CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF GLASS BY MAX LANE
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
OF PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF
PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF
GLASS BY MAX LANE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG
Student Number: 044214143
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF
PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF
PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF GLASS
BY MAX LANE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG
Student Number: 044214143
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
i
ii
iii
.
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLUKASI ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universias Sanata Dharma :
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG
: 044214143
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul :
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF PURE IDIOMS IN
THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF
GLASS BY MAX LANE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam
bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap
mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 28 Maret 2010
Yang menyatakan
iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the
ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full
consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas, phrases, or
sentences without proper references.
Yogyakarta, 4 March, 2010
Cylas Desidarius Rianantang
v
Only a LIFE lived
for OTHERS
is WORTH living
(Albert Einstein)
vi
To Mama’
who sews every night for her beloved son
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank God, especially Jesus Christ. I know that You
always listen my prayers. I also would to thank my beloved father and mother Drs. F.X.
Pantasilaban, and sisters Andriyani Yulianti Imokbonang and Brigita Oktaviana
Imokbonang.
I am very grateful to my advisor J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. for
helping me doing my undergraduate thesis with his guidance, patience, and opinion for
almost four semesters. I am grateful to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S. S., M. Hum.
for her very important criticism and opinion. I can improve a lot of my knowledge about
linguistic study, especially for the translation
I also would like to say many thanks to my friends and brothers: Shintya Dwi
Aryani, Hans, Mart, Tirman, Polo, Guido, Tains, Eka Chetavnk, Toras, Dicky, Bodjai,
Wawan, Ronny, Adit, Galih, Galon, Yuli Satyawati, Femme, Taufik, Ison, Toni, Meita,
3Bayu, Hardian, Alfa, Christo, Eling, Elli, Danita, Troy, The Killers, Reena Rai and
Merry from Myanmar, 2Adi, Jojo, Saverin, Diana and friends, Nina, and others. I also
would to thank Sanata Dharma University lectures and staff; Mr. Arianto, Mbak Niek,
Ms. Anna, Mr. Alip, Ms. Ria, Ms. Linda, Ms. Dewi, Father Harry, Mr. Sarwoto, Mr.
Fajar, Mr. Dwijatmoko, Mr. Hir, Ms. Ni Luh, Mr. Pomo, and others. All of you have
made my life colorful in Sanata Dharma. Finally, I must express deep gratitude for Alm.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Max Lane, you have the high quality works.
Cylas Desidarius R.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………….....
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………………...
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..........................................................................................
MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………………..
DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………………...
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………….....
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………………..
i
ii
iii
vi
vii
viii
ix
xi
xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………….
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………...
B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………………….
C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………..
D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………
E. Benefit of the Study ……………………………………………………...
1
1
4
4
5
6
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………………….
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………….
B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………………...
1. Theory of Idiom ……………………………………………………...
2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language ………………………….
3. Theory of Translation ………………………………………………..
4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations ………………...
a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form ……………………
b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form …………
c. Translation by paraphrase ………………………………………..
d. Translation by omission ………………………………………….
5. Theory of Figurative Expressions ……………………………………
6. Theory of Equivalent ………………………………………………...
a. Figurative Equivalent …………………………………………….
b. Nonfigurative Equivalent ………………………………………...
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………..
D. Research Framework ……………………………………………………..
7
7
8
8
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
15
15
16
16
18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………………
B. Research Procedure …………………………………………………........
1. Objective Data ..………………………………………………………
2. Method of the Study ………………………………………………….
3. Data Collection ……………………………………………………….
4. Data Analysis …………………………………………………………
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
ix
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………..
A. Strategies of Pure Idiom Translation …………………………………….
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form ………………………..
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form ……………..
3. Translation by paraphrase ……………………………………………
B. The Classification of Translation Strategies based on Figurative and
Nonfigurative Equivalents ………………………………………………..
1. Figurative Equivalents ……………………………………………….
2. Nonfigurative Equivalents …………………………………………...
23
23
24
25
26
36
37
40
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………………. 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………... 51
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 53
Appendix 1 …………………………………………………………………... 53
x
ABSTRACT
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG. Classification of Translation
Strategies of Pure Idioms in The Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca
Into House of Glass by Max Lane. Yogyakarta; Department of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2010.
This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalents of the applied
strategies of pure idiom translations in House of Glass, the English translation
of Rumah Kaca by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This work is related with the idiom
usages as a part of cultural language expression, especially in The Indonesian
language. The data of this undergraduate thesis are concerned on pure idioms.
The consideration lies in the fact that pure idiom is one class of idioms which is
categorized as the most complex idiom; it is very possible that not everyone can
understand pure idioms, even in condition that they are the native.
There are two problems that were analyzed in this thesis. The first
problem is what strategies which are applied in translating pure idioms in House
of Glass, and the second is how the translation strategies are classified in terms
of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents.
The method used in this study is comparative method which was
comparing the data from one language to another language. This method was
used to probe how the pure idioms in ST (Source Text) were translated and to
classify the translation strategies.
The first result of this analysis is finding the applied strategies of pure
idiom translations in House of Glass, they are using an idiom of similar
meaning and form strategy for two translations (8%), using an idiom of similar
meaning but dissimilar form strategy for three translations (12%), and
translation by paraphrase strategy for twenty translations (80%). The second
results are that the equivalents of applied strategies are classified into figurative
and nonfigurative usages, and the results are the strategies of using an idiom of
similar meaning and form and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar
form only have figurative equivalents; while the strategy of translation by
paraphrase has both figurative and nonfigurative equivalents in the translations
inside, secondly, the usages of other figurative ways besides idiom in
translation by paraphrase strategy are possible, and figurative equivalents are
seven items (28%), nonfigurative equivalents are seventeen items (68%) and
nonequivalent translation is one item (4%) from totally 25 translations.
xi
ABSTRAK
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG. Classification of Translation
Strategies of Pure Idioms in The Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca
Into House of Glass by Max Lane. Yogyakarta; Jurusan Sastra Inggris,
Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2010.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesamaan-kesamaan pada terjemahan
dalam terapan strategi penerjemahan idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, yakni
versi bahasa inggris dari Rumah Kaca karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Karya
ini berkenaan dengan penggunaan idiom-idiom sebagai bagian dari ungkapan
kultural suatu bahasa, khusunya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Data pada skripsi ini
dititikberatkan pada idiom penuh. Pertimbangannya adalah karena pada
kenyataanya idiom penuh merupakan salah satu kelas idiom yang
dikategorikan sebagai idiom yang paling kompleks, jadi sangat besar
kemungkinan bahwa tidak semua orang dapat mengerti idiom penuh, bahkan
untuk penutur asli sekalipun.
Terdapat dua masalah yang akan dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Permasalahn
pertama adalah strategi apa saja yang diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan idiom
penuh dalam House of Glass, dan permasalahan kedua adalah bagaimana
strategi-strategi yang diterapkan diklasifikasikan dalam artian kesamaan majas
dan kesamaan nonmajas.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode
perbandingan, yang membandingkan data dari dua versi bahasa. Metode ini
digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana idiom-idiom penuh pada teks sumber
tersebut
diterjemahkan,
dan
untuk
mengklasifikasikan
strategi
penerjemahannya.
