PENERAPAN KONSEP DOUBLE SKIN FACADE SEBAGAI UPAYA OPTIMALISASI KENYAMANAN TERMAL PADA RUANG KULIAH BANGUNAN FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN TEKNOLOGI DAN KEJURUAN (FPTK) BARU UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA.

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BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG

LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING

DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department

as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for SarjanaSastraDegree

By

Mayang Pramudhita

0704359

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2014

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

Beyond The Using Dialect and Javanese Song Lyrics: An Analysis of Affixation In The Using Dialect And Its Comparison To Javanese

A Research Paper

By

MayangPramudhita 0704359

Approved by

First Supervisor

Dadang Sudana, M. A., Ph.D. NIP. 196009191990031001

Second Supervisor

Ernie D.A. Imperiani, S.S., M. Ed. NIP. 1978097809222010122001

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

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BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

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STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION

I hereby certify the study entitled “Beyond the Using and Javanese songs lyric: An analysis of affixation in the Using dialectand its comparison to Javanese” is completely my own work. It is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for SarjanaSastra degree. The ideas from many sources are properly quoted and acknowledged. It contains no material which has been excepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any University.

Bandung, August 2014

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... ii

PREFACE ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv

ABSTRACT ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

LIST OF TABLE ... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1.Background ... 1

1.2.Statement of the Problems ... 3

1.3.The Aims of the Study ... 4

1.4.Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5.Significance of Study ... 4

1.6.Research Method ... 4

1.7.Clarification of Relative Terms ... 5

1.7.1.. Using Dialect ... 5

1.7.2.. Javanese ... 5

1.7.3.. Affixation ... 5

1.7.4.. Morphophonemic Process ... 6

1.7.5._. Song Lyric ... 6

1.8.Organization of the Paper ... 6 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

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2.1.Morphology ... 8

2.1.1.. Morpheme Classification ... 9

2.1.2.. Derivational Morpheme ... 9

2.1.3._. Inflectional Morpheme ... 9

2.2. Affixation ... 10

2.3. Javanese Affix ... 11

2.4. Morphophonemic Process ... 14

2.4.1.Process of Changing the Phoneme ... 15

2.4.2. Process of Adding the Phoneme ... 16

2.4.3. Process of Deleting the Phoneme ... 17

2.4.4. Process of Assimilating the Phoneme ... 17

2.5.Voicing ... 18

2.6.Place of Articulation ... 18

2.6.1. Articulation Described by Manner ... 18

2.6.2. Point of Articulation ... 18

2.7. Previous Studies ... 19

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Design ... 21

3.2. Data Collection ... 21

3.2.1. Data Source ... 21

3.2.2. Procedure of Collecting Data ... 22

3.3.Data Analysis ... 22

3.3.1. Identification of Words ... 22

3.3.2. Classifying ... 23

3.3.3. Process of Affixation ... 24

3.3.4. Quantifying ... 24

3.3.5. Interpreting and Discussing ... 25

3.3.6. Drawing Conclusion ... 25 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

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4.1. The Process of Affixation Are Realized in the Using Dialect ... 26 4.1.1. Suffix ... 27 4.1.1.1. Suffixes Which Do Not Undergo Any Changes.. 28

