Indeks Fibroq Penderita Sirosis Hati Berdasarkan Besar Varises Esofagus
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Prihartini J, Lesmana LA, Manan C, Gani RA. Detection of oesofageal varices
in liver cirrhosis using noninvasive parameters. Acta Med Indones-indones J
Intern Med 2005;37:126-131.
2. Gupta TK, Chen L, Groszmann RJ. Pathophysiology of portal hypertension.
Clin Liver Dis. 1997;1: 1-12.
3. Eyal A MD , Kovalev Y MD and Zuckerman E MD. Evaluation and
Treatment of Esophageal Varices in the Cirrhotic Patient IMAJ 2013; 15 :
109-115.
4. Jensen DM. Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings,
implications, and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1620-1630
5. D’Amico G, Criscuoli V, Fili D, Mocciaro F, Pagliaro L. Metaanalysis of trials
for variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2002; 36:1023-1024
6. Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L, Fourdan O, Lévy VG, Poupon R.
Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the
past two decades. Hepatology 2004; 40:652–659
7. Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding
: a multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3):653–659
8. Stokkeland K, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Hultcrantz R. Improved prognosis for
patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden 1969–2002.
Hepatology 2006; 43:500-505
9. Djojoningrat D. Hematemesis melena di bagian Ilmu penyakit dalam FKUI/RSCM. Tesis Jakarta: Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI, 1990
10. De Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the
Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005; 43:167-176
11. Dite P et al. Esophageal varices. World Gastroenterology Organisation practice
guideline: June 2008
12. De Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the
Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53:762-768
13. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Prevention and management
of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology
2007; 46:922-938.
14. Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastro-intestinal bleeding secondary to
portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology practice parameter
committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92: 1081-91.
15. D’Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Treatment of portal hypertension: a metaanalytic review. Hepatology 1995;22:332-54.
16. de Franchis R. Non-invasive (and minimally invasive) diagnosis of
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2008; 49:520-527
17. Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Early detection in routine
clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C:
Comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory
tests and non-invasive scores. J Hepatol 2009; 50:59-68
18. Sebastiani G, Tempesta D, Fattovich G, et al. Prediction of oesophageal
varices in hepatic cirrhosis by simple serum noninvasive markers: Results of a
multicenter, large-scale study. J Hepatol 2010; 53:630-638
19. Hsieh Y.Y, Tung S.Y, Lee I.L, Lee K, Shen C.H, Wei K.L. Fibro Q: An Easy
and Useful Noninvasive Test for Predicting Liver Fibrosis in Patients with
Chronic Viral Hepatitis. Chang Gung Med J.2009; 32 (6):614-621
20. Cheney CP, Goldberg EM, Chopra S. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension : an
overview. In : Friedman LS and Keeffe EB, eds.Handbook of Liver Disease.
2nd ed. China, Pa : Churchill Livingstone; 2012; 125-138
21. Wolf DC. Cirrhosis of the Liver. eMedicine Specialities. 29 Nov 2012.
http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3183.htm
22. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C - global prevalence (update). Weekly
Epidemiological Record, 1999; 74:425-427
23. Suk TK. Revision and update on clinical practice guideline for liver cirrhosis.
The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2012; 18:1-21
24. Bissell D, Maher JJ. Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. In : Zakim D and Boyer
TD, eds. Hepatolog. A Textbook of Liver Disease, vol 1, 3rd ed, Tokyo, 1996;
506
25. Hernomo K. Pengelolaan perdarahan masif varises esofagus pada sirosis hati.
Thesis. Airlangga University Press, Surabaya. 1983
26. Benvegnu L, Gios M, Bocato S et.al. Natural history of compensated viral
cirrhosis a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major
complications. Gut 2004; 53:744-749
27. Garcia-Tsao D, Wongcharatrawee S. (VA Hepatitis C Resource Center
Program). Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension
literature review and summary of recommended interventions. Version 1
(October 2003). www.va.gov/hepatitisc
28. Friedman SL: Hepatic Fibrosis. In : Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, eds.
Schiff’s Diseases of the Liver. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven;
2003; 409-28
29. Kuntz, Erwin., Kuntz, Han-Dieter. Hepatology : Textbook And Atlas.
Germany : springer medizin verlag heilderberg. 2008
30. Erlingen S, Benhamou JP. Cirrhosis : clinical aspect. In : Oxford Textbook of
Clinical Hepatology, Vol 1, 2nd ed.Hong Kong, Pa: Oxford Medical
Publications; 1999;629-644
31.
Sharara AI, Rockey DC. Gastroesophageal Variceal Hemoorhage. N Engl
J Med 2001; 345:669-681
32. Sanyal A, Bosch J, Blei A, Arroyo V, Portal Hypertension and its complication.
gastroenterology 2008;134:1715–1728.
33. R. de Franchis, “Stellate cells and the “reversible component” of portal
hypertension,” Digestive and Liver Disease, 2000; vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 104–107
34. Y. Iwakiri and R. J. Groszmann, “Vascular endothelial dysfunction in
cirrhosis,” Journal of Hepatology, 2007; vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 927–934.
35. D. C. Rockey, “Hepatic blood flow regulation by stellate cells in normal and
injured liver,” Seminars in Liver Disease, 2001; vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 337–349
36. Wheatley AM , Zhang X - Y. Intrahepatic modulation of portal pressure and its
role in portal hypertension . Digestion 1998 ; 59 : 424 – 428 .
37. M. Fernandez, M. Mejias, E. Garcia-Pras, R. Mendez, J. C. Garcia-Pagan, and
J. Bosch, “Reversal of portal hypertension and hyperdynamic splanchnic
circulation by combined vascular endothelial growth factor and plateletderived growth factor blockade in rats,” Hepatology,2007; vol. 46, no. 4, pp.
1208–1217
38. Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Reverter E, Bosch J. Assessing Portal Hypertension in
liver
diseases. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2003;7(2), 141–155
39. Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Gao H, Makuch R. Bblockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl
J Med 2005; 353: 2254-2261
40. Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Makuch R, Patch D, Matloff DS, Bosch J.
Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients
with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 481-488
41. D’Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC, Luca A, Bosch J. HVPG reduction and
prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A systematic review.
Gastroenterology 2006;131:1624
42. D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic
indicators of survival in cirrhosis. A systematic review of 118 studies. J
Hepatol 2006;44:217-231
43. Laleman W, Van Landeghem L, Wilmer A, Fevery J, Nevens F. Portal
hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver International :
2005; 25: 1079–1090.
44. Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of
nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology 2004;127:476–484
45. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small
esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38:266–272
46. Bosch J et al. Portal Hypertension and Gastrointestinal Bleeding .Seminars in
liver disease/2008; volume 28, number 1
47. De Franchis R. Evaluation and follow-up of patients with cirrhosis and
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2003;38:361–363
48. D’Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis: posttherapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38:599–612
49. Matsuo M, Kanematsu M, Kim T, Hori M, Takamura M, Murakami T,Kondo
H, Moriyama N, Nakamura H, Hoshi H. Esophageal Varices:Diagnosis with
Gadolinium-Enhanced MR Imaging of the Liver for Patients with Chronic
Liver Damage. AJR. 2003; 180:461-466.
50. Ishiguro H, Saito S, Imazu H, Aihara H, Kato T, Tajiri H. Esophageal Capsule
Endoscopy for Screening Esophageal Varices among Japanese Patients with
Liver Cirrhosis.Hindawi Publishing Corporation Gastroenterology Research
and Practice.2012; 2012:1-6.
51. Stefanescu H, M. Grigorescu, M. Lupsor, A. Maniu, A. Crisan, B. Procopet, D.
Feier, R. Badea. A New and Simple Algorithm for the Noninvasive
Assessment of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients Using Serum Fibrosis
Markers and Transient Elastography. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2011.
20(1):57-64.
52. Hsieh Y.Y, Tung S.Y, Lee K, Wu C.S, Wei K.L. Routine Blood Test to Predict
Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C. World Journal of Gastroenterology.
2012; (18):746-753.
53. Mallet V , Vernier VD, Roussins C et al. The accuracy of the FIB-4 index for
the diagnosis of mild fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B. Alimentary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics.2009; 29 : 409 -15.
54. Poynard T, Mathurin P, Lai CL, et al. A Comparison of Fibrosis progression in
Chronic Liver Disease. J Hepatol 2003;38:257-265.
55. Muljono DH, Kandun N, Gani RA, Hasan I, Oswari H. Pedoman Pengendalian
Hepatitis Virus. Direktorat Jenderal PP&PL Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
2012:1-85.
56. Khuram, M., N.Y. Khan, M. Arif, M.M. Irshad, K. Hammatul Bushra, Z.
Hassan. Association of platelet count to splenic index ratio with presence of
esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis C virus related compensated
cirrhosis. Pak J Gastrenterol 2006; 20:37–42
57. Schepis, F., C. Camma, D. Niceforo. Which patients with cirrhosis should
undergo endoscopic screening for esophageal varices detection? Hepatology.
2001; 33:333–8
58. Sarwar, S., A.A. Khan, A.K. Butt, F. Shafqat, K. Malik, I. Ahmad. Nonendoscopic prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. J Coll Physicians
Surg Pak 2005; 15:528–31.
59. Kujovich, J.L. 2005. Hemostatic defects in end stage liver disease. Crit Care
Clin 2005; 21:563-587
60. Caldwell, S.H., M. Hoffman, T. Lisman, B.G. Macik. Coagulation disorders
and hemostasis in liver disease : Pathophysiology and critical assessment of
current management. Hepatology 2006; 44(4):1039-46
61. Tafarel,J.R., Tolentino, L.H., Correa, L.M., Bonilha, D.R., et al. Prediction of
esophageal varices in hepatic cirrhosis by noninvasive markers. European
journalof gastroenterology & hepatology. 2011;23:754-758.
62. Okuda, M., K. Li, M.R. Beard. Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and
antioxidant are induced by hepatitis C virus core protein.
Gastroenterology.2002; 122 : 366-75.
63. Fouad SA, Esmat S, et al. Noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in
Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Word J of
Gastroenterology. 2012 ; 2988-2992.
64. Hyder MA, Hasan M, Mohieldein AH. Comparative levels of ALT,AST, ALP
and GGT in liver associated diseases. Euro.J.Exp.Bio. 2013;3(2):280-284.
65. Moore KP, Aithal GP. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis.
Gut 2006:Vi1-Vi12
66. Martinez RG, Caraceni P, Bernardi M, Gines P, Arroya V, Jalan R. Albumin:
Pathophysiologic Basic of its role in the Treatment of Cirrhosis and its
Complications. Hepatology. 2013;5: 1836-1846.
1. Prihartini J, Lesmana LA, Manan C, Gani RA. Detection of oesofageal varices
in liver cirrhosis using noninvasive parameters. Acta Med Indones-indones J
Intern Med 2005;37:126-131.
2. Gupta TK, Chen L, Groszmann RJ. Pathophysiology of portal hypertension.
Clin Liver Dis. 1997;1: 1-12.
3. Eyal A MD , Kovalev Y MD and Zuckerman E MD. Evaluation and
Treatment of Esophageal Varices in the Cirrhotic Patient IMAJ 2013; 15 :
109-115.
4. Jensen DM. Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings,
implications, and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1620-1630
5. D’Amico G, Criscuoli V, Fili D, Mocciaro F, Pagliaro L. Metaanalysis of trials
for variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2002; 36:1023-1024
6. Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L, Fourdan O, Lévy VG, Poupon R.
Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the
past two decades. Hepatology 2004; 40:652–659
7. Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding
: a multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3):653–659
8. Stokkeland K, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Hultcrantz R. Improved prognosis for
patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden 1969–2002.
Hepatology 2006; 43:500-505
9. Djojoningrat D. Hematemesis melena di bagian Ilmu penyakit dalam FKUI/RSCM. Tesis Jakarta: Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI, 1990
10. De Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the
Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005; 43:167-176
11. Dite P et al. Esophageal varices. World Gastroenterology Organisation practice
guideline: June 2008
12. De Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the
Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53:762-768
13. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Prevention and management
of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology
2007; 46:922-938.
14. Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastro-intestinal bleeding secondary to
portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology practice parameter
committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92: 1081-91.
15. D’Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Treatment of portal hypertension: a metaanalytic review. Hepatology 1995;22:332-54.
