A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION AS FOUND IN FOUR OF KAHLIL GIBRAN'S POEMS.
A STYLISI'ICANALYSISOFLE ICAI- COEFJION AS I1OUND IN
FOTJR OF KAELIL CIER]$I'S POEMS
A
S6rtd.d
Thdii
tt *.qrnMt
IuWMse,tDaN
ln I'wdat
Fdft^.d
to
Bv
MIRA KERISTINA
FI(:TJSTI I'EPARIMENT , FACTJLTY OF LETTERS
AND I,AS IJNTVERSITY
Di dalm p€nelitie ini dib,na hagidha iEngamg mengguuru leugkll
kohcsi leksikt dalm nenydpaikan MloF sasta dalam sebul F'hi setu
dismpaikm peneamg leNb . Tuj@n
kenunculd D.@gkal kohcsi l€kikal
penelilu ini adalai Mnr( nensebhui '€ns
basaim ia nenssunato prug}lt lohet
leksikal teFebut drlm mcnympaikm naha stE yans tedapat dalm tuki
pLqDlascru FrmsLr\o\6ilc\- lal ytre mu.u &lm DLni-DLi.inJr
Pdelitim id n€nssudko leon sdlisdka yde diLdulold oleh l€t€r Vedonk
(2002) dtr kohsi lekikal ysg dikemdeld oleh Hdllidat.Ln Has (1976)
didis oleh Kat il Gibtu. Dalm
Suber data didhil ddi puisi puisi
p€neupulo dall! p€nulis nensmbil &ra'ss
dalm b€ntut bail dai puisi'puisi cibru.
Dalm nensdalisis .tara pc.ulis neneeuakm nelode Efecnsial. KeDudian haril
amlisis dll! disiike sm infomal seda ncrssunak tabd utut ncmbu(u
Dli hsil
.nalisis .lapat disinpulle berdadtd efek psi(ologis. Gib@
mengelcpFsike lentaq k indahm t(cnllid banva kctu,tid itu mmPale hal
ymE tidal Dqh dn*ud nelaint hal yss ditussu - luggu. Oib@ jusr
ncnympaika Dew nordl dm aeam ditMa ia mencelilakm si@i sn@i ymg
m€mbutrrya IlFah. sdih de guda! sna keinsim-kei.simya y&g nenbur
lmbm ne.silgat kenbali rltu kckuM SeC Pencipta. K.nudian dari haril
arulisis te6.but juea dilenuka *mu lipe lohesi leksilnl, ynitu: l) tilcNi
teiteratioh) r,jtu: kara mu fs€,eral ,ord). Fpetisi (repeitior). si^onin
6vonyn), otonin (ahtaht,t), hipon\n (htpontm) dd nnnin (hmnyn). 2)
koloksi (coltocorion) Gib,n endtue ncngCud@ nillEi lcrut na kaIa &!ra
mm (46.6014, reFtisi (15.5%). dd kolokai (l5.5ez) rge pcmbaq mcnahmi
!€mm kohesi lekikal ysg dinalsld penulis ulul nenenula norno sLE ymg
inAin dismpaikm oleh pdgafug,
CHAITDR
2
REVIEW OF RXLATED LITERATURN
2.1. Rdi.w of tbe Psiow Studies
Meid (2002)
srylislic an lysis
anslyzes about ihc p@n of Philip L5n{in s Talking in Bcd
"A
ofLdki!'s laltins in Bcd." ll. ues lhc dcsdiprivc frclhods in
malyzins. In his dalys's. hc follows thfte @in sieF €lated ro the tbr€e main
"stylistic levels oaa t€xt d1,t pmp.sd by Finch (l9s3r 203) snch as: the
"nicm", thc "irtcm.diatc'. od
level of lhe lDen
d
t!€
'mrcrc"
ld.ls. Thc bicm lcvcl
a fom that deals wilh stud, investigating lhc ovcrall
saucu€ ol the poen md gmnalical sdclurc of thc
senrcnccs
[aditional, pE fibction, &d poinl of vicw. Ibc "inlmedialc
l.v.l'
6
a discouse derls with the
difrmnt neeines
oa
us. of adjccrivc in rbc Focn. Thc
iaco
relales to the bioeraphjcal conlext
lcvcl" ofthc pocn
dd
spcct of lhe poem. Msnd also iwestisates this
aboui
6r
lexical
er
nctafiDction. th.y
ell,
cohesive devicca,
linm a
of th.