4.1.1.2. Suffix Which Undergoes the Changing of Phoneme Process

……… 32

4.1.1.3.Suffix Which Undergoes the Changing of Phoneme and Addition

Processes ……….. 32

4.1.2. Simulfix ……… 34

4.1.3. Affix Combination ………... 38 4.1.3.1 Affix Combination Which Does Not

Undergo Any Changes……….. 38

4.1.3.2 Affix Combination Which Undergoes Assimilation

Process………... 42

4.1.4. Confix ………... 44 4.1.4.1 Confix Which Does Not Undergo

Any Changes………. 44

4.1.4.2 Confix Which Undergoes The Changes of Phonemes

Process………... 45

4.1.4.3 Confix Which Undergoes Addition Process…… 46 4.1.4.4 Confix Which Undergoes Assimilation

Process……….. 46

4.1.4.5 Confix Which Does Not Undergo Any Changes, But Undergoes Addition and Deletion Process… 47

4.1.5. Prefix ………. 48

4.1.5.1 Prefix Which Does Not Undergo

Any Changes………. 48

4.1.6. Infix ……… 50

4.1.6.1 Infix Which Does Not Undergo

Any Changes………. 50

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4.2.1. Suffix ……….. 52

4.2.1.1. Suffix Which Does Not Undergo Any Changes… 52

4.2.1.2. Suffix Which Undergoes the Changes of

Phoneme and Addition Process ………. 60

4.2.1.3. Suffix Which Does Not Undergo Addition

Process and Undergoes Addition Process ……… 61 4.2.2. Confix ………... 62 4.2.2.1. ConfixWhich Does Not Undergo Any Changes 62 4.2.2.2. ConfixWhich Does Not Undergo Any Changes

and Undergo The Changesof Phoneme Process…. 65

4.2.2.3. ConfixWhich Undergoes the Changes of

Phoneme and Addition Process ……….. 66

4.2.2.4. ConfixWhich Undergoes Addition ……… 67

4.2.2.5. ConfixWhich Undergoes Deletion And

Changes Of Phonemes Process ……… 67

4.2.2.6. ConfixWhich Undergoes Addition and Assimilation Process

……… 68

4.2.3. Affix Combination ………. 69

4.2.3.1. Affix Combination Which Does Not Undergo Any Changes and

Addition Process ……….. 69

4.2.4. Simulfix ……… 70

4.2.4.1. SimulfixWhich Do Not Undergoes Any Changes And Undergoes

Assimilation Process ………... 70

4.2.4.2. Simulfix Which Undergoes Additional Process.. 72 4.2.4.3. Simufix Which Undergoes Assimilation Process 72

4.2.5. Prefix ……… 73

4.2.5.1. Prefix Which Does Not Undergo Any Changes.. 73 4.2.6. Infix ……….. 75

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4.3. The Differences in Using the same affixes between The Using dialect and

Javanese………... 76

4.3.1. Prefixes ……… 76

4.3.1.1. Prefix {di-} ……….... 77

4.3.1.2. Prefix {ke-}………. 77

4.3.1.3. Prefix {se-}……….. 78

4.3.2. Simulfix ………... 78

4.3.2.1. Simulfix {n-}……….. 79

4.3.2.2. Allomorph {ng-} and {nge-}………. 80

4.3.2.3. Allomorph {ny-} ……… 80

4.3.2.4. Allomorph {m-}………. 80

4.3.3. Suffix ……… 81

4.4. Discussion ………..…………. 82

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 91

5.2. Suggestions ... 92 REFERENCES

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Words with Prefix (Ater-ater Hanuswara) Table 2.2 Words with Prefix (Ater-ater Tripurusa) Table 2.3 Words with Prefix (Ater-ater Liyane) Table 2.4 Words with Infix

Table 2.5 Words with Suffix Table 2.6 Words with Confix

Table 3.1 Data Display of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.1 The Occurrences of Types of Affixes in the UsingDialect Base Table 4.2 The Occurrences of Types of Affixes in Javanese Base

Table 4.3.1 The Differences In Using The Same Prefix between the Using Dialect And Javanese.

Table 4.3.2 The Differences In Using The Same Simulfix between the Using Dialect And Javanese.

Table 4.3.3 The Differences In Using The Same Suffix between the Using Dialect And Javanese.

Table 4.4.1 The Morphophonemic Rules of Affixes Are Attached to the UsingDialect Bases. Table 4.4.2 The Morphophonemic Rules of Affixes Are Attached to Javanese Bases.

