Hubungan besar varises esofagus secara endoskopi dengan Lok Score pada penderita sirosis hati
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Prihartini J. Detection of oesofageal varices in liver cirrhosis using
noninvasive parameters. Acta Med Indones-indones J Intern Med 1995
2. Gupta TK, Chen L, Groszmann RJ. Patho-physiology of portal hypertension.
Clin Liver Dis. 1997;1: 1-12.
3. Eyal Ashkenazi MD , Yulia Kovalev MD and Eli Zuckerman MD.
Evaluation and Treatment of Esophageal Varices in the Cirrhotic Patient
IMAJ 2013; 15 : 109-115.
4. Jensen DM. Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings,
implications, and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1620-1630
5. D’Amico G, Criscuoli V, Fili D, Mocciaro F, Pagliaro L. Metaanalysis of
trials for variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2002; 36:1023-1024
6. Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L, Fourdan O, Lévy VG, Poupon R.
Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the
past two decades. Hepatology 2004; 40:652–659
7. Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding : a
multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3):653–659
8. Stokkeland K, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Hultcrantz R. Improved prognosis for
patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden 1969–2002.
Hepatology 2006; 43:500-505
9. Djojoningrat D. Hematemesis melena di bagian Ilmu penyakit dalam FKUI/RSCM. Tesis Jakarta: Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI, 1990
10. De Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the
Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005; 43:167-176
11. De Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the
Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53:762-768
12. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W and the Practice Guidelines
Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the
Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology.
Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal
hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46:922-938
13. Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastro-intestinal bleeding secondary to
portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology practice parameter
committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92: 1081-91.
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara
14. D’Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Treatment of portal hypertension: a metaanalytic review. Hepatology 1995;22:332-54.
15. de Franchis R. Non-invasive (and minimally invasive) diagnosis of
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2008; 49:520-527
16. Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Early detection in routine
clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C:
Comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory
tests and non-invasive scores. J Hepatol 2009; 50:59-68
17. Sebastiani G, Tempesta D, Fattovich G, et al. Prediction of oesophageal
varices in hepatic cirrhosis by simple serum noninvasive markers: Results of a
multicenter, large-scale study. J Hepatol 2010; 53:630-638
18. Stefanescu, H., M. Grigorescu, M. Lupsor, A. Maniu, A. Crisan, B. Procopet,
D. Feier, R. Badea. A New and Simple Algorithm for the Noninvasive
Assessment of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients Using Serum Fibrosis
Markers and Transient Elastography. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2011.
20(1):57-64
19. Cheney CP, Goldberg EM, Chopra S. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension : an
overview. In : Friedman LS and Keeffe EB, eds.Handbook of Liver Disease.
2nd ed. China, Pa : Churchill Livingstone; 2004; 125-138
20. Wolf DC. Cirrhosis of the Liver. eMedicine Specialities. 29 Nov 2012.
http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3183.htm
21. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C - global prevalence (update). Weekly
Epidemiological Record, 1999; 74:425-427
22. Suk TK. Revision and update on clinical practice guideline for liver cirrhosis.
The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2012; 18:1-21
23. Bissell D, Maher JJ. Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. In : Zakim D and Boyer
TD, eds. Hepatolog. A Textbook of Liver Disease, vol 1, 3rd ed, Tokyo, 1996;
506
24. Hernomo K. Pengelolaan perdarahan masif varises esofagus pada sirosis hati.
Thesis. Airlangga University Press, Surabaya. 1983
25. Benvegnu L, Gios M, Bocato S et.al. Natural history of compensated viral
cirrhosis a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major
complications. Gut 2004; 53:744-749
26. Garcia-Tsao D, Wongcharatrawee S. (VA Hepatitis C Resource Center
Program). Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension
literature review and summary of recommended interventions. Version 1
(October 2003). www.va.gov/hepatitisc
41
Universitas Sumatera Utara
27. Friedman SL: Hepatic Fibrosis. In : Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, eds.
Schiff’s Diseases of the Liver. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven;
2003; 409-28
28. Kuntz, Erwin., Kuntz, Han-Dieter. Hepatology : Textbook And Atlas.
Germany : springer medizin verlag heilderberg. 2008
29. Lee D. Cirrhosis of the Liver. MedicineNet.com,
http://www.medicinenet.com/cirrhosis/article.htm
Jan
2005.