to.m
Ae najor ldical irdns, llD
*mdtic ofnesltio6. fi€ iGbn.es ofoomaly, ambislity od
dent
is lnc
senqic
polyseny
lne
a comNicarion
dd olllq
pcn bed
sd
on
lcxt extemdl
nalliday's
dory
inaecs, GolopicelmsMcc, lovc, and natur.l
e!rcsmt tion of ftality (deld) md lresinviry
choims-pm*ses, FfeEnes md th€ d€ictic sub-words oflhe po€m.
I. nk findins. drc lqical
three deiclics sub words
itcms
e
.slabhhcd lo thc cohcsivc
ol tho poen th€y @r lne !D$ fi€
clai6
p6m!
md
md th€
lenFlds Mzid
avoids
unallc lo colm@icare.
tne Iwels of the
&
a
dildna ofa
Fcoplc who
scd md lo
b€ honesl He
tls
couple sho
m
fnds thd in
nst ol thc lcatues ol
situation wh6 it ws witlc. Thc po. k hc to its oM
fom md
rtc comuicalion
cmolionai linglidic
dsuN
in $e
Fcn mhfim
senr md rhe authori io lhe hsi6iliiy lo which it bclonss. wirh ils nininal
srmbolisd ard mbiguity,
ud to the scio-hislorical
@cud.d Trlis Bcmh 6s sinile rhdry locDss on thc
Hs
usine Halliday s md
$@ry mes*hil€ Maid
s
sins llaUidly s 6€ory focus
on the
mndilio$ where il
usc
ofl.iiol
brcadens his
cohcsion
malvsh bv
neialudioN
Eliab.th (2008) malyzcs abo Siylistic Alalvsis ol Snclcv s
Eliab€th
f6Ns
her
po€n "Ozynmdid
Mlras
into slylistics darysis d€€ls with lso of Shellev s
dd "Englffd in
1819
Shcll.y s soMcis. Eliz2b.tn besins with
m
"
inv.stisatcs
{'al
ed l*ical
Shcllcy
analysis
Ep.tilion ofde devie of quolatior)
concludd tnat Shelley b€giff with
di$Dsscd
in th.
slrlislics $ch
sncn
h
coh€sivc dcvic*
subsdndo. md
her dntvzine. EliTalElh
s: Ged-sd. md
c@te @hesion al lhe lexicai
10
d
ol lhc
a: rcfdc€,
orgsization-
Ns of Epclition
tn lysis of the coh*ive
s:
t\o of
In stylistcs aidvsis of
popoed by Halliday md Has's theory such
cllipsis, @njmction,
lcns
ldel
devices
Efcanc., substitution Md
Dd.
Sbe
llat
is
cllipsis,
conjmcrion, md lexical orsbiztion. Ozyrmdid is a docmoted hisb;cd
ngw, sd
the
ue of
rhat
tme
thougnoul rhe poen
eetr lo Efd
to th€
lsd ni6
in rhis Do€m ([p€6oDal; yrr
cxktins hisroric.l Bord in a sp€inc My. Eliab.t[ 01s
endoDhoiic
pmnal 6d dnonst atjv. iefeEnes
hMle. then-legs,
thn-p6sio$,
j|hase visaEe, ite-isage.
sr iw,
Otlhontlidsl d6obljJatir.. thore-fow thok
that hdnd, thtt heart,
these
m!
rhes*vieadle$,
lttotatioh, thotjuototion, riege, legtl
Eliabdn cmls chai6 of Mmtic nedrquival€nls
in this poem.
