1. KAWIN SILANG - SEKSUAL - 2013 biodas 11 resistensi mikroba 2006
TERBENTUKNYA TURUNAN “BARU”
ALAMIAH PERBAIKAN GENERASI
1. KAWIN SILANG - SEKSUAL
PERBIAKAN UNGGULAN
KONYUGASI
2. PARASEKSUAL
TRANSFORMASI
TRANSDUKSI
3. MUTASI
PERPINDAHAN SIFAT
RESISTENSI MIKROBA
TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK
EVOLUSI
SINAR MATAHARI-KOSMIS
POLUTAN / CEMARAN
BIBIT UNGGUL DARI BIJI
TOKSISITAS OBAT
SPONTAN
KIMIA
SINAR PENGION
4. FUSI SEL
TURUNAN BARU
POPULASI MIKROBA
RESISTEN
HIBRIDA SOMATIK :
• ANTIBODI MONOKLONAL
• TANAMAN UNGGULAN
CYBRIDE
TURUNAN DENGAN SIFAT BAIK KEDUANYA
TERBENTUKNYA TURUNAN BARU
5. REKAYASA GENETIK
PRODUKSI PROTEIN BIOAKTIF
PADA ORGANISME LAIN
( INSULIN, VAKSIN-HB )
PROTEIN ENGINEERING
6. TRANSGENIK
PERUBAHAN GEN --> FENOTIP DAN PRODUK BARU
TERBENTUKNYA TURUNAN IDENTIK
VEGETATIP
KLONING ORGANISME
MEMPERBANYAK DIRI IDENTIK ALAMIAH
• TURUNAN UNGGULAN YANG SAMA
• UNGGULAN PRODUK BARU
RESISTENSI MIKROBA
PATOGEN
TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK
1. Bakteri
2. Virus
3. Parasit
Bacterial cells divide by the process of binary fission. A cell will first
duplicate its chromosome, elongate, and then pinch in the middle creating
two genetically identical daughter cells.
During replication of the chromosome, there is no built in repair
mechanism, so if mistakes occur during replication they will be passed on
to daughter cells. Some mistakes have no effect on the bacterial cell. Other
mistakes can create fatal errors and the cell will die. However, some
mistakes provide new variants genes.
Bacterial cells divide by the process of binary fission. A cell will first
duplicate its chromosome, elongate, and then pinch in the middle creating
two genetically identical daughter cells.
During replication of the chromosome, there is no built in repair
mechanism, so if mistakes occur during replication they will be passed on
to daughter cells. Some mistakes have no effect on the bacterial cell. Other
mistakes can create fatal errors and the cell will die. However, some
mistakes provide new variants genes.
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA
HOW - WHY ?
1. GENE FOR “EFFLUX” PUMPS
THAT EJECT ANTIBIOTICS
FROM CELL
2. GEN FOR ANTIBIOTIC ALTERING
ENZYME/TARGET
3. GEN FOR
ANTIBIOTIC
DEGRADING ENZYME
OTHER GENETIC MECHANISM ???
BACTERIA PICK UP
RESISTANCE GENES
KONYUGASI
TRANSFORMASI
TRANSDUKSI
sensitive bacterium
resistance bacterium
DNA-frament = resistance gene
transformation
sensitive bacterium
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA owe their drug insensitivity to
resistance genes. For example, such genes
might code for "efflux" pumps that eject antibiotics from cells
(a). Or the genes might give rise to enzymes that degrade the
antibiotics (b) or
that chemically alter--and inactivate--the drugs (c).
Resistance genes can reside on the bacterial chromosome or, more
typically, on small rings of DNA called plasmids. Some of the genes
are inherited, some emerge through random mutations in bacterial
DNA, and some are imported from other bacteria.
BACTERIA PICK UP RESISTANCE GENES from other bacterial cells
in three main ways.
Often they receive whole plasmids bearing one or more such
genes from a donor cell (a).
Other times, a virus will pick up a resistance gene from one
bacterium and inject it into a different bacterial cell (b).
Alternatively, bacteria sometimes scavenge gene-bearing
snippets of DNA from dead cells in their vicinity (c).
Genes obtained through viruses or from dead cells persist in their
new owner if they become incorporated stably into the recipient's
chromosome or into a plasmid.
Genetic Basis of Acquired Resistance
1. Mutation - spontaneous alteration in genetic sequence in
bacterial chromosome
2. Conjugation - transfer of genetic information via
conjugation tubes
3. Transduction (bacteriophage) - phage incorporation of
genetic information which can then be transferred to
another bacterium
4. Transformation - possible assimilation of genetic material
across cell wall/membrane
Location: plasmids, transposons, chromosome
Phenotypic Mechanisms of Resistance
1. Enzyme degradation
2. Barrier to the target
3. Target absent
Antibiotic resistance results from gene action. Bacteria
acquire genes conferring resistance in any of three ways
In spontaneous DNA mutation, bacterial DNA
(genetic material) may mutate (change)
spontaneously (indicated by starburst). Drugresistant tuberculosis arises this way.