Hasil pertama dari analisis ini adalah ditemukannya strategi-strategi
terapan pada penerjemahan idiom-idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, yaitu
strategi menggunakan idiom yang sama bentuk dan maknanya untuk dua
terjemahan (8%), strategi menggunakan idiom yang sama maknanya tetapi
berbeda dalam bentuk untuk tiga terjemahan (12%), dan strategi uraian untuk
dua puluh terjemahan (80%). Hasil kedua adalah bahwa kesamaan-kesamaan
dalam strategi yang diterapkan diklasifikasikan menjadi menurut penggunaan
majas dan nonmajas, dan hasilnya adalah strategi menggunakan idiom yang
sama bentuk dan maknanya dan menggunakan idiom yang sama maknanya
tetapi berbeda dalam bentuk hanya memiliki kesamaan dalam penggunaan
majas, sementara terjemahan pada strategi uraian memiliki kesamaan dalam
penggunaan majas dan nonmajas di dalam penerjemahannya; yang kedua,
pengunaan majas selain idiom dalam terjemahan pada strategi uraian adalah
mungkin; dan tujuh (28%) kesamaan majas, tujuh belas (68%) kesamaan
nonmajas dan satu (4%) terjemahan yang tidak mempunyai kesamaan dari total
25 terjemahan.
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
One of Pramoedya’s four great novels known as the fourth edition of The
Buru Quartet or Tetralogy Pulau Buru is Rumah Kaca. This novel tells about the
Hindia Belanda people (now Indonesia) life in the early 20th century, it was the
time when the Hindia Belanda people were seeking their identities as the
colonized people. This novel contains many social, political, cultural criticisms
for Dutch government in Indonesia as Pramoedya’s allusions for the conditions of
human-right matters in Indonesia government New Order regime, the era when
Indonesia was led by president Soeharto.
Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca was banned in Indonesia. In other words, it
was very hard for everyone to have and read it at that time. Based on linguistic
point of view, this novel contains many cultural language expressions, and one of
them is pure idiom, for examples; berbesar hati in Kamus Idiom Bahasa
Indonesia is defined as ‘merasa bangga’ (to feel proud), the words berbesar and
hati have not literal connections with words ‘merasa bangga’ and muka dua in
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur’ (dishonest), ‘tidak satu
pendirian’ (to have not a standpoint), the words muka dua have not literal
connections with words ‘tidak jujur’ or ‘tidak satu pendirian’. Chitra Fernando in
Idiom and Idiomaticity states that pure idiom is hardly defined by using the
connection of its literal items (1996:1); it means that not everyone who can have
1
2
and read Rumah Kaca can understand the pure idioms inside, even in condition
that they are the natives. The factual information for this novel is that Rumah
Kaca and three other novels in Tetralogy Pulau Buru let Pramoedya to get PEN
Freedom-to-write Award in 1988, and this novel was also already translated into
English in 1992.
The political and linguistic contents of this novel seem to be hardly
delivered by the public, but the achievement of this novel make it important to be
considered for. Therefore, this phenomenon led the writer who concerns about
this linguistic matter into the questions of how the pure idioms in Rumah Kaca
were translated into English in particular translations strategies, and how are the
applied translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative
equivalents.
The concern of this thesis is the equivalents of the applied pure idiom
translation strategies. Many theories which are about idiom and its applications in
translation studies, but the writer only uses some theories that have the
similarities idea and related with the writer’s concern in thesis. They are
Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’s theories of idioms, Chaer’s theory
of suffixes in Indonesian Language, Larson’s theory of translation, Baker’s
theory of idiom translation strategy, and Larson’s theories of figurative senses
and equivalent.
According to Fernando idioms are divided into three sub-classes. In order
to make the analysis more specific, the writer will only focus in the translation of
pure-idioms, an idiom that does not easily show connections between its meaning
3
and the literal meanings of individual words which make them up. A working
definition of pure idiom which is adequate for the present is a type of
conventionalized, non-literal multiword expressions (1996:1).
In the process of determining pure idioms in Rumah Kaca, Chaer’s theory
of idioms in Indonesian Language takes the important role in this thesis, because
ST is in Indonesian Language. Therefore, the writer can determine pure idiom in
Indonesian Language and probe their forms and meanings by using Chaer’s
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia as the only reference in providing the meaning of
all pure idioms in Rumah Kaca.
What strategies he used are the first question which guides the writer to
make the study about the strategies of translating idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST)
into House of Glass (TT). Therefore the writer uses Mona Baker’s idiom
translation strategies to probe the applied strategies for each pure idiom; they are
using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning
but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission.
Some references which are used in this step, they are Chaer’s Kamus Idiom
Bahasa Indonesia and Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia, Mona Baker’s in
Other Words: A coursebook on translation, Linda and Roger Flavell’s dictionary
of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, and Larson’s
Meaning-Based Translation: a Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. The
second question which guides the writer to classify the equivalents of the applied
strategies based on the usages of figurative and nonfigurative senses in the
translations, considered that idioms are categorized as one class of figurative
4
senses. In addition, the explanation of the usages of other figurative senses
besides idioms in the translation will be a valuable study in elaborating Baker’s
strategies for idiom translation, especially for pure idiom translations from
Indonesian Language into English.
B.
Problem Formulation
In this thesis, there are two important points that will be discussed. First
point is finding out what translation strategies that are applied in TT. Second is
the classification of applied strategies in terms of figurative and nonfigurative
equivalences. Those points are briefly formulated as:
1. What the translation strategies for pure idioms are applied in the
translation Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into House of Glass?
2. How are the translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and
nonfigurative equivalents?
C.
Objective of the Study
The aims of this research are to examine the applied strategies for
translations of pure idioms in Rumah Kaca which are translated in House of
Glass, and to classify the applied strategies in terms of figurative and
nonfigurative usages in order to explain the equivalents and elaborate Baker’s
theory of translation strategy for idiom translation.
D.
5
Definition of Terms
Context
According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, context is the multilayered extra-textual environment which exerts a determining influence on the
language used (2004:336).
Equivalent
According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, equivalent is a TT segment or
even full text which functions as an equivalent of the ST segment (2004: 339).
Figurative Expression
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber in Theory and Practice of Translation state
that figurative (meaning, expression) which is used in place of another meaning
or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of
ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201).
Idioms
According to Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation,
idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally
and which function as a unit semantically. Idiom is one class of figurative
expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific
(1984:115).
Paraphrase
Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation state that paraphrase is
the restatement of a meaning in a different form (1974:204).
E.
6
Benefit of the Study
The prime concern of this thesis is the equivalents of pure idioms
tanslations in the applied strategies. Therefore the results of data analysis in this
thesis have some benefits which are categorized into two segments; they are
theoretical and practical benefits which are related with the concern of this thesis.
1. Theoretical Benefit
The study of this thesis will be useful reference for the other studies
which are related with pure idiom translation, idiom translation strategies, and the
equivalent of translation. The results and the process of the study also can be
learned and compared with the other related study, especially in terms of the
translation of Indonesian pure idioms into English in Pramoedya’s novels and the
their English version.
2. Practical Benefit
The practical benefit of this study is for the translator/s in translating
Indonesian pure idioms into English by using certain strategies. The possibilities
which are found in this study in translating pure idiom by using other figurative
expressions will be the consideration for the translator/s in elaborating Baker’s
translation by paraphrase strategy.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A.
Review of Related Studies
The problems of translation are closely connected with the cultural
background, strategies of translation, and some effects of translation in TT (target
text). There are two related studies that are connected with those problems.
The first is Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s Undergraduate Thesis The Effects of
Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words
Related to Tools in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of
Mankind Translated by Max Lane. In his thesis, he analyze how the words
connected with ‘tools’ in ST (source text) in Pram’s Bumi Manusia are translated
into English, what translation strategies applied, and what kind of effects from
applying those translation strategies. He categorizes the effects into: ‘loss of
meaning’, ‘loss and gain of meaning’, ‘wrong translation’ and ‘accurate
translation’.