M.swnib, in "E4lad in lSlE Eliabct[ mploys tm qophonc
EfeBnces (E,Elu.d,1ine\
ftf.:Mc.s (th.ir
iloat edtre
,
epeale.l
lirces whFprir@' theit
), ed six
ru|erc,
cndophorjc
thertule
erae, o*-Englant) B this pocm. Th. cxophonc EfcEnes Fly on
*no*ledge ol history Md polilic for their Esobtion.
dmplcs oI
eUipsis which o@ur in line nine
sccds to bc i6 a Elation
contiruou
lin* isr
dd in
pal!, witn
ten. Ovemll, lhe eniiE poeto
is
Mincn N onc
rveGal of neeing in th.laqr
tlid m two olhcr inForlant conjuclio.s in the pocn, ir
md thEe ( dud Lom
lines
a grcai
Eaders
d€ iwo inpontut
ofcxrcsio! to thc litlc oftn. D.cn. Ii
senter'@, a garden
MoE spccificdlly.
ad
T6*
rhich
!
ntrddy sprine '
fou ed five{ "But" €ems to
sns
ro
elabode Finet')
elaboEte "ruI€u vho neithq... ).
Lqicdly, Elizabdn fou{b dat Snclby @tcs
chli
of words wilh shmd
CHA?TER 4
&a]'zins $e daq d. Miter finds oul thal the msing of d€
ARer
d loud
disovecd by raltzing the laical @hesion
in
read€r to calch th€
6y tn€ poel. In qpEssi.g his id.a
tn
il
$d
messss d€l is conlcycd
p@t tc.ds to norc
u$ Fp.ri!'on
olhd tlT€s of lexical cohesion. By uing rcpclition md
shows how fa!
Gibtu infoms his id6
qiDinal. nis vishes thal
e
ad
$d
aboul his imasimtion
collocalon
ce
dd
md
oleolio!.
is
b.i4
a
so on. Tnc
wril.r
crealc psychologi€ql
eil&t
b€ing thc spnfts Mtnoul troublc
co.cludes that thc Base ofrep€dtion
b.
fod ol Gibmis !o€ms. T!€
!s,cc ofde iqical @llesion hclps th€
collocdtion
tod m
to thc r€ad€r. To 6nd oul the cfect, lhe irtuilioB play imponet rcle in @tchins
llE
ness€c of litcErr so*s. Srylislically, 6ibm s pods hrvc chucldistics
s
subjdt
Tne
loin
of view in shich he telh aloul his n6eges ahour noElity
wi1f
Ep€lition
(I
6!ds thal all tinds of
l.iicd
5.5%), onocation (15.5olt,
mn.sion
elontn
m sad.l
(6 6vo).
of
inponet b.€u*
CibMt Dons
by
qnlctly.
3lso
mrds (46.617'),
symryb (6.67t, ntuDan
(a.470 md h}Tlrn)m (3.3%).ln otner sid€. the role ofrcpelition
very
ud
uiog bo$ oflh.s wr&, tn. €add
dd
d
@ll@ation
6nd thc
e
p!r!os.
BIBLIOGRAPEY
Brown. cillian and Csr8e Yule 1981.
Cambridge Univenity PE$.
D,r.o, e lerrte. Gmt
Cdgr, Rotuld and Brumri! Chrisropher 1982- Lit
?.,.rtJ,' Oxfor'l: (Xford UniveNiry Piesr
Collin. Fod. 1990. 71t Colli4: Pdperhuk
Bnbin.
dw ad L
Dds,!z!. S6ond
AwSe
Edition.
Harpcrcollins Publishe6
Cosl,
David
dd
tlalliday. M.A.K md Ruqaiya
.
Idurldt s,nsln,
P. Davy. t969.
HNn.
1916. Cnltosion
ldtuIrction to F
19a5. An
&1..