30. Erlingen S, Benhamou JP. Cirrhosis : clinical aspect. In : Oxford Textbook of
Clinical Hepatology, Vol 1, 2nd ed.Hong Kong, Pa: Oxford Medical
Publications; 1999;629-644
31. Sharara AI, Rockey DC. Gastroesophageal Variceal Hemoorhage. N Engl J
Med 2001; 345:669-681
32. Sanyal A, Bosch J, Blei A, Arroyo V, Portal Hypertension and its
complication. gastroenterology 2008;134:1715–1728.
33. R. de Franchis, “Stellate cells and the “reversible component” of portal
hypertension,” Digestive and Liver Disease, 2000; vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 104–107
34. Y. Iwakiri and R. J. Groszmann, “Vascular endothelial dysfunction in
cirrhosis,” Journal of Hepatology, 2007; vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 927–934.
35. D. C. Rockey, “Hepatic blood flow regulation by stellate cells in normal and
injured liver,” Seminars in Liver Disease, 2001; vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 337–349
36. Wheatley AM , Zhang X - Y. Intrahepatic modulation of portal pressure and
its role in portal hypertension . Digestion 1998 ; 59 : 424 – 428 .
37. M. Fernandez, M. Mejias, E. Garcia-Pras, R. Mendez, J. C. Garcia-Pagan, and
J. Bosch, “Reversal of portal hypertension and hyperdynamic splanchnic
circulation by combined vascular endothelial growth factor and plateletderived growth factor blockade in rats,” Hepatology,2007; vol. 46, no. 4, pp.
1208–1217
38. Bari K, Garcia-Tsao G. Treatment of portal hypertension. World J
Gastroenterol 2012 March 21; 18(11): 1166-1175
39. Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Reverter E, Bosch J. Assessing Portal Hypertension in
liver
diseases. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2003;7(2), 141–155
40. Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Gao H, Makuch R. Bblockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl
J Med 2005; 353: 2254-2261
41. Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Makuch R, Patch D, Matloff DS, Bosch J.
42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients
with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 481-488
42. D’Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC, Luca A, Bosch J. HVPG reduction and
prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A systematic review.
Gastroenterology 2006;131:1624
43. D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic
indicators of survival in cirrhosis. A systematic review of 118 studies. J
Hepatol 2006;44:217-231
44. Laleman W, Van Landeghem L, Wilmer A, Fevery J, Nevens F. Portal
hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver International :
2005; 25: 1079–1090.
45. Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of
nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology 2004;127:476–484
46. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small
esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38:266–272
47. Bosch J et al. Portal Hypertension and Gastrointestinal Bleeding .Seminars in
liver disease/2008; volume 28, number 1
48. De Franchis R. Evaluation and follow-up of patients with cirrhosis and
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2003;38:361–363
49. Dite P et al. Esophageal varices. World Gastroenterology Organisation
practice guideline: June 2008
50. D’Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis: posttherapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38:599–612
51. Idezuki Y: General rules for recording endoscopic findings of esophagogastric
varices. (1991). Japanese Society for Portal Hypertension. World J Surg 1995;
19:420-422
52. Ferguson, J.W. Endoscopic Diagnosis, Grading and Predictors of Bleeding in
Esophageal and Gastric Varices. Tech Gastrointest Endosc 2005: 7:2-7
53. Barrera, F., Riquelme, A., Soza, A. Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio for
noninvasive prediction of high risk oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients.
Annal of hepatology 8(4) 2009 :325-330
54. Tafarel,J.R., Tolentino, L.H., Correa, L.M., Bonilha, D.R., et al. Prediction of
esophageal varices in hepatic cirrhosis by noninvasive markers. European
journalof gastroenterology & hepatology 23 2011:754-758.
