Semester 2 2013 Exam Topics
Semester 2 2013
Exam Topics.
1. Tourism ‘leakage’ a challenging issue in the South Pacific. How does leakage happen in
developing countries? What can PICs do to minimize leakage?
Leakages occur when revenues arising from tourism-related economic activities in destination
countries are not available for (re-)investment or consumption of goods and services in the same
countries. Simply money (currency), that moves out of the country.
Reasons behind high level of leakages
• Foreign investors taking the profits out of the country and transferring it to their own country.
•Countries specialise more in importing goods from other countries which leads to leakages.
Ways to overcome leakages
•encourage more local investors in the country
•use of local products example "Fijian made"
•increase exports and minimize imports
•government policies to ensure that foreign investors do not transfer money to their parent countries
i.e. through taxation and other related policies.
2. Butlers Tourism Area Life Cycle Model
3. Investment incentives – its importance for PICs.
4. The use of ‘clustered’ and ‘dispersed’ development in regional planning.
Clustered-To attract more tourists to an area, Concentrated and integrated development.
Advantages
1. Opportunity for integrated planning and application of development, design and environmental
controls.
2. More efficient provision of transportation access and other infrastructure.
3. Convenience to tourists
4. Capability of concentrated development to support more specialised facilities and services, and
5. Containment of any negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts in specific areas.
5. The ‘cruise segment’ – opportunities and challenges.
6. The relevance of ecotourism to indigenous entrepreneurship
Ecotourism is a growing segment of the global tourism industry that is making significant positive
contributions to the environmental, social, cultural and economic well-being of destinations and local
communities around the world. Offering market-linked long-term solutions, ecotourism provides
effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing bio-cultural diversity and helps protect
the natural and cultural heritage of our beautiful planet. By increasing capacity building opportunities,
ecotourism is also an effective vehicle for empowering local communities around the world to fight
against poverty and to achieve sustainable development by involving in the activities and forming
indigenous enterprise and promoting the locality of the environment and community. Furthermore,
ecotourism has provided an impetus to assist in greening the tourism industry on many fronts. Ecotourism in local communities helps protect indigenous culture and land.
7. Problems/challenges with marketing the South Pacific Tourism products
Challenges/ Problems
Accessibility- distance between countries and source markets
Inadequate facilities and services-wharfs, airports and shopping centers: attract only certain
groups.
Insufficient developed attractions-shortage of developed tourist attraction ; needs more time
and funding to develop
Insufficient accommodation facilities-lack of high standards of resorts and accommodation
Problems with image and differentiating South Pacific tourism destinations
Strategies
Development of people.
Yield management
Partnership approach
Targeted marketing
Use of Technology
Market Research
Investment
Quality
Sustainability
8. Five freedoms of the air.
•
Right of an airline to fly over the territory of another state.
•
Right of an airline to land on the territory of another state for non-commercial reasons
•
Right of an airline to carry passengers, mail and goods from its own state to another state.
•
Right of an airline to embark passengers, mail and goods in another state and carry them
•
Commercial transport between two countries excluding the base of the airline
Essay
Issues and problems relating to human resources training for tourism in the south Pacific.
Issues:
Poor image of the industry as an employer
Quality and availability of skilled staff
Rewards and benefits
High labor turnover
Poor working hours
Poor working conditions
Expatriate labor
Lack of effective managerial training
Lack of coordination between the educational sector and tourist sector
Limited skillful tourist instructors
Lack of managerial planning
Inadequate investment in training by the private sector
HRM policies:
Improvement of knowledge, skills and behavior on the job
Employ the right person for the right job
Proactive rather than reactive
Maintain competitiveness
Response to seasonality
Provide quality service i.e. international standards
8. Problems/challenges with marketing the South Pacific Tourism products
Challenges/ Problems
Accessibility- distance between countries and source markets
Inadequate facilities and services-wharfs, airports and shopping centers: attract only certain
groups.
Insufficient developed attractions-shortage of developed tourist attraction ; needs more time
and funding to develop
Insufficient accommodation facilities-lack of high standards of resorts and accommodation
Problems with image and differentiating South Pacific tourism destinations
Strategies
Development of people.
Yield management
Partnership approach
Targeted marketing
Use of Technology
Market Research
Investment
Quality
Sustainability
Exam Topics.