London: l-oignan
in
,,l,lr.
Lr.don
rct!'itl C.(anar S*.ad Edirion.
hltot/}w.1mdti.lovcs4ret.co6/bcButv-dcathsUine-@mi
ar 10.10 AM
gDta!.bE!l. Rebieved o. Junc grh.2009
.nl
of
Dliabe$. 2003. sheLy
lhilosopht
Sttlislid ntubsn ol hi\ PoeN .,id
k"a1ut!..
]&pLd.alaniali|ejatml conDal76tu'l
Rebiev€d on
Available:
l3th,
Mfth
af
Romd. \960. An ,lnltsn
Fiction nEorr. A\ai|ah],c:
lntp ! /an b s em h i t h lo ssrd. c o nl2 0 A 9/A 7/IE o ry
FOTJR OF KAELIL CIER]$I'S POEMS
A
S6rtd.d
Thdii
tt *.qrnMt
IuWMse,tDaN
ln I'wdat
Fdft^.d
to
Bv
MIRA KERISTINA
FI(:TJSTI I'EPARIMENT , FACTJLTY OF LETTERS
AND I,AS IJNTVERSITY
Di dalm p€nelitie ini dib,na hagidha iEngamg mengguuru leugkll
kohcsi leksikt dalm nenydpaikan MloF sasta dalam sebul F'hi setu
dismpaikm peneamg leNb . Tuj@n
kenunculd D.@gkal kohcsi l€kikal
penelilu ini adalai Mnr( nensebhui '€ns
basaim ia nenssunato prug}lt lohet
leksikal teFebut drlm mcnympaikm naha stE yans tedapat dalm tuki
pLqDlascru FrmsLr\o\6ilc\- lal ytre mu.u &lm DLni-DLi.inJr
Pdelitim id n€nssudko leon sdlisdka yde diLdulold oleh l€t€r Vedonk
(2002) dtr kohsi lekikal ysg dikemdeld oleh Hdllidat.Ln Has (1976)
didis oleh Kat il Gibtu. Dalm
Suber data didhil ddi puisi puisi
p€neupulo dall! p€nulis nensmbil &ra'ss
dalm b€ntut bail dai puisi'puisi cibru.
Dalm nensdalisis .tara pc.ulis neneeuakm nelode Efecnsial. KeDudian haril
amlisis dll! disiike sm infomal seda ncrssunak tabd utut ncmbu(u
Dli hsil
.nalisis .lapat disinpulle berdadtd efek psi(ologis. Gib@
mengelcpFsike lentaq k indahm t(cnllid banva kctu,tid itu mmPale hal
ymE tidal Dqh dn*ud nelaint hal yss ditussu - luggu. Oib@ jusr
ncnympaika Dew nordl dm aeam ditMa ia mencelilakm si@i sn@i ymg
m€mbutrrya IlFah. sdih de guda! sna keinsim-kei.simya y&g nenbur
lmbm ne.silgat kenbali rltu kckuM SeC Pencipta. K.nudian dari haril
arulisis te6.but juea dilenuka *mu lipe lohesi leksilnl, ynitu: l) tilcNi
teiteratioh) r,jtu: kara mu fs€,eral ,ord). Fpetisi (repeitior). si^onin
6vonyn), otonin (ahtaht,t), hipon\n (htpontm) dd nnnin (hmnyn). 2)
koloksi (coltocorion) Gib,n endtue ncngCud@ nillEi lcrut na kaIa &!ra
mm (46.6014, reFtisi (15.5%). dd kolokai (l5.5ez) rge pcmbaq mcnahmi
!€mm kohesi lekikal ysg dinalsld penulis ulul nenenula norno sLE ymg
inAin dismpaikm oleh pdgafug,
CHAITDR
2
REVIEW OF RXLATED LITERATURN
2.1. Rdi.w of tbe Psiow Studies
Meid (2002)
srylislic an lysis
anslyzes about ihc p@n of Philip L5n{in s Talking in Bcd
"A
ofLdki!'s laltins in Bcd." ll. ues lhc dcsdiprivc frclhods in
malyzins. In his dalys's. hc follows thfte @in sieF €lated ro the tbr€e main
"stylistic levels oaa t€xt d1,t pmp.sd by Finch (l9s3r 203) snch as: the
"nicm", thc "irtcm.diatc'. od
level of lhe lDen
d
t!€
'mrcrc"
ld.ls. Thc bicm lcvcl
a fom that deals wilh stud, investigating lhc ovcrall
saucu€ ol the poen md gmnalical sdclurc of thc
senrcnccs
[aditional, pE fibction, &d poinl of vicw. Ibc "inlmedialc
l.v.l'
6
a discouse derls with the
difrmnt neeines
oa
us. of adjccrivc in rbc Focn. Thc
iaco
relales to the bioeraphjcal conlext
lcvcl" ofthc pocn
dd
spcct of lhe poem. Msnd also iwestisates this
aboui
6r
lexical
er
nctafiDction. th.y
ell,
cohesive devicca,
linm a
of th.