In a form of microbial sex called transformation, one
bacterium may take up DNA from another
bacterium. Pencillin-resistant gonorrhea results from
transformation
Most frightening, however, is resistance acquired
from a small circle of DNA called a plasmid, that
can flit from one type of bacterium to another. A
single plasmid can provide a slew of different
resistances
ONE PHARMACEUTICAL STRATEGY for overcoming resistance
capitalizes on the discovery that some bacteria defeat certain
antibiotics, such as tetracycline, by pumping out the drugs (a). To
combat that ploy, investigators are devising compounds that
would jam the pumps (b), thereby freeing the antibiotics to
function effectively. In the case of tetracycline, the antibiotic
works by interfering with the ribosomes that manufacture
bacterial proteins.
RESISTANT POPULATION of bacteria will disappear naturally only if
susceptible bacteria live in the vicinity. After antibiotic therapy stops
(a), resistant bacteria can persist for a while. If susceptible bacteria are
nearby, however, they may recolonize the individual (b). In the absence
of the drug, the susceptible bugs will have a slight survival advantage
because they do not have to expend energy maintaining resistance
genes. After a time, then, they may outcompete the resistant microbes
(c and d). For this reason, protecting susceptible bacteria needs to be a
public health priority.
1. Resistensi bakteri terhadap suatu antibiotika terkait
adanya suatu gen. Jelaskan adanya 3 jenis gen yang kalau
diekspresikan dapat menjadi dasar mekanisme resistensi
bakteri tsb.), Jelaskan (gambar dan uraian).
2. Resistensi mikroba terhadap suatu antibiotika dapat
disebabkan karena terjadinya mutasi gen ( yang spontan,
adaptasi) atau mikroba memperoleh gen resisten dari
mikroba lainnya (terbentuknya turunan baru/strain/mutan
secara paraseksual/ parameiotik). Jelaskan bagaimana 3
proses paraseksual tersebut.(gambar dan uraian)
STOP
ADVANCE
IMMUNOLOGY
complement
Tolerance and
Autoimmune
ALAMIAH PERBAIKAN GENERASI
1. KAWIN SILANG - SEKSUAL
PERBIAKAN UNGGULAN
KONYUGASI
2. PARASEKSUAL
TRANSFORMASI
TRANSDUKSI
3. MUTASI
PERPINDAHAN SIFAT
RESISTENSI MIKROBA
TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK
EVOLUSI
SINAR MATAHARI-KOSMIS
POLUTAN / CEMARAN
BIBIT UNGGUL DARI BIJI
TOKSISITAS OBAT
SPONTAN
KIMIA
SINAR PENGION
4. FUSI SEL
TURUNAN BARU
POPULASI MIKROBA
RESISTEN
HIBRIDA SOMATIK :
• ANTIBODI MONOKLONAL
• TANAMAN UNGGULAN
CYBRIDE
TURUNAN DENGAN SIFAT BAIK KEDUANYA
TERBENTUKNYA TURUNAN BARU
5. REKAYASA GENETIK
PRODUKSI PROTEIN BIOAKTIF
PADA ORGANISME LAIN
( INSULIN, VAKSIN-HB )
PROTEIN ENGINEERING
6. TRANSGENIK
PERUBAHAN GEN --> FENOTIP DAN PRODUK BARU
TERBENTUKNYA TURUNAN IDENTIK
VEGETATIP
KLONING ORGANISME
MEMPERBANYAK DIRI IDENTIK ALAMIAH
• TURUNAN UNGGULAN YANG SAMA
• UNGGULAN PRODUK BARU
RESISTENSI MIKROBA
PATOGEN
TERHADAP ANTIBIOTIK
1. Bakteri
2. Virus
3. Parasit
Bacterial cells divide by the process of binary fission. A cell will first
duplicate its chromosome, elongate, and then pinch in the middle creating
two genetically identical daughter cells.
During replication of the chromosome, there is no built in repair
mechanism, so if mistakes occur during replication they will be passed on
to daughter cells. Some mistakes have no effect on the bacterial cell. Other
mistakes can create fatal errors and the cell will die. However, some
mistakes provide new variants genes.
Bacterial cells divide by the process of binary fission. A cell will first
duplicate its chromosome, elongate, and then pinch in the middle creating
two genetically identical daughter cells.
During replication of the chromosome, there is no built in repair
mechanism, so if mistakes occur during replication they will be passed on
to daughter cells. Some mistakes have no effect on the bacterial cell. Other
mistakes can create fatal errors and the cell will die. However, some
mistakes provide new variants genes.
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA
HOW - WHY ?
1. GENE FOR “EFFLUX” PUMPS
THAT EJECT ANTIBIOTICS
FROM CELL
2. GEN FOR ANTIBIOTIC ALTERING
ENZYME/TARGET
3. GEN FOR
ANTIBIOTIC
DEGRADING ENZYME
OTHER GENETIC MECHANISM ???
BACTERIA PICK UP
RESISTANCE GENES
KONYUGASI
TRANSFORMASI
TRANSDUKSI
sensitive bacterium
resistance bacterium
DNA-frament = resistance gene
transformation
sensitive bacterium
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA owe their drug insensitivity to
resistance genes. For example, such genes
might code for "efflux" pumps that eject antibiotics from cells
(a). Or the genes might give rise to enzymes that degrade the
antibiotics (b) or
that chemically alter--and inactivate--the drugs (c).
Resistance genes can reside on the bacterial chromosome or, more
typically, on small rings of DNA called plasmids. Some of the genes
are inherited, some emerge through random mutations in bacterial
DNA, and some are imported from other bacteria.
BACTERIA PICK UP RESISTANCE GENES from other bacterial cells
in three main ways.
Often they receive whole plasmids bearing one or more such
genes from a donor cell (a).
Other times, a virus will pick up a resistance gene from one
bacterium and inject it into a different bacterial cell (b).
Alternatively, bacteria sometimes scavenge gene-bearing
snippets of DNA from dead cells in their vicinity (c).
Genes obtained through viruses or from dead cells persist in their
new owner if they become incorporated stably into the recipient's
chromosome or into a plasmid.
Genetic Basis of Acquired Resistance
1. Mutation - spontaneous alteration in genetic sequence in
bacterial chromosome
2. Conjugation - transfer of genetic information via
conjugation tubes
3. Transduction (bacteriophage) - phage incorporation of
genetic information which can then be transferred to
another bacterium
4. Transformation - possible assimilation of genetic material
across cell wall/membrane
Location: plasmids, transposons, chromosome
Phenotypic Mechanisms of Resistance
1. Enzyme degradation
2. Barrier to the target
3. Target absent
Antibiotic resistance results from gene action. Bacteria
acquire genes conferring resistance in any of three ways
In spontaneous DNA mutation, bacterial DNA
(genetic material) may mutate (change)
spontaneously (indicated by starburst). Drugresistant tuberculosis arises this way.
In a form of microbial sex called transformation, one
bacterium may take up DNA from another
bacterium. Pencillin-resistant gonorrhea results from
transformation
Most frightening, however, is resistance acquired
from a small circle of DNA called a plasmid, that
can flit from one type of bacterium to another. A
single plasmid can provide a slew of different
resistances
ONE PHARMACEUTICAL STRATEGY for overcoming resistance
capitalizes on the discovery that some bacteria defeat certain
antibiotics, such as tetracycline, by pumping out the drugs (a). To
combat that ploy, investigators are devising compounds that
would jam the pumps (b), thereby freeing the antibiotics to
function effectively. In the case of tetracycline, the antibiotic
works by interfering with the ribosomes that manufacture
bacterial proteins.
RESISTANT POPULATION of bacteria will disappear naturally only if
susceptible bacteria live in the vicinity. After antibiotic therapy stops
(a), resistant bacteria can persist for a while. If susceptible bacteria are
nearby, however, they may recolonize the individual (b). In the absence
of the drug, the susceptible bugs will have a slight survival advantage
because they do not have to expend energy maintaining resistance
genes. After a time, then, they may outcompete the resistant microbes
(c and d). For this reason, protecting susceptible bacteria needs to be a
public health priority.
1. Resistensi bakteri terhadap suatu antibiotika terkait
adanya suatu gen. Jelaskan adanya 3 jenis gen yang kalau
diekspresikan dapat menjadi dasar mekanisme resistensi
bakteri tsb.), Jelaskan (gambar dan uraian).
2. Resistensi mikroba terhadap suatu antibiotika dapat
disebabkan karena terjadinya mutasi gen ( yang spontan,
adaptasi) atau mikroba memperoleh gen resisten dari
mikroba lainnya (terbentuknya turunan baru/strain/mutan
secara paraseksual/ parameiotik). Jelaskan bagaimana 3
proses paraseksual tersebut.(gambar dan uraian)
STOP
ADVANCE
IMMUNOLOGY
complement
Tolerance and
Autoimmune