55. Thabut D, Moreau R, Lebrec D. Non invasive assessment of portal
hypertention patient with cirrhosis hepatology 2011; 53: 683-694
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
56. Limquiaco, J., Daez, Gloria, V.I., etal. Clinical predictors of bleeding from
oesophageal varices : A retrospective study. Phil J of gastroenterology 2006;
2:103-111
57. Kujovich, J.L. 2005. Hemostatic defects in end stage liver disease. Crit Care
Clin 2005; 21:563-587
58. Caldwell, S.H., M. Hoffman, T. Lisman, B.G. Macik. Coagulation disorders
and hemostasis in liver disease : Pathophysiology and critical assessment of
current management. Hepatology 2006; 44(4):1039-46
59. Thomopoulos, K.C., K.C. Labropoulou, K.P. Mimidis, E.C. Katsakoulis, G.
Iconomou, V.N. Nikolopoulou. Non-Invasive predictors of the presence of
large esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Dig and Liver Dis 2003;
35:473–8
60. Khuram, M., N.Y. Khan, M. Arif, M.M. Irshad, K. Hammatul Bushra, Z.
Hassan. Association of platelet count to splenic index ratio with presence of
esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis C virus related compensated
cirrhosis. Pak J Gastrenterol 2006; 20:37–42
61. Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding : a
multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3):653–659
62. Schepis, F., C. Camma, D. Niceforo. Which patients with cirrhosis should
undergo endoscopic screening for esophageal varices detection? Hepatology
2001; 33:333–8
63. Sarwar, S., A.A. Khan, A.K. Butt, F. Shafqat, K. Malik, I. Ahmad. Nonendoscopic prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. J Coll Physicians
Surg Pak 2005; 15:528–31
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1. Prihartini J. Detection of oesofageal varices in liver cirrhosis using
noninvasive parameters. Acta Med Indones-indones J Intern Med 1995
2. Gupta TK, Chen L, Groszmann RJ. Patho-physiology of portal hypertension.
Clin Liver Dis. 1997;1: 1-12.
3. Eyal Ashkenazi MD , Yulia Kovalev MD and Eli Zuckerman MD.
Evaluation and Treatment of Esophageal Varices in the Cirrhotic Patient
IMAJ 2013; 15 : 109-115.
4. Jensen DM. Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings,
implications, and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1620-1630
5. D’Amico G, Criscuoli V, Fili D, Mocciaro F, Pagliaro L. Metaanalysis of
trials for variceal bleeding. Hepatology 2002; 36:1023-1024
6. Carbonell N, Pauwels A, Serfaty L, Fourdan O, Lévy VG, Poupon R.
Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the
past two decades. Hepatology 2004; 40:652–659
7. Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding : a
multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3):653–659
8. Stokkeland K, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Hultcrantz R. Improved prognosis for
patients hospitalized with esophageal varices in Sweden 1969–2002.
Hepatology 2006; 43:500-505
9. Djojoningrat D. Hematemesis melena di bagian Ilmu penyakit dalam FKUI/RSCM. Tesis Jakarta: Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI, 1990
10. De Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the
Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005; 43:167-176
11. De Franchis R. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the
Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in
portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2010; 53:762-768
12. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W and the Practice Guidelines
Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the
Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology.
Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal
hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46:922-938
13. Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastro-intestinal bleeding secondary to
portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology practice parameter
committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92: 1081-91.
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara
14. D’Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. Treatment of portal hypertension: a metaanalytic review. Hepatology 1995;22:332-54.
15. de Franchis R. Non-invasive (and minimally invasive) diagnosis of
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2008; 49:520-527
16. Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Early detection in routine
clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C:
Comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory
tests and non-invasive scores. J Hepatol 2009; 50:59-68
17. Sebastiani G, Tempesta D, Fattovich G, et al. Prediction of oesophageal
varices in hepatic cirrhosis by simple serum noninvasive markers: Results of a
multicenter, large-scale study. J Hepatol 2010; 53:630-638
18. Stefanescu, H., M. Grigorescu, M. Lupsor, A. Maniu, A. Crisan, B. Procopet,
D. Feier, R. Badea. A New and Simple Algorithm for the Noninvasive
Assessment of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients Using Serum Fibrosis
Markers and Transient Elastography. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2011.