Table 4.1.1 Data Display of Prefix {di-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.2 Data Display of Prefix {ke-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.3 Data Display of Prefix {me-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.4 Data Display of Prefix {se-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.5 Data Display of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base

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Table 4.1.6 Data Display of Allomorph of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to theUsing Dialect Base Table 4.1.7 Data Display of Allomorph of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect

Base

Table 4.1.8 Data Display of Allomorph of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to theUsing Dialect Base Table 4.1.9 Data Display of Allomorph of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to theUsing Dialect Base Table 4.1.10 Data Display of Allomorph of Simulfix {m-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect

Base

Table 4.1.11 Data Display of Infix {-em-} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.12 Data Display of Suffix {-en} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.13 Data Display of Suffix {-ne} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.14 Data Display of Suffix {-a} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.15 Data Display of Suffix {-na} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.16 Data Display of Suffix {-i} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.17 Data Display of Suffix {-an} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.18 Data Display of Suffix {-ni} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.19 Data Display of Suffix {-e} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.20 Data Display of Suffix {-ane} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.21 Data Display of Suffix {-n} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.22 Data Display of Suffix {-nana} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.23 Data Display of Confix {di-i} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.24 Data Display of Confix {ng-i} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.25 Data Display of Confix {mu-e} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.26 Data Display of Confix {ke-an} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.27 Data Display of Confix {sa-e} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.28 Data Display of Confix {se-an} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.29 Data Display of Confix {ke-n} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.30 Data Display of Confix {je-,-an} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.31 Data Display of Confix {je-,-ne} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.32 Data Display of Confix {be-an} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base

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Table 4.1.33 Data Display of Confix {ng-i} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.34 Data Display of Confix {n-i} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.35 Data Display of Confix {se-ne} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.36 Data Display of Confix {di-na} Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.1.37 Data Display of Affix combination Is Attached to the Using Dialect Base Table 4.2.1 Data Display of Prefix {di-} Is Attached to Javanese Base

Table 4.2.2 Data Display of Prefix {ke-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.3 Data Display of Prefix {se-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.4 Data Display of Prefix {le-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.5 Data Display of Prefix {pan-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.6 Data Display of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.7 Data Display of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.8 Data Display of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.9 Data Display of Simulfix {n-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.10 Data Display of Infix {-in-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.11 Data Display of Infix {-um-} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.12 Data Display of Suffix {-ing} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.13 Data Display of Suffix {-e} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.14 Data Display of Suffix {-i} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.15 Data Display of Suffix {-ne} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.16 Data Display of Suffix {-a} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.17 Data Display of Sufffix {-ning} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.18 Data Display of Suffix {-ana} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.19 Data Display of Suffix {-ni} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.20 Data Display of Suffix {-an} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.21 Data Display of Suffix {-ake} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.22 Data Display of Suffix {-nana} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.23 Data Display of Suffix {-ke} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.24 Data Display of Suffix {-ane} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.25 Data Display of Suffix {-n} Is Attached to Javanese Base

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Table 4.2.26 Data Display of Suffix {-na} Is Attached to Javanese Base

Table 4.2.27 Data Display of Confix {di-i} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.28 Data Display of Confix {ma-i} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.29 Data Display of Confix {ke-an} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.30 Data Display of Confix {se-an} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.31 Data Display of Confix {per-an} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.32 Data Display of Confix {n-ni} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.33 Data Display of Confix {di-ni} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.34 Data Display of Confix {di-e} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.35 Data Display of Confix {be-an} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.36 Data Display of Confix {ng-ke} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.37 Data Display of Confix {ge-an} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.38 Data Display of Confix {n-i} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.39 Data Display of Confix {ng-ake} Is Attached to Javanese Base Table 4.2.40 Data Display of Affix combination Is Attached to Javanese Base

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the problems, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, the research methods, the clarification of key terms and the organization of paper. 1.1 Background

Culture plays an important role in human being‟s life. It influences people‟s mindset and also behavior. According to Barker (2000), “culture is

concerned with questions of shared social meanings, that is, the various ways we

make sense of the world” (p.8). Furthermore, Barker (2000) states that meanings

are generated through sign and language.