The second is Yunita Wulansari’s Undergraduate Thesis Translation
Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s
Burung-Burung Manyar into The weaverbirds. In her thesis, she analyze what
Javanese expressions found in ST Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung Manyar and
their cultural problems in translation into TT, and what translation strategies
applied for each expressions.
7
8
The similar ideas of Jamil’s, Yunita’s, and the writer are about translation
and its strategies applied in TT, though each of us uses different strategies of
translation and object of the studies. In this study, the writer is trying to find out
the translation strategies for the other object, it is pure idiom.
B.
Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Idiom
Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation states that
idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally
and which function as a unit semantically.” Idiom is one class of figurative
expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific
(1984:115).
According to Fernando in her Idioms and Idiomaticity, idioms or
conventionalized multiword expressions are indivisible units whose components
cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. She divides idioms into
three sub-classes. First sub-class is pure idioms, idioms that are invariant and
non-literal. Pure idioms are hardly defined by using the connection of its literal
items. A working definition of pure idiom which is adequate for the present is ‘a
type of conventionalized, non-literal multiword expression’. Spill the beans, for
example, has nothing to do with beans. Second sub-class is semi-literal idioms,
idioms that are invariant, but it is literal. It means that one item in idioms has
literal connection with the meaning of idioms. A semi-literal idiom has one or
more literal constituents and at least one with a non-literal sub-sense, usually
9
special to that co occurrence relation and no other. The examples are catch one’s
breath ‘check’, foot the bill ‘pay’, etc. And the third sub-class is literal idioms,
for examples: on foot; tall, dark and handsome; waste not, want not; on the
contrary; a (very) happy birthday; a merry Christmas and a happy New Year, etc.
Literal idioms meet the salient criterion for idioms: invariance or restricted
variation. They are, however, less semantically complex then pure and semiidioms (1996:36).
Indonesian Idioms are quite similar to English Idioms. Idiom which is
quoted from Abdul Chaer in his dictionary Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia
(1984:7) is a fixed expression of words, phrases, or sentence which cannot be
defined literally.
Idiom adalah satuan bahasa (entah berupa kata, frasa, maupun kalimat)
yang maknanya tidak dapat “ditarik” dari kaidah umum gramatikal yang
berlaku dalam bahasa tersebut, atau tidak dapat diramalkan dari makna
leksikal unsur-unsur yang membentuknya (Chaer, 1984:7). (Idiom is the
unity of language (words, phrases, and sentence) which meaning cannot
be taken from general grammatical rule which is applied in the language,
or defined from the lexical items which construct the unity, translated.)
Idioms in Indonesian Language are categorized into two types only, pure
and semi idioms. Pure idioms are idioms which all items have lost its lexical
meaning. For examples; duduk perut means ‘hamil’ pregnant, membanting tulang
means ‘bekerja keras’ to work hard, and tamu tak diundang means ‘pencuri’ a
thief. Semi idioms are idioms which have not lost all their lexical items. For
example; daftar hitam means ‘daftar yamg memuat nama-nama orang yang
dicurigai atau pernah berbuat jahat’ blacklist.
In Kamus Idiom Bahasa
Indonesia, Chaer also explains that the using of suffixes are allowed, the suffix
10
will be placed below its base stem. For example; ber-, me-, pe- for idiom sakit
hati, they will be bersakit hati, menyakitkan hati, and penyakit hati (1984:11)
2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language
Abdul Chaer in his book Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia
(1998:92, 210-279) explains the suffixes in Indonesian Language, some of them
are affix/s ber-, me-, di- -kan, pe- -an, –nya and -mu. Affix ber- has the function
to form intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to have, to use, to ride, etc. For
examples; ber-ayah means to have ‘ayah’ father,
ber-sepatu means to use
‘sepatu’ shoes, and ber-sepeda means to ride ‘sepeda’ bike cycle. Affix me- has
the function to form active intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to do, to work
with tool/s, to create something, etc. For examples; mem-baca means to do ‘baca’
read, meng-gergaji means to work with ‘gergaji’ a saw, and meng-gambar means
to create ‘gambar’ picture. Affixes di- -kan has the function to form passive verb
as the reverse of active verb in suffixes me- -kan. For example; di-gunak-an
means to be used as the reverse of meng-guna-kan which means to use. Affixes
per- -an has the function to form noun from verb, noun, or certain adjective, and
has the meaning: thing/s or event/s. For examples: pem-bina-an means the event
of ‘bina’ to build. Affixes -nya and –mu is the affixes which give the possessive
meaning of noun. For example: mobil-nya means his/her ‘mobil’ car, mobil-mu
means your ‘mobil’ car.
11
3. Theory of Translation
Larson in Meaning –Based Translation states that basically translation is
a change of form. The forms refer to the actual words, phrases, clauses,
sentences, paragraphs, etc; which are spoken or written. In translation the form of
source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language
(1984:3). According to her, translation is the matter of transferring the meaning.
Therefore the meaning which is being transferred must be held constant, and only
the form which changes (1984:3).
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
translation is the reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second
in terms of style (1974:208).
Idiomatic translation takes the important role in translating figurative
expression, according to Larson, idiomatic translations are meaning-based
translations which make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source
language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Idiomatic translations
use the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical
constructions and the choice of lexical items (1984:15-16).
4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations
The translator’s strategies in translating the idioms need the theory of
translation strategies for idioms. Baker states that the more difficult an expression
is to understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a
12
translator will recognize it as an idiom. It is because they do not make sense if
they are interpreted literally. According to Baker, there are some strategies that
may help in translating idioms after the meaning of the idioms in the SL are
discovered, they are using an idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of
similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and translation by
omission (1992: 72-78).
a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
This strategy involves using an idiom in target language which conveys
roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom, in addition,
consists of equivalent lexical items (1992:72).
b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target
language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression,
but which consists of different lexical items (1992:74). Translator uses an idiom
in the TL which has the similar meaning as the SL idiom although the form is not
similar.
c. Translation by paraphrase
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
paraphrase is the restatement of a meaning in a different form (1974:204).
Paraphrase is the process to restate the meaning by changing the form or using
13
the other form. Translation by paraphrase strategy is used when the translator
cannot find any idiomatic form in the TL. Therefore the translator may
paraphrase the idiom in SL.
This is by far the most common way of translating idioms when a match
cannot be found in target language or when it seems inappropriate to use
idiomatic language in the target text because of differences in stylistic
preferences of the source and target languages. You may or may not find
the paraphrase accurate;… (1992:75)
d. Translation by omission
This strategy is used when there is no close match in the target text or
cannot be easily paraphrased. The translator may omit the idiom in the
translations.
5. Theory of Figurative Expressions
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
figurative expression is an expression which is used in place of another meaning
or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of
ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201). Larson in
Meaning-based Translation explains what figurative senses are. He quotes from
Beekman and Callow’s Skewing of the Lexical and Grammatical Hierarchies
which states that figurative senses are words which are based on associative
relations with the primary sense, the sense which will come to the minds of most
speakers of the language when the word is cited in isolation (1984:111). Some
types of figure of speech are metonymy, synecdoche, idioms, euphemism,
hyperbole, and symbol. Metonymy is the use of words in a figurative sense
14
involving association. For example, ”The kettle is boiling.”, however a kettle
cannot boil. That sentence means the water is boiling, kettle is used to associate
water which is usually boiled in a kettle. Synecdoche is figurative sense which
based on part-whole relationships. For example, “give us this day our daily
bread.”, bread associates food, because bread is a part of food (1984:113).