20(1):57-64
19. Cheney CP, Goldberg EM, Chopra S. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension : an
overview. In : Friedman LS and Keeffe EB, eds.Handbook of Liver Disease.
2nd ed. China, Pa : Churchill Livingstone; 2004; 125-138
20. Wolf DC. Cirrhosis of the Liver. eMedicine Specialities. 29 Nov 2012.
http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3183.htm
21. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C - global prevalence (update). Weekly
Epidemiological Record, 1999; 74:425-427
22. Suk TK. Revision and update on clinical practice guideline for liver cirrhosis.
The Korean Journal of Hepatology 2012; 18:1-21
23. Bissell D, Maher JJ. Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. In : Zakim D and Boyer
TD, eds. Hepatolog. A Textbook of Liver Disease, vol 1, 3rd ed, Tokyo, 1996;
506
24. Hernomo K. Pengelolaan perdarahan masif varises esofagus pada sirosis hati.
Thesis. Airlangga University Press, Surabaya. 1983
25. Benvegnu L, Gios M, Bocato S et.al. Natural history of compensated viral
cirrhosis a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major
complications. Gut 2004; 53:744-749
26. Garcia-Tsao D, Wongcharatrawee S. (VA Hepatitis C Resource Center
Program). Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension
literature review and summary of recommended interventions. Version 1
(October 2003). www.va.gov/hepatitisc
41
Universitas Sumatera Utara
27. Friedman SL: Hepatic Fibrosis. In : Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC, eds.
Schiff’s Diseases of the Liver. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven;
2003; 409-28
28. Kuntz, Erwin., Kuntz, Han-Dieter. Hepatology : Textbook And Atlas.
Germany : springer medizin verlag heilderberg. 2008
29. Lee D. Cirrhosis of the Liver. MedicineNet.com,
http://www.medicinenet.com/cirrhosis/article.htm
Jan
2005.
30. Erlingen S, Benhamou JP. Cirrhosis : clinical aspect. In : Oxford Textbook of
Clinical Hepatology, Vol 1, 2nd ed.Hong Kong, Pa: Oxford Medical
Publications; 1999;629-644
31. Sharara AI, Rockey DC. Gastroesophageal Variceal Hemoorhage. N Engl J
Med 2001; 345:669-681
32. Sanyal A, Bosch J, Blei A, Arroyo V, Portal Hypertension and its
complication. gastroenterology 2008;134:1715–1728.
33. R. de Franchis, “Stellate cells and the “reversible component” of portal
hypertension,” Digestive and Liver Disease, 2000; vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 104–107
34. Y. Iwakiri and R. J. Groszmann, “Vascular endothelial dysfunction in
cirrhosis,” Journal of Hepatology, 2007; vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 927–934.
35. D. C. Rockey, “Hepatic blood flow regulation by stellate cells in normal and
injured liver,” Seminars in Liver Disease, 2001; vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 337–349
36. Wheatley AM , Zhang X - Y. Intrahepatic modulation of portal pressure and
its role in portal hypertension . Digestion 1998 ; 59 : 424 – 428 .
37. M. Fernandez, M. Mejias, E. Garcia-Pras, R. Mendez, J. C. Garcia-Pagan, and
J. Bosch, “Reversal of portal hypertension and hyperdynamic splanchnic
circulation by combined vascular endothelial growth factor and plateletderived growth factor blockade in rats,” Hepatology,2007; vol. 46, no. 4, pp.
1208–1217
38. Bari K, Garcia-Tsao G. Treatment of portal hypertension. World J
Gastroenterol 2012 March 21; 18(11): 1166-1175
39. Berzigotti A, Seijo S, Reverter E, Bosch J. Assessing Portal Hypertension in
liver
diseases. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.2003;7(2), 141–155
40. Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Patch D, Matloff DS, Gao H, Makuch R. Bblockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl
J Med 2005; 353: 2254-2261
41. Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R,
Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Makuch R, Patch D, Matloff DS, Bosch J.