As a tool for communication, language connects one person to another. According to Finegan et al (1992), language traditionally has been viewed as a vehicle of thought, a system of expression that mediates the transfer of thought from one person to another. It means that people can express anything they thought through the language itself. Fineganet al (1992) also states that a language

can be considered as “a collection of dialects that are usually similar to one

another structurally and lexically and that are used by different social groups who

choose to say that they are speakers of the same language” (p. 359).

The phenomenon above particularly occurs with regard to spoken language. Spoken language has the varieties that are used in a particular area. One of the varieties of language is dialect. According to Schilling-Estes (2006), dialect is a language variety which is represented in all areas of linguistic patterning, e.g. phonology, grammar, and the lexicon.

Javanese for instance, is one of the regional languages in Indonesia. It is used in the middle and eastern Java and has different dialect among each region.

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For example in East Java, especially in Banyuwangi, it has a specific regional dialect, named Using. According to Herusantosa (1990), the Using dialect is one of ten dialects of Javanese. The Using dialect, as stated by Ali (1990) what they

(linguist) called “BahasaJawadialek Using” is the vernacular language of

Banyuwangi society, it is used by some parts of Banyuwangi society or the Using ethnic group.

One of the varieties in language use in which specific dialects are frequently applied is literary work. Two most basic categories in literary works

are fiction and nonfiction. According to Johansen (n.d), “nonfiction meant to be

factual”. It is informatively comprises the interesting facts with analysis and

illustrations, while fiction is “primarily invented or imaginary” (Johansen, n.d) in other word, fiction is literary work which is based on imagination and illustration with no facts necessarily needed. The type of fiction that will be deeply defined here is poetry especially in song lyrics. According to Waluyo (1991), poetry is a manifestation of old literary works which is a combination by two main elements, physical structure which is the language used and mental or meaning structure which is the thought or feeling that the poet implied. The poets have their own

purpose to arrange the words in separate lines, with a repeated rhythm. Lyric is one of poetry types.

Traditional song lyrics use the vernacular language of one region. It also uses strains of melody and rhythm that characterizes the characteristics of the regional (Waluyo,1991). The traditional song lyrics were chosen of the Using dialect and Javanese to be analyzed is to reveal the construction of language beyond the Using dialect and Javanese.

This study deals with morphology and uses theory of affixation from Kridalaksana (2007), Aryapitipun (2007), Chaer (2007) and Ramlan (2009) which contain prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix and affix combination. Furthermore, the study also employs theory of affixation processes proposed by Ramlan (2009) and Kridalaksana (2007) which contain morphophonemic process, addition,

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deletion, changes of phonemes and assimilation. There are some studies related to morphology conducted previously. One example came from Wirawan et al (2010) who investigated affixation in Javanese. In their study, they found 18 affixes in Javanese, namely prefix (eight types), infix (two types) and suffix (eight types).They found 1 infix that they did not find in Tata BahasaJawaMutakhir (revise edition) 2010, but it is still used in the society. For instance, the word sawang-sinawangis reduplication from the base „sawang‟.

Another study was suffix in the Using dialect and Javanese, Soedjito (1997) revealed the differences in using the same suffix in the Using dialect and Javanese (p.5-6). Suffix /-ake/ in Javanese changes into suffix /-aken/ in the Using dialect:

Javanese Using dialect

/nandurake/ /nanduraken/

/milihake/ /milihaken/

Different from those two previous studies above which deal only with affixation types, this present study investigates more on the realization of affixation processes. Therefore, the study examines the way affixation processes are realized in both the Usingdialect and Javanese in song lyrics and investigates the differences in using the same affix.