Nyoman K.R. in Stilistika: Kajian Puitika Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya states that
synecdoche is divided into two types; Pars Prototo or part for whole relationships
and Totem Proparte or whole for part relationship (2009:446). Idiom is one class
of figurative expressions which occurs in all language, but which is very
language specific. For example, “He has a hard heart.” has the meaning; he is
indifferent to the needs of others. Euphemism is a figurative expression which is
used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one
that is unpleasant. For example, The Jews avoided mention of the name of God
by using the word heaven. Hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more
said than the writer intended the reader to understand. For example, I’m frozen to
death, this hyperbole has the meaning; very cold (1984:117). According to
Michelson’s explanation which is quoted from Mahmoud Ordudari‘s
journal
How to Face Challenging Symbols: Translating Symbol from Persian to English,
considers a symbol is something which associates something else.
Michelson considers a figure of speech "an image transferred by
something that stands for or represents something else, like flag for
country, or autumn for maturity." Symbols can represent ideas embodied
in the image without stating them. Symbols can be subject to a diversity
of connotations; therefore, both the poet and the reader must exercise
sensible discretion to avoid misinterpretation (Mahmoud Ordudari, 2008).
15
6. Theory of Equivalent
According to Basil H. and J. Munday in Translation: An advanced
resource book, equivalent is a TT segment or even full text which functions as an
equivalent of the ST segment, the function in context means the use of language
for a particular purpose (2004:339).
Larson in his book Meaning-Based Translation states that secondary and
figurative senses will almost never be translated with the equivalent lexical item
of the source languge. In finding an adequate lexical equivalent, the translator
must build into the context sufficient collocates to indicate the desired meaning.
Translators who want to make a good idiomatic translation often find
figures of speech especially challenging. ... Figures of speech are often
based on stories or historical incidents (Larson, 1984:21).
The desired meaning of figurative senses are possible to be translated, it is
based on the usages in figurative or nonfigurative ways. In order to translate the
desired meaning of ST, Larson categorizes the translations into figurative
equivalent and nonfigurative equivalent (1984).
Figurative senses and figures of speech will almost always need
adjustment in translation. Sometime a nonfigurative equivalent will be
needed in the receptor language; sometimes a different figure of speech
with the same meaning may be found. All figurative usage should not be
eliminated from the translation. Sometimes it will be possible to translate
a nonfigurative word of the source language with a figurative equivalent
(Larson, 1984:159).
a. Figurative Equivalent
Figurative equivalents are figurative term/s which is/are used as the
translations in order to find the indicated meaning of ST. The translation will be
16
defined as figurative equivalent if the translator uses figurative expressions to
indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense in ST.
b. Nonfigurative Equivalent
The translation will be defined as nonfigurative equivalent if the translator
uses nonfigurative expressions to indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense
in ST. It means that the usages translations are not categorized as figurative
expressions.
C. Theoretical Framework
Considering the problems formulations that probe translations in and
translation strategies of pure idioms from ST Paramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into
target text House of Glass translated by Max Lane, some related studies and
theories are needed to compare some ideas in the studies with writer’s idea about
pure idioms in order to find some information and comparisons of theories and
elements that are important for the writer’s ideas development in his study and
also to help the writer in arranging the data with its formulized definitions and
explanations.
The studies, Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s The Effects of Using Translation
Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words Related to Tools
in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of Mankind
Translated by Max Lane and Yunita Wulansari’s Translation Strategies in
Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung
17
Manyar into The weaverbirds are about translation and its applied strategies.
From their studies, the writer wants to show their general context of study that is
same with the writer’s, it is translation. But the ideas and objects of the studies
make us quite different.
The writer develops his study of pure idioms by elaborate the applied data
with some theories; they are Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’s
theories and examples about idioms and some types of idiom, Chaer’s theory
about suffixes in Indonesian Language, Baker’s theory of Idiom Translation
Strategy, Larson’s theories of translation, idiomatic translation, figurative senses
and equivalents. From Larson, Fernando and Chaer’s theories and examples of
idioms, the writer applies the theory to categorize pure idioms in ST and the
translations of all pure idioms. From Larson’s theory of translation, the writer
applies the theory to probe the translation of pure idioms with their context
connected phrases and sentences. Chaer’s theory of affixes in Indonesian
Language is applied to define the meanings of pure idioms which are added by
suffixes in ST. Baker’s theory of idiom translation strategy is applied to find out
the translation strategies for each translation of pure idioms. Finally Based on
Larson’s theories of equivalents and figurative senses, the writer applies these
theories to probe figurative and nonfigurative equivalents of the applied Baker’s
applied strategies.
D.
18
Research Framework
Pramoedya’s Rumah
Kaca (Indonesia
version)
Beckman
and
Callow, ,
Fernando,
and
Chaer’s
theories
of idioms
and sub‐
classes of
idioms
Pramoedya’s House of
Glass translated by Max
Lane (English version)
Baker’s translation strategies of
idioms:
‐
‐
‐
‐
Idiom ∞ idiom (similar form)
Idiom ∞ idiom (different form)
Idiom ∞ paraphrase
Idiom ∞ omission
Larson’s
theory of
transla‐
tion
translations of pure
idioms (English)
pure idoms
Applied translations
strategies for translation
of pure idioms in Rumah
Kaca (Indonesia – English)
Conclusion: the equivalents
classification of the applied
strategies shows their
equivalents in each strategy,
the possibilities of other
figurative senses usages
besides idioms, and the
equivalents itself.
larrson’s
theory of
equiva‐lents
(in
translation)
The Equivalents classifications of the applied
Strategies in terms of Figurative and
Nonfigurative usages.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
The thesis is about how equivalent pure idioms translations from
Indonesian ST to their translation in English as TT, therefore, there are some data
that are collected. First data is Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca which was
published by Hasta Mitra in Yogyakarta, 1988. Rumah Kaca is the fourth of Buru
Quartet that told about Hindia life under the colonialization in 19-20th century.
This novel contents some pure idioms as one element of cultural language
expressions in Indonesian Language. The second is Pramoedya’s English version
House of Glass which is translated by Max Lane. The third is the pure idioms in
Rumah Kaca, the reason of only choosing the pure idioms is because the pure
idioms are the most complex idioms, and also the writer wants to make the data
much more specific. Pure idioms are the idioms that are hardly defined by using
the connection of its lexical items which construct its unity. Therefore the studies
of pure idiom concern with non-literal multiword expression, and also the phrases
and sentences which are connected with the contexts of those pure idioms in
order to hold each of them in one understanding context. Finally, the fourth is the
translations of those pure idioms with the context connected phrases and
sentences.
19
B.
20
Research Procedure
1. Objective Data
The most prevailing data are taken from the library. Therefore the study
can be categorized as a library research. The data are 25 translations of 19 pure
idioms of the novels Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca and the translations in English
version House of Glass. All pure idioms are formalized; it means the pure idioms
are categorized based on the dictionaries like dictionaries of idioms and other
published English dictionaries.
2. Method of the Study
The comparison method is used in the study, because the main data are
the pure idioms in ST and their translations. The writer needs to compare both
data, especially for categorizing the applied strategies and finding the equivalents
between them.
3. Data Collection
In order to collect the pure idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST), understanding
about what the pure idiom is very important in determining what the pure idioms
in ST are. The writer also needs to collect the phrases and sentences that are
contextually connected with the pure idioms in ST. Then, after determining and
collecting the pure idioms from ST, the writer needs to find out their translation
in House of Glass (TT) by using theory of translation.