16. de Franchis R. Non-invasive (and minimally invasive) diagnosis of
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2008; 49:520-527
17. Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Early detection in routine
clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C:
Comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory
tests and non-invasive scores. J Hepatol 2009; 50:59-68
18. Sebastiani G, Tempesta D, Fattovich G, et al. Prediction of oesophageal
varices in hepatic cirrhosis by simple serum noninvasive markers: Results of a
multicenter, large-scale study. J Hepatol 2010; 53:630-638
19. Hsieh Y.Y, Tung S.Y, Lee I.L, Lee K, Shen C.H, Wei K.L. Fibro Q: An Easy
and Useful Noninvasive Test for Predicting Liver Fibrosis in Patients with
Chronic Viral Hepatitis. Chang Gung Med J.2009; 32 (6):614-621
20. Cheney CP, Goldberg EM, Chopra S. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension : an
overview. In : Friedman LS and Keeffe EB, eds.Handbook of Liver Disease.
2nd ed. China, Pa : Churchill Livingstone; 2012; 125-138
21. Wolf DC. Cirrhosis of the Liver. eMedicine Specialities. 29 Nov 2012.
http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3183.htm
22. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C - global prevalence (update). Weekly
Epidemiological Record, 1999; 74:425-427
23. Suk TK. Revision and update on clinical practice guideline for liver cirrhosis.
The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2012; 18:1-21
24. Bissell D, Maher JJ. Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. In : Zakim D and Boyer
TD, eds. Hepatolog. A Textbook of Liver Disease, vol 1, 3rd ed, Tokyo, 1996;
506
25. Hernomo K. Pengelolaan perdarahan masif varises esofagus pada sirosis hati.
Thesis. Airlangga University Press, Surabaya. 1983
26. Benvegnu L, Gios M, Bocato S et.al. Natural history of compensated viral
cirrhosis a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major
complications. Gut 2004; 53:744-749
27. Garcia-Tsao D, Wongcharatrawee S. (VA Hepatitis C Resource Center
Program). Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension
literature review and summary of recommended interventions. Version 1
(October 2003). www.va.gov/hepatitisc
28. Friedman SL: Hepatic Fibrosis. In : Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, eds.
Schiff’s Diseases of the Liver. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven;
2003; 409-28
29. Kuntz, Erwin., Kuntz, Han-Dieter. Hepatology : Textbook And Atlas.
Germany : springer medizin verlag heilderberg. 2008
30. Erlingen S, Benhamou JP. Cirrhosis : clinical aspect. In : Oxford Textbook of
Clinical Hepatology, Vol 1, 2nd ed.Hong Kong, Pa: Oxford Medical
Publications; 1999;629-644
31.
Sharara AI, Rockey DC. Gastroesophageal Variceal Hemoorhage. N Engl
J Med 2001; 345:669-681
32. Sanyal A, Bosch J, Blei A, Arroyo V, Portal Hypertension and its complication.
gastroenterology 2008;134:1715–1728.
33. R. de Franchis, “Stellate cells and the “reversible component” of portal
hypertension,” Digestive and Liver Disease, 2000; vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 104–107
34. Y. Iwakiri and R. J. Groszmann, “Vascular endothelial dysfunction in
cirrhosis,” Journal of Hepatology, 2007; vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 927–934.
35. D. C. Rockey, “Hepatic blood flow regulation by stellate cells in normal and
injured liver,” Seminars in Liver Disease, 2001; vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 337–349
36. Wheatley AM , Zhang X - Y. Intrahepatic modulation of portal pressure and its
role in portal hypertension . Digestion 1998 ; 59 : 424 – 428 .
37. M. Fernandez, M. Mejias, E. Garcia-Pras, R. Mendez, J. C. Garcia-Pagan, and
J. Bosch, “Reversal of portal hypertension and hyperdynamic splanchnic
circulation by combined vascular endothelial growth factor and plateletderived growth factor blockade in rats,” Hepatology,2007; vol. 46, no. 4, pp.
1208–1217
38. Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Reverter E, Bosch J. Assessing Portal Hypertension in
liver
diseases. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2003;7(2), 141–155
39. Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Gao H, Makuch R. Bblockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl
J Med 2005; 353: 2254-2261
40. Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Makuch R, Patch D, Matloff DS, Bosch J.
Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients
with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 481-488
41. D’Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC, Luca A, Bosch J. HVPG reduction and
prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A systematic review.
Gastroenterology 2006;131:1624
42. D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic
indicators of survival in cirrhosis. A systematic review of 118 studies. J
Hepatol 2006;44:217-231
43. Laleman W, Van Landeghem L, Wilmer A, Fevery J, Nevens F. Portal
hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver International :
2005; 25: 1079–1090.
44. Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of
nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology 2004;127:476–484
45. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small
esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38:266–272
46. Bosch J et al. Portal Hypertension and Gastrointestinal Bleeding .Seminars in
liver disease/2008; volume 28, number 1
47. De Franchis R. Evaluation and follow-up of patients with cirrhosis and
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2003;38:361–363
48. D’Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis: posttherapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38:599–612
49. Matsuo M, Kanematsu M, Kim T, Hori M, Takamura M, Murakami T,Kondo
H, Moriyama N, Nakamura H, Hoshi H. Esophageal Varices:Diagnosis with
Gadolinium-Enhanced MR Imaging of the Liver for Patients with Chronic
Liver Damage. AJR. 2003; 180:461-466.
50. Ishiguro H, Saito S, Imazu H, Aihara H, Kato T, Tajiri H. Esophageal Capsule
Endoscopy for Screening Esophageal Varices among Japanese Patients with
Liver Cirrhosis.Hindawi Publishing Corporation Gastroenterology Research
and Practice.2012; 2012:1-6.
51. Stefanescu H, M. Grigorescu, M. Lupsor, A. Maniu, A. Crisan, B. Procopet, D.
Feier, R. Badea. A New and Simple Algorithm for the Noninvasive
Assessment of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients Using Serum Fibrosis
Markers and Transient Elastography. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2011.
20(1):57-64.
52. Hsieh Y.Y, Tung S.Y, Lee K, Wu C.S, Wei K.L. Routine Blood Test to Predict
Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C. World Journal of Gastroenterology.
2012; (18):746-753.
53. Mallet V , Vernier VD, Roussins C et al. The accuracy of the FIB-4 index for
the diagnosis of mild fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B. Alimentary Pharmacology
and Therapeutics.2009; 29 : 409 -15.
54. Poynard T, Mathurin P, Lai CL, et al. A Comparison of Fibrosis progression in
Chronic Liver Disease. J Hepatol 2003;38:257-265.
55. Muljono DH, Kandun N, Gani RA, Hasan I, Oswari H. Pedoman Pengendalian
Hepatitis Virus. Direktorat Jenderal PP&PL Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
2012:1-85.
56. Khuram, M., N.Y. Khan, M. Arif, M.M. Irshad, K. Hammatul Bushra, Z.
Hassan. Association of platelet count to splenic index ratio with presence of
esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis C virus related compensated
cirrhosis. Pak J Gastrenterol 2006; 20:37–42
57. Schepis, F., C. Camma, D. Niceforo. Which patients with cirrhosis should
undergo endoscopic screening for esophageal varices detection? Hepatology.
2001; 33:333–8
58. Sarwar, S., A.A. Khan, A.K. Butt, F. Shafqat, K. Malik, I. Ahmad. Nonendoscopic prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. J Coll Physicians
Surg Pak 2005; 15:528–31.
59. Kujovich, J.L. 2005. Hemostatic defects in end stage liver disease. Crit Care
Clin 2005; 21:563-587
60. Caldwell, S.H., M. Hoffman, T. Lisman, B.G. Macik. Coagulation disorders
and hemostasis in liver disease : Pathophysiology and critical assessment of
current management. Hepatology 2006; 44(4):1039-46
61. Tafarel,J.R., Tolentino, L.H., Correa, L.M., Bonilha, D.R., et al. Prediction of
esophageal varices in hepatic cirrhosis by noninvasive markers. European
journalof gastroenterology & hepatology. 2011;23:754-758.
62. Okuda, M., K. Li, M.R. Beard. Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and
antioxidant are induced by hepatitis C virus core protein.
Gastroenterology.2002; 122 : 366-75.
63. Fouad SA, Esmat S, et al. Noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in
Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Word J of
Gastroenterology. 2012 ; 2988-2992.
64. Hyder MA, Hasan M, Mohieldein AH. Comparative levels of ALT,AST, ALP
and GGT in liver associated diseases. Euro.J.Exp.Bio. 2013;3(2):280-284.
65. Moore KP, Aithal GP. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis.
Gut 2006:Vi1-Vi12
66. Martinez RG, Caraceni P, Bernardi M, Gines P, Arroya V, Jalan R. Albumin:
Pathophysiologic Basic of its role in the Treatment of Cirrhosis and its
Complications. Hepatology. 2013;5: 1836-1846.