to.m
Ae najor ldical irdns, llD
*mdtic ofnesltio6. fi€ iGbn.es ofoomaly, ambislity od
dent
is lnc
senqic
polyseny
lne
a comNicarion
dd olllq
pcn bed
sd
on
lcxt extemdl
nalliday's
dory
inaecs, GolopicelmsMcc, lovc, and natur.l
e!rcsmt tion of ftality (deld) md lresinviry
choims-pm*ses, FfeEnes md th€ d€ictic sub-words oflhe po€m.
I. nk findins. drc lqical
three deiclics sub words
itcms
e
.slabhhcd lo thc cohcsivc
ol tho poen th€y @r lne !D$ fi€
clai6
p6m!
md
md th€
lenFlds Mzid
avoids
unallc lo colm@icare.
tne Iwels of the
&
a
dildna ofa
Fcoplc who
scd md lo
b€ honesl He
tls
couple sho
m
fnds thd in
nst ol thc lcatues ol
situation wh6 it ws witlc. Thc po. k hc to its oM
fom md
rtc comuicalion
cmolionai linglidic
dsuN
in $e
Fcn mhfim
senr md rhe authori io lhe hsi6iliiy lo which it bclonss. wirh ils nininal
srmbolisd ard mbiguity,
ud to the scio-hislorical
@cud.d Trlis Bcmh 6s sinile rhdry locDss on thc
Hs
usine Halliday s md
$@ry mes*hil€ Maid
s
sins llaUidly s 6€ory focus
on the
mndilio$ where il
usc
ofl.iiol
brcadens his
cohcsion
malvsh bv
neialudioN
Eliab.th (2008) malyzcs abo Siylistic Alalvsis ol Snclcv s
Eliab€th
f6Ns
her
po€n "Ozynmdid
Mlras
into slylistics darysis d€€ls with lso of Shellev s
dd "Englffd in
1819
Shcll.y s soMcis. Eliz2b.tn besins with
m
"
inv.stisatcs
{'al
ed l*ical
Shcllcy
analysis
Ep.tilion ofde devie of quolatior)
concludd tnat Shelley b€giff with
di$Dsscd
in th.
slrlislics $ch
sncn
h
coh€sivc dcvic*
subsdndo. md
her dntvzine. EliTalElh
s: Ged-sd. md
c@te @hesion al lhe lexicai
10
d
ol lhc
a: rcfdc€,
orgsization-
Ns of Epclition
tn lysis of the coh*ive
s:
t\o of
In stylistcs aidvsis of
popoed by Halliday md Has's theory such
cllipsis, @njmction,
lcns
ldel
devices
Efcanc., substitution Md
Dd.