1. Tourism ‘leakage’ a challenging issue in the South Pacific. How does leakage happen in
developing countries? What can PICs do to minimize leakage?
Leakages occur when revenues arising from tourism-related economic activities in destination
countries are not available for (re-)investment or consumption of goods and services in the same
countries. Simply money (currency), that moves out of the country.
Reasons behind high level of leakages
• Foreign investors taking the profits out of the country and transferring it to their own country.
•Countries specialise more in importing goods from other countries which leads to leakages.
Ways to overcome leakages
•encourage more local investors in the country
•use of local products example "Fijian made"
•increase exports and minimize imports
•government policies to ensure that foreign investors do not transfer money to their parent countries
i.e. through taxation and other related policies.
2. Butlers Tourism Area Life Cycle Model
3. Investment incentives – its importance for PICs.
4. The use of ‘clustered’ and ‘dispersed’ development in regional planning.
Clustered-To attract more tourists to an area, Concentrated and integrated development.
Advantages
1. Opportunity for integrated planning and application of development, design and environmental
controls.
2. More efficient provision of transportation access and other infrastructure.
3. Convenience to tourists
4. Capability of concentrated development to support more specialised facilities and services, and
5. Containment of any negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts in specific areas.
5. The ‘cruise segment’ – opportunities and challenges.
6. The relevance of ecotourism to indigenous entrepreneurship
Ecotourism is a growing segment of the global tourism industry that is making significant positive
contributions to the environmental, social, cultural and economic well-being of destinations and local
communities around the world. Offering market-linked long-term solutions, ecotourism provides
effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing bio-cultural diversity and helps protect
the natural and cultural heritage of our beautiful planet. By increasing capacity building opportunities,
ecotourism is also an effective vehicle for empowering local communities around the world to fight
against poverty and to achieve sustainable development by involving in the activities and forming
indigenous enterprise and promoting the locality of the environment and community. Furthermore,
ecotourism has provided an impetus to assist in greening the tourism industry on many fronts. Ecotourism in local communities helps protect indigenous culture and land.
7. Problems/challenges with marketing the South Pacific Tourism products
Challenges/ Problems
Accessibility- distance between countries and source markets
Inadequate facilities and services-wharfs, airports and shopping centers: attract only certain
groups.
Insufficient developed attractions-shortage of developed tourist attraction ; needs more time
and funding to develop
Insufficient accommodation facilities-lack of high standards of resorts and accommodation
Problems with image and differentiating South Pacific tourism destinations
Strategies
Development of people.
Yield management
Partnership approach
Targeted marketing
Use of Technology
Market Research
Investment
Quality
Sustainability
8. Five freedoms of the air.
•
Right of an airline to fly over the territory of another state.
•
Right of an airline to land on the territory of another state for non-commercial reasons
•
Right of an airline to carry passengers, mail and goods from its own state to another state.
•
Right of an airline to embark passengers, mail and goods in another state and carry them
•
Commercial transport between two countries excluding the base of the airline
Essay
Issues and problems relating to human resources training for tourism in the south Pacific.
Issues:
Poor image of the industry as an employer
Quality and availability of skilled staff
Rewards and benefits
High labor turnover
Poor working hours
Poor working conditions
Expatriate labor
Lack of effective managerial training
Lack of coordination between the educational sector and tourist sector
Limited skillful tourist instructors
Lack of managerial planning
Inadequate investment in training by the private sector
HRM policies:
Improvement of knowledge, skills and behavior on the job
Employ the right person for the right job
Proactive rather than reactive
Maintain competitiveness
Response to seasonality
Provide quality service i.e. international standards
8. Problems/challenges with marketing the South Pacific Tourism products
Challenges/ Problems
Accessibility- distance between countries and source markets
Inadequate facilities and services-wharfs, airports and shopping centers: attract only certain
groups.
Insufficient developed attractions-shortage of developed tourist attraction ; needs more time
and funding to develop
Insufficient accommodation facilities-lack of high standards of resorts and accommodation
Problems with image and differentiating South Pacific tourism destinations
Strategies
Development of people.
Yield management
Partnership approach
Targeted marketing
Use of Technology
Market Research
Investment
Quality
Sustainability