1.2 Statement of the problems

1. How are the processes of affixation realized in the song lyrics of Usingdialect?

2. How are the processes of affixation realized in the song lyrics of Javanese?

3. Are there, if any, differences in using the same affix in Using dialect and Javanese?

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1.3 The aims of the study

Based on the statement of the problem, this study aimed to investigate the affixation processes are realized in song lyrics of the Using dialect and Javanese, and to examine the differences in using the same affix in the Using dialect and Javanese.

1.4 Scope of Study

The focus of the study was to investigate the affixation in the Using dialect of Banyuwangi and Javanese which contain prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix and affix combination. This study also investigated the way affixation processes are realized in 27 song lyrics of the Using dialectand 27 song lyrics of Javanese. Those songs were chosen because they represented the Central and East Java‟ societies. This is in line with Waluyo (1991) who states that literary works of the region represent the society from that region.

1.5 Significant of Study

This study is intended for those who are interested in morphology, especially in realization of affixation process and traditional language. It is expected to give input and knowledge to both readers of this paper and the writer of this study.

1.6 Research Method

This study used a qualitative method because the main aim of the study was to examine how the processes of affixation are realized in the song lyrics of the Usingdialect and Javanese. According to Bodgan and Taylor (1998), a qualitative method as a research procedure results in descriptive data that can be observed. The data is in the form of written words or spoken.

This study utilized the theory of affixation following Kridalaksana (2007), Aryapitipun (2007), Chaer (2007) and Ramlan (2009) as the main theoretical framework.

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The data for the study were taken from the result of transcribing 27 song lyrics of the Using dialect, and 27 song lyrics of Javanese which contain prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix, and affix combinations. This study also investigated morphophonemic processes.

In addition, after the data were collected, they were analyzed through several stages. Firstly is identifying all the words which have affixes. Secondly is classifying the identified the words into categories prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix and affix combination. Thirdly is examining the process of affixation.

Fourthly is quantifying the words‟ occurrences. Fifthly is interpreting and

discussing the result of the analysis. The last is drawing conclusion.

1.7 Clarification of Relative Terms 1. Using dialect

Herusantosa (1990) states that Using is one of ten dialects of Javanese. Using dialect becomes the vernacular language of Banyuwangi society.

Banyuwangi or “BumiBlambangan” is one of the cities on East Java.

2. Javanese

Javanese is one of the regional languages in Indonesia. It is used in Central Java, DIY, and also East Java.

3. Affixation

Ariyapitipun (2007) states that “Affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to

a root, stem, or free morpheme. While Affixation is the morphological process whereby an affix is attached to a root or stem (p.107). There are three kinds of affixes:

 Prefix is introduced onto the beginning of other morpheme  Suffix is introduced onto the end of other morphemes.  Infix is introduced right into the root of other morphemes.

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According to Kridalaksana (2007), in Bahasa Indonesia, simulfix is affix

that is manifested by nasalization process in the first‟ phoneme of morpheme.

According to Chaer (2007), confix is the process of attaching prefix and suffix in the same time. While, affixes combinationsare the processes of attaching two or more types of affixes one by one.

4. Morphophonemic process

According to Kridalaksana (2007), morphophonemic process is a subsystem that connects morphology and phonology in which morpheme is realized in phonological level. The alteration process of form occurs is caused by

morphemes‟ combination.

5. Song lyric

Lyric is one of the poetry types. It also expresses personal emotion and the experience of the writer.

1.8 Organization of Paper

The organization of the study is divided into five chapters. Chapter I presents the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the research method, the clarification of terms to explain some key points of the study, and the organization of paper. Chapter II focuses on the theoretical foundation which provides the descriptions of morpheme, affixation. Previous studies that are related to the issue presented in this study are also discussed. Chapter III discusses the research questions, research methods, and procedure of investigation which consist of technique of collecting data, and data analysis. Chapter IV illuminates of the findings and the discussion of this study. Chapter V portrays the conclusions and suggestions of the study.