Sbe
llat
is
cllipsis,
conjmcrion, md lexical orsbiztion. Ozyrmdid is a docmoted hisb;cd
ngw, sd
the
ue of
rhat
tme
thougnoul rhe poen
eetr lo Efd
to th€
lsd ni6
in rhis Do€m ([p€6oDal; yrr
cxktins hisroric.l Bord in a sp€inc My. Eliab.t[ 01s
endoDhoiic
pmnal 6d dnonst atjv. iefeEnes
hMle. then-legs,
thn-p6sio$,
j|hase visaEe, ite-isage.
sr iw,
Otlhontlidsl d6obljJatir.. thore-fow thok
that hdnd, thtt heart,
these
m!
rhes*vieadle$,
lttotatioh, thotjuototion, riege, legtl
Eliabdn cmls chai6 of Mmtic nedrquival€nls
in this poem.
M.swnib, in "E4lad in lSlE Eliabct[ mploys tm qophonc
EfeBnces (E,Elu.d,1ine\
ftf.:Mc.s (th.ir
iloat edtre
,
epeale.l
lirces whFprir@' theit
), ed six
ru|erc,
cndophorjc
thertule
erae, o*-Englant) B this pocm. Th. cxophonc EfcEnes Fly on
*no*ledge ol history Md polilic for their Esobtion.
dmplcs oI
eUipsis which o@ur in line nine
sccds to bc i6 a Elation
contiruou
lin* isr
dd in
pal!, witn
ten. Ovemll, lhe eniiE poeto
is
Mincn N onc
rveGal of neeing in th.laqr
tlid m two olhcr inForlant conjuclio.s in the pocn, ir
md thEe ( dud Lom
lines
a grcai
Eaders
d€ iwo inpontut
ofcxrcsio! to thc litlc oftn. D.cn. Ii
senter'@, a garden
MoE spccificdlly.
ad
T6*
rhich
!
ntrddy sprine '
fou ed five{ "But" €ems to
sns
ro
elabode Finet')
elaboEte "ruI€u vho neithq... ).
Lqicdly, Elizabdn fou{b dat Snclby @tcs
chli
of words wilh shmd
CHA?TER 4
&a]'zins $e daq d. Miter finds oul thal the msing of d€
ARer
d loud
disovecd by raltzing the laical @hesion
in
read€r to calch th€
6y tn€ poel. In qpEssi.g his id.a
tn
il
$d
messss d€l is conlcycd
p@t tc.ds to norc
u$ Fp.ri!'on
olhd tlT€s of lexical cohesion. By uing rcpclition md
shows how fa!
Gibtu infoms his id6
qiDinal. nis vishes thal
e
ad
$d
aboul his imasimtion
collocalon
ce
dd
md
oleolio!.
is
b.i4
a
so on. Tnc
wril.r
crealc psychologi€ql
eil&t
b€ing thc spnfts Mtnoul troublc
co.cludes that thc Base ofrep€dtion
b.
fod ol Gibmis !o€ms. T!€
!s,cc ofde iqical @llesion hclps th€
collocdtion
tod m
to thc r€ad€r. To 6nd oul the cfect, lhe irtuilioB play imponet rcle in @tchins
llE
ness€c of litcErr so*s. Srylislically, 6ibm s pods hrvc chucldistics
s
subjdt
Tne
loin
of view in shich he telh aloul his n6eges ahour noElity
wi1f
Ep€lition
(I
6!ds thal all tinds of
l.iicd
5.5%), onocation (15.5olt,
mn.sion
elontn
m sad.l
(6 6vo).
of
inponet b.€u*
CibMt Dons
by
qnlctly.
3lso
mrds (46.617'),
symryb (6.67t, ntuDan
(a.470 md h}Tlrn)m (3.3%).ln otner sid€. the role ofrcpelition
very
ud
uiog bo$ oflh.s wr&, tn. €add
dd
d
@ll@ation
6nd thc
e
p!r!os.
BIBLIOGRAPEY
Brown. cillian and Csr8e Yule 1981.
Cambridge Univenity PE$.
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