The data of translations in TT is not only the translation of each pure
idiom, but also the translation of mentioned phrases and sentences in ST. So there
21
are two main data that be processed in the application of theories used by the
writer; first, the pure idioms with context connected phrases and sentences in ST,
and second are their translations in TT.
4. Data Analysis
There are some processes in explaining the technique of analysis for this
study. First step is determining pure idioms from ST, the writer uses Beckman
and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’ theories of idiom. The writer uses their
interpretations about idioms in order to find the categories of idioms, so that they
can be able to be differentiated by the other types of words in ST, and then the
writer probe those pure idioms by using Chaer’s Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia.
Second step is to find out the English translation for those pure idioms
and their context connected phrases and sentences by using Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia, dictionary of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, and Larson’s theory of translation. The writer uses those theories and
dictionaries to probe the translations for the pure idioms and their context
connected phrases and sentences, so they will be scientific to be analyzed and
explained.
Third step is organizing all of them (the pure idioms with their context
connected phrases and sentences in ST and their translation in TT) in the table
which is placed in appendices pages to make them easier to be explained
systematically. Fourth step is finding out the strategies for those pure idioms
translations by using Baker’s theory of translation strategies for idioms.
According to Baker, there are four strategies in translating the idioms; using a
22
idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar
form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission.
In fifth step, based on the usages of figurative and nonfigurative
expressions in translating pure idiom, the writer classifies the applied strategies in
terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents, therefore the writer can find the
equivalents of the applied strategies. In this step of analysis, Larson’s theories of
figurative and nonfigurative equivalents are used. Especially for nonfigurative
equivalents analysis, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary is frequently to be
the reference in determining the meaning of lexical items in pure idiom
translation. Chaer’s theory of affixes in Indonesian Language is also used in
analyzing the meaning of pure idioms which are added by some affixes.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A.
Strategies of Pure Idiom Translations
Based on the definitions of idioms provided previously, 25 translations of
19 pure idioms have been found in ST (Rumah Kaca novel). Thus the pure
idioms were translated using different strategies in House of Glass by the
translator; Baker’s strategies of idiom translation are used in this analysis.
The analysis of the pure idioms translations of Rumah Kaca translated
into House of Glass employed Baker’s four basic translation strategies in
translating idioms: using an idiom of similar meaning and form, and using an
idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and
translation by omission.
The applied strategies will be explained based on the relations between 19
pure idioms in ST and their translations, to see whether the translations are
categorized as idiom, paraphrase; or omitted in TT. Some sentences and phrases
in appendix 1 will be included in the explanation in order to make the
adjustments used by translation easier to be understood. The translations can be
seen in the following applied strategies.
23
24
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
The translation of an idiom is very similar in its form and meaning to the source
language idiom, it means, the translations roughly have the same meaning and
equivalent lexical items.
a. bermuka dua translated into being two-faced
ST: Rupanya aku kurang pandai bersandiwara, bermuka dua.
TT: It seemed I was not very clever at putting on an act at being two-faced.
Their meanings are quite similar each other. The idiom bermuka dua in
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur‘ (dishonest), ‘tidak satu
pendirian‘ (have not a standpoint), and the pure idiom being two faced in
dictionary of idioms and their origins is defined as hypocritical, saying one thing
and meaning another. Their forms are also similar as pure idioms, because idiom
muka dua in Indonesian is from same origin of an English idiom, two-faced. Two
faces under one hood was the original expression of duplicity (2005: 194).
b. menara gading translated into an ivory tower
ST: Dia melihat dunia ini dari suatu tingkat di dalam menara gading.
TT: He would be viewing the world from one floor or another of an ivory
tower.
The idiom menara gading in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as
‘tempat (yang ada dalam pikiran atau anggapan) yang jauh dari dunia nyata.’ (a
place (in mind or assumption) which is far away from realities). an ivory tower is
an idiom which has similar meaning with menara gading, because in dictionary
25
of idioms and their origins, it is defined as a sheltered existence away from the
problems and realities of life. An ivory tower also has same form with menara
gading in ST, since they are from same origin of a French idiom, tour d’ivoire
which means ivory tower in English or menara gading in Indonesian.
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
An idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy is translation of
idiom by using an idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form in the target
language. In this case the lexical items of an idiom are not preserved.
a. membanting tulang translated into working their guts out
ST: Semua pun tahu, anak-anak di Holland membanting tulang dalam
kuliah mereka, …
TT: Everyone knew that the children in Holland were working their guts
out in their studies; …
The idioms membanting tulang and working their guts out are quite
similar in meaning, because banting tulang in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is
defined as ‘bekerja keras‘ (to work hard), and idiom work their guts out in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as to work very hard to achieve
something. But they are dissimilar in form; membanting tulang is a pure idiom,
while working their guts out is a semi idiom.
b. gulung tikar translated into close up shop
1. ST: …seakan-akan Hindia Belanda akan gulung tikar tanpa seorang
Pangemanann.
TT: …as if the Indies itself would have to close up shop if there were no
Pangemanann.
26
2. ST: …dia, kalau tidak gulung tikar, akan tetap menjadi organisasi
sosial,…
TT: No, if in fact it doesn’t just close up shop, it will never be anything
more than just a
OF PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF
PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF
GLASS BY MAX LANE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG
Student Number: 044214143
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF
PURE IDIOMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF
PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF GLASS
BY MAX LANE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG
Student Number: 044214143
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDT PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
i
ii
iii
.
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLUKASI ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universias Sanata Dharma :
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG
: 044214143
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul :
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF PURE IDIOMS IN
THE TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA’S RUMAH KACA INTO HOUSE OF
GLASS BY MAX LANE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam
bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap
mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 28 Maret 2010
Yang menyatakan
iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the
ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full
consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas, phrases, or
sentences without proper references.
Yogyakarta, 4 March, 2010
Cylas Desidarius Rianantang
v
Only a LIFE lived
for OTHERS
is WORTH living
(Albert Einstein)
vi
To Mama’
who sews every night for her beloved son
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank God, especially Jesus Christ. I know that You
always listen my prayers. I also would to thank my beloved father and mother Drs. F.X.
Pantasilaban, and sisters Andriyani Yulianti Imokbonang and Brigita Oktaviana
Imokbonang.
I am very grateful to my advisor J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. for
helping me doing my undergraduate thesis with his guidance, patience, and opinion for
almost four semesters. I am grateful to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S. S., M. Hum.
for her very important criticism and opinion. I can improve a lot of my knowledge about
linguistic study, especially for the translation
I also would like to say many thanks to my friends and brothers: Shintya Dwi
Aryani, Hans, Mart, Tirman, Polo, Guido, Tains, Eka Chetavnk, Toras, Dicky, Bodjai,
Wawan, Ronny, Adit, Galih, Galon, Yuli Satyawati, Femme, Taufik, Ison, Toni, Meita,
3Bayu, Hardian, Alfa, Christo, Eling, Elli, Danita, Troy, The Killers, Reena Rai and
Merry from Myanmar, 2Adi, Jojo, Saverin, Diana and friends, Nina, and others. I also
would to thank Sanata Dharma University lectures and staff; Mr. Arianto, Mbak Niek,
Ms. Anna, Mr. Alip, Ms. Ria, Ms. Linda, Ms. Dewi, Father Harry, Mr. Sarwoto, Mr.
Fajar, Mr. Dwijatmoko, Mr. Hir, Ms. Ni Luh, Mr. Pomo, and others. All of you have
made my life colorful in Sanata Dharma. Finally, I must express deep gratitude for Alm.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer and Max Lane, you have the high quality works.
Cylas Desidarius R.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………….....
