n o it a ti m il e d e h