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BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates the methodology which was used in this study to investigate how the processes of affixation are realized in the songs lyric of the Using dialect and Javanese, and also examines the differences in using the same affixes in the Using dialect and Javanese. It also covers research design, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research design

This study used a qualitative method because the main aim of the study was to examine how the processes of affixation are realized in the song lyrics of the Usingdialect and Javanese and to discover the differences in using the same affixes in the Using dialect and Javanese. According to Bodgan and Taylor (1998), a qualitative method as a research procedure results in descriptive data that can be observed. The data is in the form of written or spoken words.

In analyzing the data, these studies used the theory of affixation that includes prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix, and affix combination, and also the morphophonemic processes, changes of phoneme, addition, deletion and assimilation.

3.2 Data Collection

3.2.1.Data Source

The data of this study were taken from the result of transcribing the 27 song lyrics of the Using dialect, and 27 song lyrics of Javanese which contain prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix and affix combination. This study also investigated morphophonemic processes and other processes that were found in 27 song lyrics

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

of the Usingand 27 song lyrics of Javanese. The song lyrics were taken from two albums of video compact disc. For Javanese song lyrics, the writer took from BossanovaJawaand Campur sari’ songs.

Furthermore, song lyrics were chosen as the data of the study because they were easy to be accessed. Importantly, song’ lyric become the media to express the writer’s personal emotion and experience. Through songs lyrics, the writer is also able to deliver a message because the lyric within a song has its own meaning. Song lyric is used to reflect the society of the regional, as stated by Waluyo (1991).

3.2.2. Procedure of collecting data

In collecting the data, this study transcribed the song lyrics of the Using dialect and Javanese. This step was conducted to acknowledge the pronunciation and articulation of the words, and also to analyze the words that are attached by affixes.

3.3 Data Analysis

There were several steps in investigating the issue on this study. There are identifying, classifying, examining, quantifying, interpreting, discussing and drawing conclusion. The data in this study were analyzed through some steps, i.e: 3.3.1. Identification of words

This step was conducted to identify all words with affixes in Using dialect and Javanese.

Using dialect

[4.2.1.a1] Isundisopolareliyo (Prefix {di-})

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

[4.2.3.a1] Kabyarwissemebyar(Infix {-em-}) [4.2.4.a1] Isunlamarenyokakang (Suffix {-en})

[4.2.5.a1] Disakseni, lampualun-aluniki (Confix {di-,-i}) [4.2.6.a1] Siktaskenalanisukninggalakeriko (Simulfix {n-} and suffix {-ake})

Javanese

[4.3.1.a1] Kembangjambugogrokdipanganuler (Prefix {di-}) [4.3.2.a1] Garingtanpoguno, nalikokoweninggallungo (Simulfix {n-})

[4.3.3.a1] Tan kinirolayangteko paring perso (Infix {-in-}) [4.3.4.a1] Mecak’eendahingwengikuthaNganjukiki (Suffix {-ing})

[4.3.5.a1] Disaksenilampualun-aluniki (Confix {di-,-i})

[4.3.6.a1] Tegotemenkowenyidranijanji, ngantiisonglaraniati (Allomorph [n-] and suffix {-ni})

3.3.2. Classifying

The identified words were classified into categories of prefixes, simulfixes, infixes, suffixes, confixes, and affixes combinations in both Using dialect and Javanese.

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

N o Cod e The Occ uren ces Allomo rphs

+ Javan ese Base

Complex words Initial phone mes Place of articulatio n Mean ing Writen Spok

en

1 4.3. 2.b1

3 {ng-} + Kiro ngiro /k/ Velar

plosive consonant

To think

2 4.3. 2.b2

1 {ng-} + Gagas nggagas /g/ Velar

plosive consonant

To respo n

3.3.1. Process of affixation

There are five processes in some of six types of affixations that are realized in both the Using dialect and Javanese. The morphophonemic process occurs in both simulfix of the Using dialect and Javanese. Adding and changing the phonemes occur in both suffixes of the Using dialect and Javanese. Deleting occurs in both confixes in the Using dialect and Javanese. Assimilating occurs in simulfix of both the Using dialect and Javanese.

3.3.2. Quantifying

This step was taken to compute the percentage of the words’ occurrence, including types of affixes, and also the types of prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix, and circumfix. The formula is as follows.

N = (Q/R)*100

N = the percentage of words’ occurrence

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

R = total amount of the words that are attached by affixes

3.3.3. Interpreting and discussing

This step was taken to discuss the results of the analysis in order to have a comparison of the differences between the Using dialect and Javanese.

3.3.4. Drawing conclusion

After following the several steps above, this study draws a conclusion of analysis of affixation in the Using dialect and its comparison to Javanese.

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER V

This chapter presents the conclusions of the study and suggestion for future study.

5.1 Conclussion

From the analysis, it can be conducted that the processes of affixation which are realized in the Using dialect are similar to those process in Javanese. The analysis reveals that the processes of affixation which are realized in the Using dialect are similar to Javanese. The result both the study reveals that the affixation processes occur in both the Usingdialect and Javanese include six types of affixes; prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix and affix combination. Those five of six types of affixation (prefix, simulfix, suffix, confix and affix combination) are realized through morphophonemic process, changes of phoneme, addition, deletion and assimilation. However, it is found that there are differences in using the same affixes in the Using dialect and Javanese. The differences are the use of different allomorph of simulfix {n-}. In the Using dialect, simulfix {n-} become allomorph {nge-} when it is attached to the bases which are initiated by classes of phoneme belong to alveolar trill consonant, and alveolar plosive consonant (two syllables) through morphophonemic process. It is different from Javanese in which simulfix {n-} becomes {ng-} when it is attached to the bases which are initiated by classes of phoneme belong to alveolar approximant consonant.An example of this would be the base lali in the Using dialect becomes ngelali, but in Javanese becomes nglali.

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

5.2 Suggestion

This research could be applied for further study in the same field. There are some suggestions that might be helpul for those who want to conduct the research within this field:

1 The writer should be able to other theory of affixation. Using the other variant of theory is recommended for its improvement for the knowledge in the field of morphology.

2 In relation to certain traditional language, the writer should understand the tradional language sufficiently. The sufficient knowledge of certain traditional language is required in order to obtain more knowledge and for more reliable findings.

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

of the Usingand 27 song lyrics of Javanese. The song lyrics were taken from two albums of video compact disc. For Javanese song lyrics, the writer took from BossanovaJawaand Campur sari’ songs.

Furthermore, song lyrics were chosen as the data of the study because they were easy to be accessed. Importantly, song’ lyric become the media to express the writer’s personal emotion and experience. Through songs lyrics, the writer is also able to deliver a message because the lyric within a song has its own meaning. Song lyric is used to reflect the society of the regional, as stated by Waluyo (1991).

3.2.2. Procedure of collecting data

In collecting the data, this study transcribed the song lyrics of the Using dialect and Javanese. This step was conducted to acknowledge the pronunciation and articulation of the words, and also to analyze the words that are attached by affixes.

3.3 Data Analysis

There were several steps in investigating the issue on this study. There are identifying, classifying, examining, quantifying, interpreting, discussing and drawing conclusion. The data in this study were analyzed through some steps, i.e:

3.3.1. Identification of words

This step was conducted to identify all words with affixes in Using dialect and Javanese.

Using dialect

[4.2.1.a1] Isundisopolareliyo (Prefix {di-})

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu [4.2.3.a1] Kabyarwissemebyar(Infix {-em-}) [4.2.4.a1] Isunlamarenyokakang (Suffix {-en})

[4.2.5.a1] Disakseni, lampualun-aluniki (Confix {di-,-i})

[4.2.6.a1] Siktaskenalanisukninggalakeriko (Simulfix {n-} and suffix {-ake})

Javanese

[4.3.1.a1] Kembangjambugogrokdipanganuler (Prefix {di-}) [4.3.2.a1] Garingtanpoguno, nalikokoweninggallungo (Simulfix {n-})

[4.3.3.a1] Tan kinirolayangteko paring perso (Infix {-in-}) [4.3.4.a1] Mecak’eendahingwengikuthaNganjukiki (Suffix {-ing})

[4.3.5.a1] Disaksenilampualun-aluniki (Confix {di-,-i})

[4.3.6.a1] Tegotemenkowenyidranijanji, ngantiisonglaraniati (Allomorph [n-] and suffix {-ni})

3.3.2. Classifying

The identified words were classified into categories of prefixes, simulfixes, infixes, suffixes, confixes, and affixes combinations in both Using dialect and Javanese.

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu N o Cod e The Occ uren ces Allomo rphs

+ Javan

ese Base

Complex words Initial

phone mes Place of articulatio n Mean ing

Writen Spok

en

1 4.3. 2.b1

3 {ng-} + Kiro ngiro /k/ Velar

plosive consonant

To think

2 4.3. 2.b2

1 {ng-} + Gagas nggagas /g/ Velar

plosive consonant

To respo n

3.3.1. Process of affixation

There are five processes in some of six types of affixations that are realized in both the Using dialect and Javanese. The morphophonemic process occurs in both simulfix of the Using dialect and Javanese. Adding and changing the phonemes occur in both suffixes of the Using dialect and Javanese. Deleting occurs in both confixes in the Using dialect and Javanese. Assimilating occurs in simulfix of both the Using dialect and Javanese.

3.3.2. Quantifying

This step was taken to compute the percentage of the words’ occurrence, including types of affixes, and also the types of prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix, and circumfix. The formula is as follows.

N = (Q/R)*100

N = the percentage of words’ occurrence

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu R = total amount of the words that are attached by affixes

3.3.3. Interpreting and discussing

This step was taken to discuss the results of the analysis in order to have a comparison of the differences between the Using dialect and Javanese.

3.3.4. Drawing conclusion

After following the several steps above, this study draws a conclusion of analysis of affixation in the Using dialect and its comparison to Javanese.

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER V

This chapter presents the conclusions of the study and suggestion for future study.

5.1 Conclussion

From the analysis, it can be conducted that the processes of affixation which are realized in the Using dialect are similar to those process in Javanese. The analysis reveals that the processes of affixation which are realized in the Using dialect are similar to Javanese. The result both the study reveals that the affixation processes occur in both the Usingdialect and Javanese include six types of affixes; prefix, simulfix, infix, suffix, confix and affix combination. Those five of six types of affixation (prefix, simulfix, suffix, confix and affix combination) are realized through morphophonemic process, changes of phoneme, addition, deletion and assimilation. However, it is found that there are differences in using the same affixes in the Using dialect and Javanese. The differences are the use of different allomorph of simulfix {n-}. In the Using dialect, simulfix {n-} become allomorph {nge-} when it is attached to the bases which are initiated by classes of phoneme belong to alveolar trill consonant, and alveolar plosive consonant (two syllables) through morphophonemic process. It is different from Javanese in which simulfix {n-} becomes {ng-} when it is attached to the bases which are initiated by classes of phoneme belong to alveolar approximant consonant.An example of this would be the base lali in the Using dialect becomes ngelali, but in Javanese becomes nglali.

Mayang Pramudhita, 2014

BEYOND THE USING DIALECT AND JAVANESE SONG LYRICS: AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION INTHE USING DIALECT AND ITS COMPARISON TO JAVANESE

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

5.2 Suggestion

This research could be applied for further study in the same field. There are some suggestions that might be helpul for those who want to conduct the research within this field:

1 The writer should be able to other theory of affixation. Using the other variant of theory is recommended for its improvement for the knowledge in the field of morphology.

2 In relation to certain traditional language, the writer should understand the tradional language sufficiently. The sufficient knowledge of certain traditional language is required in order to obtain more knowledge and for more reliable findings.