42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients
with compensated cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 481-488
42. D’Amico G, Garcia-Pagan JC, Luca A, Bosch J. HVPG reduction and
prevention of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. A systematic review.
Gastroenterology 2006;131:1624
43. D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic
indicators of survival in cirrhosis. A systematic review of 118 studies. J
Hepatol 2006;44:217-231
44. Laleman W, Van Landeghem L, Wilmer A, Fevery J, Nevens F. Portal
hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver International :
2005; 25: 1079–1090.
45. Merkel C, Marin R, Angeli P, et al. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of
nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology 2004;127:476–484
46. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, et al. Incidence and natural history of small
esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2003;38:266–272
47. Bosch J et al. Portal Hypertension and Gastrointestinal Bleeding .Seminars in
liver disease/2008; volume 28, number 1
48. De Franchis R. Evaluation and follow-up of patients with cirrhosis and
oesophageal varices. J Hepatol 2003;38:361–363
49. Dite P et al. Esophageal varices. World Gastroenterology Organisation
practice guideline: June 2008
50. D’Amico G, de Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis: posttherapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology 2003;38:599–612
51. Idezuki Y: General rules for recording endoscopic findings of esophagogastric
varices. (1991). Japanese Society for Portal Hypertension. World J Surg 1995;
19:420-422
52. Ferguson, J.W. Endoscopic Diagnosis, Grading and Predictors of Bleeding in
Esophageal and Gastric Varices. Tech Gastrointest Endosc 2005: 7:2-7
53. Barrera, F., Riquelme, A., Soza, A. Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio for
noninvasive prediction of high risk oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients.
Annal of hepatology 8(4) 2009 :325-330
54. Tafarel,J.R., Tolentino, L.H., Correa, L.M., Bonilha, D.R., et al. Prediction of
esophageal varices in hepatic cirrhosis by noninvasive markers. European
journalof gastroenterology & hepatology 23 2011:754-758.
55. Thabut D, Moreau R, Lebrec D. Non invasive assessment of portal
hypertention patient with cirrhosis hepatology 2011; 53: 683-694
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
56. Limquiaco, J., Daez, Gloria, V.I., etal. Clinical predictors of bleeding from
oesophageal varices : A retrospective study. Phil J of gastroenterology 2006;
2:103-111
57. Kujovich, J.L. 2005. Hemostatic defects in end stage liver disease. Crit Care
Clin 2005; 21:563-587
58. Caldwell, S.H., M. Hoffman, T. Lisman, B.G. Macik. Coagulation disorders
and hemostasis in liver disease : Pathophysiology and critical assessment of
current management. Hepatology 2006; 44(4):1039-46
59. Thomopoulos, K.C., K.C. Labropoulou, K.P. Mimidis, E.C. Katsakoulis, G.
Iconomou, V.N. Nikolopoulou. Non-Invasive predictors of the presence of
large esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Dig and Liver Dis 2003;
35:473–8
60. Khuram, M., N.Y. Khan, M. Arif, M.M. Irshad, K. Hammatul Bushra, Z.
Hassan. Association of platelet count to splenic index ratio with presence of
esophageal varices in patients with hepatitis C virus related compensated
cirrhosis. Pak J Gastrenterol 2006; 20:37–42
61. Chalasani, N., C. Kahi. Improved patient survival after acute variceal bleeding : a
multicenter, cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98(3):653–659
62. Schepis, F., C. Camma, D. Niceforo. Which patients with cirrhosis should
undergo endoscopic screening for esophageal varices detection? Hepatology
2001; 33:333–8
63. Sarwar, S., A.A. Khan, A.K. Butt, F. Shafqat, K. Malik, I. Ahmad. Nonendoscopic prediction of esophageal varices in cirrhosis. J Coll Physicians
Surg Pak 2005; 15:528–31
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara