LeonardoLaptop.ppt 3013KB Jun 23 2011 12:31:48 PM
Leonardo's Laptop:
Human Needs and the New Computing
Ben Shneiderman
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Professor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &
Systems Research
University of Maryland
ben@cs.umd.edu
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community
- Computer Science & Psychology
- Information Studies & Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)
Specify users and tasks
Predict and measure
time to learn
speed of performance
rate of human errors
human retention over time
Assess subjective satisfaction
(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
Accommodate individual differences
Consider social, organizational & cultural context
Design Issues
Input devices & strategies
Output devices & formats
Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
Direct manipulation
Menus, forms, commands
Screens, windows, color, sound
Text, tables, graphics
Instructions, messages, help
Collaboration & communities
Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUI
usableweb.com
hcibib.org
useit.com
Library of Congress
Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
Teachers, Students
Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
Doctors
Surgeons
Researchers
Students
NASA Environmental Data
Scientists
Farmers
Land planners
Students
Bureau of Census
Economists, Policy
makers, Journalists
Teachers, Students
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Renaissance Man
Painter
Inventor
Visionary
Mathematician
Philosopher
Engineer
Mona Lisa
Lady with Ermine & Leda with Swan
Last Supper Fresco
Remarkable Drawing Skill
Faces of Old Men
Anatomical Drawings
Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow
Why Leonardo Inspires Us
He integrated
- Scientific outlook
- Practical technology
- Artistic skill
Leonardo: An Inspirational Muse
Three lessons:
1) Human needs drive innovation
2) Universal usability
3) Creativity support tools
1) Human needs drive innovation
Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness
Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion,
from want, from fear
Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs
Physiological
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy
Spectrum of relationships
Family & Friends
(2-20 close intimates)
Colleagues & Neighbors
(10-1000 regular encounters)
Members & Residents
(1000-1,000,000 professionals or city residents )
Citizenry & Markets
(larger communities)
Range of Activities
Collect:
Information
Relate:
Communication
Create:
Innovation
Donate:
Dissemination
Periodic table
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate Create Donate
Periodic table
Activities:
Relationships:
Collect
Relate Create Donate
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Skeptics corner
- Aren’t relationships more complex
- Are these useful activities?
Examples: Collecting information
Activities:
Relationships:
Collect
Family & Friends
LifeLines
Colleagues & Neighbors
InfoDoor
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
InfoWall
WebBush
Relate
Create
Donate
Examples: Relating to others
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate Create
Empathic
support
Neighbor
.com
Negotiated
expectations
Million
person
community
Donate
Examples: Creating a future
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate
Create
Vacation
plan
Business
strategy
Urban
renewal
Policy
manifesto
Donate
Examples: Disseminating & Leading
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate Create
Donate
Tell stories
Teach kids
Record events
Train novices
Report decisions
Mentorship
Preserve history
Leadership
Human needs drive innovation
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Collect
Photo
Finder
Relate
ICQ
Create
Donate
Gatherround.com
XXX.LANL
Colleagues & Neighbors
Photo
Quilt
Members & Residents
GlassEye
Citizenry & Markets
Ebay
Nasdaq
Napster
2) Universal Usability
Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse
dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Provide practical tools & methods
2) Universal Usability
Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse
dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Skeptics corner
Provide practical tools & methods - Dumbing down
- Lowest common denominator
2) Universal Usability
Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse
dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Provide practical tools & methods
ACM Code of Ethics
In a fair society, all individuals would have
equal opportunity to participate
in, or benefit from, the use of
computer resources regardless of race,
sex, religion, age, disability, national
origin or other such similar factors.
Internet Use by Education - 1998
Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas
Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide www.ntia.doc.gov
Internet Use by Income - 1998
Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas
Falling Through
the Net:
Defining the
Digital Divide
www.ntia.doc.gov
Research Agenda
Technology variety:
Support broad range of hardware, software,
and network access
User diversity:
Accommodate users with different skills,
knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling
conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight),
literacy, culture, income, etc.
Gaps in user knowledge:
Bridge the gap between what users know and
what they need to know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
Technology variety: Support broad range of
hardware, software, and network access
1 to 100 range in processor speeds
286
486
Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes
Palm
devices
30,000
Device Independence
Input: keyboard, speech,...
Output: visual, auditory,...
Conversion: Text-speech
Speech-text,...
Software Versions
Laptops
480,000
Large Desktop or Wall Display
3,840,000 pixels
1 to 100 range in network bandwidth
9.6K 56K
10,000Kbps
Compatibility
File conversion
Multiple platforms
User diversity: Accommodate different users
Language & Culture
Western, Eastern, developing...
Personality
Introvert vs extravert
Thinking vs feeling
Risk aversion
Locus of control
Planful vs playful
Skills
Computer newbie to hacker
Knowledge
Domain novice to expert
Disabilities
Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive
Disabling conditions
Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight
Age
Young to old
Gender
Male or Female
Income
Impoverished to wealthy
Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies
Bridge the gap between what users know and
what they need to know Online Learning
Design
Layered
Level-structured
Task-oriented
(evolutionary, phased)
Introductory tutorials
Getting started manuals,
Cue cards
Walkthroughs/Demos
Minimalist/Active
Training
Fade-able scaffolding
Training wheels
Minimalist
Online help
Context sensitive, tables of contents,
Indexes, Keyword search,
FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms
Online communities
Customer service
Email
Phone
Help desks
3) Creativity Support Tools
More people, more creative, more of the time
Revolutionary breakthroughs, paradigm shifts, Hcreativity
Evolutionary, normal science, music & art,
creative knowledge work
Impromptu everyday creativity
Eight Activities
1) Searching & browsing digital libraries
2) Consulting with peers & mentors
3) Visualizing data & processes
4) Thinking by free associations
5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
6) Composing artifacts & performances
7) Reviewing & replaying session histories
8) Disseminating results
Eight Activities
1) Searching & browsing digital libraries
2) Consulting with peers & mentors
3) Visualizing data & processes
4) Thinking by free associations
5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
6) Composing artifacts & performances
7) Reviewing & replaying session histories
8) Disseminating results
Skeptics corner
- Tools can limit imagination
- Not everyone wants to be creative
- Creativity can be malicious
3) Visualizing data & processes
The eye…
the window of the soul,
is the principal means
by which the central sense
can most completely and
abundantly appreciate
the infinite works of nature.
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 - 1519)
Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think
Visual bandwidth is enormous
Human perceptual skills are remarkable
Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...
Color, size, shape, proximity...
Human image storage is fast and vast
Opportunities
Spatial layouts & coordination
Information visualization
Scientific visualization & simulation
Telepresence & augmented reality
Virtual environments
Information Visualization: Mantra
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Information Visualization: Data Types
1-D Linear
2-D Map
3-D World
Multi-Dim
Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural, Value Bars
Temporal
Perspective Wall, LifeLines, Lifestreams,
Project Managers, DataSpiral
Tree
Network
Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap
GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery
CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture
Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi, Visage,
Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise
Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly, Multi-trees
(Online Library of Information Visualization Environments)
otal.umd.edu/Olive
Customer Histories
LifeLines
Treemap - view large trees
Space filling
Space limited
Color coding
Size coding
Requires learning
TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992)
NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993)
Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996)
Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic)
Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)
(Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992)
Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Three lessons:
1) Human needs drive innovation
2) Universal usability
3) Creativity support tools
ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC
November 16-17, 2000
www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
For More Information
Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers & info on videos
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization
Shneiderman, B., Designing the User Interface:
Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction:
Third Edition (1998) (www.aw.com/DTUI)
January 1999 book of readings:
Card, S., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B.
Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think
Human Needs and the New Computing
Ben Shneiderman
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Professor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &
Systems Research
University of Maryland
ben@cs.umd.edu
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community
- Computer Science & Psychology
- Information Studies & Education
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)
Specify users and tasks
Predict and measure
time to learn
speed of performance
rate of human errors
human retention over time
Assess subjective satisfaction
(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)
Accommodate individual differences
Consider social, organizational & cultural context
Design Issues
Input devices & strategies
Output devices & formats
Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
Direct manipulation
Menus, forms, commands
Screens, windows, color, sound
Text, tables, graphics
Instructions, messages, help
Collaboration & communities
Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUI
usableweb.com
hcibib.org
useit.com
Library of Congress
Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
Teachers, Students
Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
Doctors
Surgeons
Researchers
Students
NASA Environmental Data
Scientists
Farmers
Land planners
Students
Bureau of Census
Economists, Policy
makers, Journalists
Teachers, Students
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Renaissance Man
Painter
Inventor
Visionary
Mathematician
Philosopher
Engineer
Mona Lisa
Lady with Ermine & Leda with Swan
Last Supper Fresco
Remarkable Drawing Skill
Faces of Old Men
Anatomical Drawings
Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow
Why Leonardo Inspires Us
He integrated
- Scientific outlook
- Practical technology
- Artistic skill
Leonardo: An Inspirational Muse
Three lessons:
1) Human needs drive innovation
2) Universal usability
3) Creativity support tools
1) Human needs drive innovation
Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness
Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion,
from want, from fear
Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs
Physiological
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy
Spectrum of relationships
Family & Friends
(2-20 close intimates)
Colleagues & Neighbors
(10-1000 regular encounters)
Members & Residents
(1000-1,000,000 professionals or city residents )
Citizenry & Markets
(larger communities)
Range of Activities
Collect:
Information
Relate:
Communication
Create:
Innovation
Donate:
Dissemination
Periodic table
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate Create Donate
Periodic table
Activities:
Relationships:
Collect
Relate Create Donate
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Skeptics corner
- Aren’t relationships more complex
- Are these useful activities?
Examples: Collecting information
Activities:
Relationships:
Collect
Family & Friends
LifeLines
Colleagues & Neighbors
InfoDoor
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
InfoWall
WebBush
Relate
Create
Donate
Examples: Relating to others
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate Create
Empathic
support
Neighbor
.com
Negotiated
expectations
Million
person
community
Donate
Examples: Creating a future
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate
Create
Vacation
plan
Business
strategy
Urban
renewal
Policy
manifesto
Donate
Examples: Disseminating & Leading
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Colleagues & Neighbors
Members & Residents
Citizenry & Markets
Collect
Relate Create
Donate
Tell stories
Teach kids
Record events
Train novices
Report decisions
Mentorship
Preserve history
Leadership
Human needs drive innovation
Activities:
Relationships:
Family & Friends
Collect
Photo
Finder
Relate
ICQ
Create
Donate
Gatherround.com
XXX.LANL
Colleagues & Neighbors
Photo
Quilt
Members & Residents
GlassEye
Citizenry & Markets
Ebay
Nasdaq
Napster
2) Universal Usability
Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse
dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Provide practical tools & methods
2) Universal Usability
Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse
dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Skeptics corner
Provide practical tools & methods - Dumbing down
- Lowest common denominator
2) Universal Usability
Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse
dominate user experiences
Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted
Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware
Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy
Solutions:
Raise user expectations
Conduct research
Provide practical tools & methods
ACM Code of Ethics
In a fair society, all individuals would have
equal opportunity to participate
in, or benefit from, the use of
computer resources regardless of race,
sex, religion, age, disability, national
origin or other such similar factors.
Internet Use by Education - 1998
Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas
Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide www.ntia.doc.gov
Internet Use by Income - 1998
Percent of U.S. Households Using the Internet
Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas
Falling Through
the Net:
Defining the
Digital Divide
www.ntia.doc.gov
Research Agenda
Technology variety:
Support broad range of hardware, software,
and network access
User diversity:
Accommodate users with different skills,
knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling
conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight),
literacy, culture, income, etc.
Gaps in user knowledge:
Bridge the gap between what users know and
what they need to know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
Technology variety: Support broad range of
hardware, software, and network access
1 to 100 range in processor speeds
286
486
Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes
Palm
devices
30,000
Device Independence
Input: keyboard, speech,...
Output: visual, auditory,...
Conversion: Text-speech
Speech-text,...
Software Versions
Laptops
480,000
Large Desktop or Wall Display
3,840,000 pixels
1 to 100 range in network bandwidth
9.6K 56K
10,000Kbps
Compatibility
File conversion
Multiple platforms
User diversity: Accommodate different users
Language & Culture
Western, Eastern, developing...
Personality
Introvert vs extravert
Thinking vs feeling
Risk aversion
Locus of control
Planful vs playful
Skills
Computer newbie to hacker
Knowledge
Domain novice to expert
Disabilities
Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive
Disabling conditions
Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight
Age
Young to old
Gender
Male or Female
Income
Impoverished to wealthy
Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies
Bridge the gap between what users know and
what they need to know Online Learning
Design
Layered
Level-structured
Task-oriented
(evolutionary, phased)
Introductory tutorials
Getting started manuals,
Cue cards
Walkthroughs/Demos
Minimalist/Active
Training
Fade-able scaffolding
Training wheels
Minimalist
Online help
Context sensitive, tables of contents,
Indexes, Keyword search,
FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms
Online communities
Customer service
Phone
Help desks
3) Creativity Support Tools
More people, more creative, more of the time
Revolutionary breakthroughs, paradigm shifts, Hcreativity
Evolutionary, normal science, music & art,
creative knowledge work
Impromptu everyday creativity
Eight Activities
1) Searching & browsing digital libraries
2) Consulting with peers & mentors
3) Visualizing data & processes
4) Thinking by free associations
5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
6) Composing artifacts & performances
7) Reviewing & replaying session histories
8) Disseminating results
Eight Activities
1) Searching & browsing digital libraries
2) Consulting with peers & mentors
3) Visualizing data & processes
4) Thinking by free associations
5) Exploring solutions - What if tools
6) Composing artifacts & performances
7) Reviewing & replaying session histories
8) Disseminating results
Skeptics corner
- Tools can limit imagination
- Not everyone wants to be creative
- Creativity can be malicious
3) Visualizing data & processes
The eye…
the window of the soul,
is the principal means
by which the central sense
can most completely and
abundantly appreciate
the infinite works of nature.
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 - 1519)
Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think
Visual bandwidth is enormous
Human perceptual skills are remarkable
Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...
Color, size, shape, proximity...
Human image storage is fast and vast
Opportunities
Spatial layouts & coordination
Information visualization
Scientific visualization & simulation
Telepresence & augmented reality
Virtual environments
Information Visualization: Mantra
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
Information Visualization: Data Types
1-D Linear
2-D Map
3-D World
Multi-Dim
Document Lens, SeeSoft, Info Mural, Value Bars
Temporal
Perspective Wall, LifeLines, Lifestreams,
Project Managers, DataSpiral
Tree
Network
Cone/Cam/Hyperbolic, TreeBrowser, Treemap
GIS, ArcView, PageMaker, Medical imagery
CAD, Medical, Molecules, Architecture
Parallel Coordinates, Spotfire, XGobi, Visage,
Influence Explorer, TableLens, DEVise
Netmap, netViz, SeeNet, Butterfly, Multi-trees
(Online Library of Information Visualization Environments)
otal.umd.edu/Olive
Customer Histories
LifeLines
Treemap - view large trees
Space filling
Space limited
Color coding
Size coding
Requires learning
TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992)
NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993)
Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996)
Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic)
Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)
(Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992)
Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Three lessons:
1) Human needs drive innovation
2) Universal usability
3) Creativity support tools
ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC
November 16-17, 2000
www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
For More Information
Visit the HCIL website for 200 papers & info on videos
(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
See Chapter 15 on Info Visualization
Shneiderman, B., Designing the User Interface:
Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction:
Third Edition (1998) (www.aw.com/DTUI)
January 1999 book of readings:
Card, S., Mackinlay, J., and Shneiderman, B.
Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think