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………………...
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..........................................................................................
MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………………..
DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………………...
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………….....
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………………..
i
ii
iii
vi
vii
viii
ix
xi
xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………….
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………...
B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………………….
C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………..
D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………
E. Benefit of the Study ……………………………………………………...
1
1
4
4
5
6
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………………….
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………….
B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………………...
1. Theory of Idiom ……………………………………………………...
2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language ………………………….
3. Theory of Translation ………………………………………………..
4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations ………………...
a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form ……………………
b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form …………
c. Translation by paraphrase ………………………………………..
d. Translation by omission ………………………………………….
5. Theory of Figurative Expressions ……………………………………
6. Theory of Equivalent ………………………………………………...
a. Figurative Equivalent …………………………………………….
b. Nonfigurative Equivalent ………………………………………...
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………..
D. Research Framework ……………………………………………………..
7
7
8
8
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
15
15
16
16
18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………………
B. Research Procedure …………………………………………………........
1. Objective Data ..………………………………………………………
2. Method of the Study ………………………………………………….
3. Data Collection ……………………………………………………….
4. Data Analysis …………………………………………………………
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
ix
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………..
A. Strategies of Pure Idiom Translation …………………………………….
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form ………………………..
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form ……………..
3. Translation by paraphrase ……………………………………………
B. The Classification of Translation Strategies based on Figurative and
Nonfigurative Equivalents ………………………………………………..
1. Figurative Equivalents ……………………………………………….
2. Nonfigurative Equivalents …………………………………………...
23
23
24
25
26
36
37
40
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………………. 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………... 51
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 53
Appendix 1 …………………………………………………………………... 53
x
ABSTRACT
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG. Classification of Translation
Strategies of Pure Idioms in The Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca
Into House of Glass by Max Lane. Yogyakarta; Department of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2010.
This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalents of the applied
strategies of pure idiom translations in House of Glass, the English translation
of Rumah Kaca by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This work is related with the idiom
usages as a part of cultural language expression, especially in The Indonesian
language. The data of this undergraduate thesis are concerned on pure idioms.
The consideration lies in the fact that pure idiom is one class of idioms which is
categorized as the most complex idiom; it is very possible that not everyone can
understand pure idioms, even in condition that they are the native.
There are two problems that were analyzed in this thesis. The first
problem is what strategies which are applied in translating pure idioms in House
of Glass, and the second is how the translation strategies are classified in terms
of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents.
The method used in this study is comparative method which was
comparing the data from one language to another language. This method was
used to probe how the pure idioms in ST (Source Text) were translated and to
classify the translation strategies.
The first result of this analysis is finding the applied strategies of pure
idiom translations in House of Glass, they are using an idiom of similar
meaning and form strategy for two translations (8%), using an idiom of similar
meaning but dissimilar form strategy for three translations (12%), and
translation by paraphrase strategy for twenty translations (80%). The second
results are that the equivalents of applied strategies are classified into figurative
and nonfigurative usages, and the results are the strategies of using an idiom of
similar meaning and form and using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar
form only have figurative equivalents; while the strategy of translation by
paraphrase has both figurative and nonfigurative equivalents in the translations
inside, secondly, the usages of other figurative ways besides idiom in
translation by paraphrase strategy are possible, and figurative equivalents are
seven items (28%), nonfigurative equivalents are seventeen items (68%) and
nonequivalent translation is one item (4%) from totally 25 translations.
xi
ABSTRAK
CYLAS DESIDARIUS RIANANTANG. Classification of Translation
Strategies of Pure Idioms in The Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca
Into House of Glass by Max Lane. Yogyakarta; Jurusan Sastra Inggris,
Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2010.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang kesamaan-kesamaan pada terjemahan
dalam terapan strategi penerjemahan idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, yakni
versi bahasa inggris dari Rumah Kaca karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Karya
ini berkenaan dengan penggunaan idiom-idiom sebagai bagian dari ungkapan
kultural suatu bahasa, khusunya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Data pada skripsi ini
dititikberatkan pada idiom penuh. Pertimbangannya adalah karena pada
kenyataanya idiom penuh merupakan salah satu kelas idiom yang
dikategorikan sebagai idiom yang paling kompleks, jadi sangat besar
kemungkinan bahwa tidak semua orang dapat mengerti idiom penuh, bahkan
untuk penutur asli sekalipun.
Terdapat dua masalah yang akan dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Permasalahn
pertama adalah strategi apa saja yang diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan idiom
penuh dalam House of Glass, dan permasalahan kedua adalah bagaimana
strategi-strategi yang diterapkan diklasifikasikan dalam artian kesamaan majas
dan kesamaan nonmajas.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode
perbandingan, yang membandingkan data dari dua versi bahasa. Metode ini
digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana idiom-idiom penuh pada teks sumber
tersebut
diterjemahkan,
dan
untuk
mengklasifikasikan
strategi
penerjemahannya.
Hasil pertama dari analisis ini adalah ditemukannya strategi-strategi
terapan pada penerjemahan idiom-idiom penuh dalam House of Glass, yaitu
strategi menggunakan idiom yang sama bentuk dan maknanya untuk dua
terjemahan (8%), strategi menggunakan idiom yang sama maknanya tetapi
berbeda dalam bentuk untuk tiga terjemahan (12%), dan strategi uraian untuk
dua puluh terjemahan (80%). Hasil kedua adalah bahwa kesamaan-kesamaan
dalam strategi yang diterapkan diklasifikasikan menjadi menurut penggunaan
majas dan nonmajas, dan hasilnya adalah strategi menggunakan idiom yang
sama bentuk dan maknanya dan menggunakan idiom yang sama maknanya
tetapi berbeda dalam bentuk hanya memiliki kesamaan dalam penggunaan
majas, sementara terjemahan pada strategi uraian memiliki kesamaan dalam
penggunaan majas dan nonmajas di dalam penerjemahannya; yang kedua,
pengunaan majas selain idiom dalam terjemahan pada strategi uraian adalah
mungkin; dan tujuh (28%) kesamaan majas, tujuh belas (68%) kesamaan
nonmajas dan satu (4%) terjemahan yang tidak mempunyai kesamaan dari total
25 terjemahan.
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
One of Pramoedya’s four great novels known as the fourth edition of The
Buru Quartet or Tetralogy Pulau Buru is Rumah Kaca. This novel tells about the
Hindia Belanda people (now Indonesia) life in the early 20th century, it was the
time when the Hindia Belanda people were seeking their identities as the
colonized people. This novel contains many social, political, cultural criticisms
for Dutch government in Indonesia as Pramoedya’s allusions for the conditions of
human-right matters in Indonesia government New Order regime, the era when
Indonesia was led by president Soeharto.
Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca was banned in Indonesia. In other words, it
was very hard for everyone to have and read it at that time. Based on linguistic
point of view, this novel contains many cultural language expressions, and one of
them is pure idiom, for examples; berbesar hati in Kamus Idiom Bahasa
Indonesia is defined as ‘merasa bangga’ (to feel proud), the words berbesar and
hati have not literal connections with words ‘merasa bangga’ and muka dua in
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur’ (dishonest), ‘tidak satu
pendirian’ (to have not a standpoint), the words muka dua have not literal
connections with words ‘tidak jujur’ or ‘tidak satu pendirian’. Chitra Fernando in
Idiom and Idiomaticity states that pure idiom is hardly defined by using the
connection of its literal items (1996:1); it means that not everyone who can have
1
2
and read Rumah Kaca can understand the pure idioms inside, even in condition
that they are the natives. The factual information for this novel is that Rumah
Kaca and three other novels in Tetralogy Pulau Buru let Pramoedya to get PEN
Freedom-to-write Award in 1988, and this novel was also already translated into
English in 1992.
The political and linguistic contents of this novel seem to be hardly
delivered by the public, but the achievement of this novel make it important to be
considered for. Therefore, this phenomenon led the writer who concerns about
this linguistic matter into the questions of how the pure idioms in Rumah Kaca
were translated into English in particular translations strategies, and how are the
applied translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative
equivalents.
The concern of this thesis is the equivalents of the applied pure idiom
translation strategies. Many theories which are about idiom and its applications in
translation studies, but the writer only uses some theories that have the
similarities idea and related with the writer’s concern in thesis. They are
Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’s theories of idioms, Chaer’s theory
of suffixes in Indonesian Language, Larson’s theory of translation, Baker’s
theory of idiom translation strategy, and Larson’s theories of figurative senses
and equivalent.
According to Fernando idioms are divided into three sub-classes. In order
to make the analysis more specific, the writer will only focus in the translation of
pure-idioms, an idiom that does not easily show connections between its meaning
3
and the literal meanings of individual words which make them up. A working
definition of pure idiom which is adequate for the present is a type of
conventionalized, non-literal multiword expressions (1996:1).
In the process of determining pure idioms in Rumah Kaca, Chaer’s theory
of idioms in Indonesian Language takes the important role in this thesis, because
ST is in Indonesian Language. Therefore, the writer can determine pure idiom in
Indonesian Language and probe their forms and meanings by using Chaer’s
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia as the only reference in providing the meaning of
all pure idioms in Rumah Kaca.
What strategies he used are the first question which guides the writer to
make the study about the strategies of translating idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST)
into House of Glass (TT). Therefore the writer uses Mona Baker’s idiom
translation strategies to probe the applied strategies for each pure idiom; they are
using an idiom of similar meaning and form, using an idiom of similar meaning
but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission.
Some references which are used in this step, they are Chaer’s Kamus Idiom
Bahasa Indonesia and Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia, Mona Baker’s in
Other Words: A coursebook on translation, Linda and Roger Flavell’s dictionary
of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, and Larson’s
Meaning-Based Translation: a Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. The
second question which guides the writer to classify the equivalents of the applied
strategies based on the usages of figurative and nonfigurative senses in the
translations, considered that idioms are categorized as one class of figurative
4
senses. In addition, the explanation of the usages of other figurative senses
besides idioms in the translation will be a valuable study in elaborating Baker’s
strategies for idiom translation, especially for pure idiom translations from
Indonesian Language into English.
B.
Problem Formulation
In this thesis, there are two important points that will be discussed. First
point is finding out what translation strategies that are applied in TT. Second is
the classification of applied strategies in terms of figurative and nonfigurative
equivalences. Those points are briefly formulated as:
1. What the translation strategies for pure idioms are applied in the
translation Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into House of Glass?
2. How are the translation strategies classified in terms of figurative and
nonfigurative equivalents?
C.
Objective of the Study
The aims of this research are to examine the applied strategies for
translations of pure idioms in Rumah Kaca which are translated in House of
Glass, and to classify the applied strategies in terms of figurative and
nonfigurative usages in order to explain the equivalents and elaborate Baker’s
theory of translation strategy for idiom translation.
D.
5
Definition of Terms
Context
According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, context is the multilayered extra-textual environment which exerts a determining influence on the
language used (2004:336).
Equivalent
According to Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, equivalent is a TT segment or
even full text which functions as an equivalent of the ST segment (2004: 339).
Figurative Expression
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber in Theory and Practice of Translation state
that figurative (meaning, expression) which is used in place of another meaning
or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of
ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201).
Idioms
According to Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation,
idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally
and which function as a unit semantically. Idiom is one class of figurative
expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific
(1984:115).
Paraphrase
Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation state that paraphrase is
the restatement of a meaning in a different form (1974:204).
E.
6
Benefit of the Study
The prime concern of this thesis is the equivalents of pure idioms
tanslations in the applied strategies. Therefore the results of data analysis in this
thesis have some benefits which are categorized into two segments; they are
theoretical and practical benefits which are related with the concern of this thesis.
1. Theoretical Benefit
The study of this thesis will be useful reference for the other studies
which are related with pure idiom translation, idiom translation strategies, and the
equivalent of translation. The results and the process of the study also can be
learned and compared with the other related study, especially in terms of the
translation of Indonesian pure idioms into English in Pramoedya’s novels and the
their English version.
2. Practical Benefit
The practical benefit of this study is for the translator/s in translating
Indonesian pure idioms into English by using certain strategies. The possibilities
which are found in this study in translating pure idiom by using other figurative
expressions will be the consideration for the translator/s in elaborating Baker’s
translation by paraphrase strategy.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A.
Review of Related Studies
The problems of translation are closely connected with the cultural
background, strategies of translation, and some effects of translation in TT (target
text). There are two related studies that are connected with those problems.
The first is Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s Undergraduate Thesis The Effects of
Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words
Related to Tools in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of
Mankind Translated by Max Lane. In his thesis, he analyze how the words
connected with ‘tools’ in ST (source text) in Pram’s Bumi Manusia are translated
into English, what translation strategies applied, and what kind of effects from
applying those translation strategies. He categorizes the effects into: ‘loss of
meaning’, ‘loss and gain of meaning’, ‘wrong translation’ and ‘accurate
translation’.
The second is Yunita Wulansari’s Undergraduate Thesis Translation
Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s
Burung-Burung Manyar into The weaverbirds. In her thesis, she analyze what
Javanese expressions found in ST Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung Manyar and
their cultural problems in translation into TT, and what translation strategies
applied for each expressions.
7
8
The similar ideas of Jamil’s, Yunita’s, and the writer are about translation
and its strategies applied in TT, though each of us uses different strategies of
translation and object of the studies. In this study, the writer is trying to find out
the translation strategies for the other object, it is pure idiom.
B.
Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Idiom
Beckman and Callow in Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation states that
idioms are expressions of at least two words which cannot be understood literally
and which function as a unit semantically.” Idiom is one class of figurative
expressions which occurs in all languages, but which is very language specific
(1984:115).
According to Fernando in her Idioms and Idiomaticity, idioms or
conventionalized multiword expressions are indivisible units whose components
cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. She divides idioms into
three sub-classes. First sub-class is pure idioms, idioms that are invariant and
non-literal. Pure idioms are hardly defined by using the connection of its literal
items. A working definition of pure idiom which is adequate for the present is ‘a
type of conventionalized, non-literal multiword expression’. Spill the beans, for
example, has nothing to do with beans. Second sub-class is semi-literal idioms,
idioms that are invariant, but it is literal. It means that one item in idioms has
literal connection with the meaning of idioms. A semi-literal idiom has one or
more literal constituents and at least one with a non-literal sub-sense, usually
9
special to that co occurrence relation and no other. The examples are catch one’s
breath ‘check’, foot the bill ‘pay’, etc. And the third sub-class is literal idioms,
for examples: on foot; tall, dark and handsome; waste not, want not; on the
contrary; a (very) happy birthday; a merry Christmas and a happy New Year, etc.
Literal idioms meet the salient criterion for idioms: invariance or restricted
variation. They are, however, less semantically complex then pure and semiidioms (1996:36).
Indonesian Idioms are quite similar to English Idioms. Idiom which is
quoted from Abdul Chaer in his dictionary Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia
(1984:7) is a fixed expression of words, phrases, or sentence which cannot be
defined literally.
Idiom adalah satuan bahasa (entah berupa kata, frasa, maupun kalimat)
yang maknanya tidak dapat “ditarik” dari kaidah umum gramatikal yang
berlaku dalam bahasa tersebut, atau tidak dapat diramalkan dari makna
leksikal unsur-unsur yang membentuknya (Chaer, 1984:7). (Idiom is the
unity of language (words, phrases, and sentence) which meaning cannot
be taken from general grammatical rule which is applied in the language,
or defined from the lexical items which construct the unity, translated.)
Idioms in Indonesian Language are categorized into two types only, pure
and semi idioms. Pure idioms are idioms which all items have lost its lexical
meaning. For examples; duduk perut means ‘hamil’ pregnant, membanting tulang
means ‘bekerja keras’ to work hard, and tamu tak diundang means ‘pencuri’ a
thief. Semi idioms are idioms which have not lost all their lexical items. For
example; daftar hitam means ‘daftar yamg memuat nama-nama orang yang
dicurigai atau pernah berbuat jahat’ blacklist.
In Kamus Idiom Bahasa
Indonesia, Chaer also explains that the using of suffixes are allowed, the suffix
10
will be placed below its base stem. For example; ber-, me-, pe- for idiom sakit
hati, they will be bersakit hati, menyakitkan hati, and penyakit hati (1984:11)
2. Theory of Affixes in Indonesian Language
Abdul Chaer in his book Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia
(1998:92, 210-279) explains the suffixes in Indonesian Language, some of them
are affix/s ber-, me-, di- -kan, pe- -an, –nya and -mu. Affix ber- has the function
to form intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to have, to use, to ride, etc. For
examples; ber-ayah means to have ‘ayah’ father,
ber-sepatu means to use
‘sepatu’ shoes, and ber-sepeda means to ride ‘sepeda’ bike cycle. Affix me- has
the function to form active intransitive verb, and has the meaning: to do, to work
with tool/s, to create something, etc. For examples; mem-baca means to do ‘baca’
read, meng-gergaji means to work with ‘gergaji’ a saw, and meng-gambar means
to create ‘gambar’ picture. Affixes di- -kan has the function to form passive verb
as the reverse of active verb in suffixes me- -kan. For example; di-gunak-an
means to be used as the reverse of meng-guna-kan which means to use. Affixes
per- -an has the function to form noun from verb, noun, or certain adjective, and
has the meaning: thing/s or event/s. For examples: pem-bina-an means the event
of ‘bina’ to build. Affixes -nya and –mu is the affixes which give the possessive
meaning of noun. For example: mobil-nya means his/her ‘mobil’ car, mobil-mu
means your ‘mobil’ car.
11
3. Theory of Translation
Larson in Meaning –Based Translation states that basically translation is
a change of form. The forms refer to the actual words, phrases, clauses,
sentences, paragraphs, etc; which are spoken or written. In translation the form of
source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language
(1984:3). According to her, translation is the matter of transferring the meaning.
Therefore the meaning which is being transferred must be held constant, and only
the form which changes (1984:3).
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
translation is the reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second
in terms of style (1974:208).
Idiomatic translation takes the important role in translating figurative
expression, according to Larson, idiomatic translations are meaning-based
translations which make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source
language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Idiomatic translations
use the natural forms of the receptor language, both in the grammatical
constructions and the choice of lexical items (1984:15-16).
4. Theory of Translation Strategy: Idiom Translations
The translator’s strategies in translating the idioms need the theory of
translation strategies for idioms. Baker states that the more difficult an expression
is to understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a
12
translator will recognize it as an idiom. It is because they do not make sense if
they are interpreted literally. According to Baker, there are some strategies that
may help in translating idioms after the meaning of the idioms in the SL are
discovered, they are using an idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of
similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and translation by
omission (1992: 72-78).
a. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
This strategy involves using an idiom in target language which conveys
roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom, in addition,
consists of equivalent lexical items (1992:72).
b. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
It is often possible to find an idiom or fixed expression in the target
language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression,
but which consists of different lexical items (1992:74). Translator uses an idiom
in the TL which has the similar meaning as the SL idiom although the form is not
similar.
c. Translation by paraphrase
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
paraphrase is the restatement of a meaning in a different form (1974:204).
Paraphrase is the process to restate the meaning by changing the form or using
13
the other form. Translation by paraphrase strategy is used when the translator
cannot find any idiomatic form in the TL. Therefore the translator may
paraphrase the idiom in SL.
This is by far the most common way of translating idioms when a match
cannot be found in target language or when it seems inappropriate to use
idiomatic language in the target text because of differences in stylistic
preferences of the source and target languages. You may or may not find
the paraphrase accurate;… (1992:75)
d. Translation by omission
This strategy is used when there is no close match in the target text or
cannot be easily paraphrased. The translator may omit the idiom in the
translations.
5. Theory of Figurative Expressions
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
figurative expression is an expression which is used in place of another meaning
or expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of
ideas often mediated through a supplementary component (1974:201). Larson in
Meaning-based Translation explains what figurative senses are. He quotes from
Beekman and Callow’s Skewing of the Lexical and Grammatical Hierarchies
which states that figurative senses are words which are based on associative
relations with the primary sense, the sense which will come to the minds of most
speakers of the language when the word is cited in isolation (1984:111). Some
types of figure of speech are metonymy, synecdoche, idioms, euphemism,
hyperbole, and symbol. Metonymy is the use of words in a figurative sense
14
involving association. For example, ”The kettle is boiling.”, however a kettle
cannot boil. That sentence means the water is boiling, kettle is used to associate
water which is usually boiled in a kettle. Synecdoche is figurative sense which
based on part-whole relationships. For example, “give us this day our daily
bread.”, bread associates food, because bread is a part of food (1984:113).
Nyoman K.R. in Stilistika: Kajian Puitika Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya states that
synecdoche is divided into two types; Pars Prototo or part for whole relationships
and Totem Proparte or whole for part relationship (2009:446). Idiom is one class
of figurative expressions which occurs in all language, but which is very
language specific. For example, “He has a hard heart.” has the meaning; he is
indifferent to the needs of others. Euphemism is a figurative expression which is
used to avoid an offensive expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one
that is unpleasant. For example, The Jews avoided mention of the name of God
by using the word heaven. Hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more
said than the writer intended the reader to understand. For example, I’m frozen to
death, this hyperbole has the meaning; very cold (1984:117). According to
Michelson’s explanation which is quoted from Mahmoud Ordudari‘s
journal
How to Face Challenging Symbols: Translating Symbol from Persian to English,
considers a symbol is something which associates something else.
Michelson considers a figure of speech "an image transferred by
something that stands for or represents something else, like flag for
country, or autumn for maturity." Symbols can represent ideas embodied
in the image without stating them. Symbols can be subject to a diversity
of connotations; therefore, both the poet and the reader must exercise
sensible discretion to avoid misinterpretation (Mahmoud Ordudari, 2008).
15
6. Theory of Equivalent
According to Basil H. and J. Munday in Translation: An advanced
resource book, equivalent is a TT segment or even full text which functions as an
equivalent of the ST segment, the function in context means the use of language
for a particular purpose (2004:339).
Larson in his book Meaning-Based Translation states that secondary and
figurative senses will almost never be translated with the equivalent lexical item
of the source languge. In finding an adequate lexical equivalent, the translator
must build into the context sufficient collocates to indicate the desired meaning.
Translators who want to make a good idiomatic translation often find
figures of speech especially challenging. ... Figures of speech are often
based on stories or historical incidents (Larson, 1984:21).
The desired meaning of figurative senses are possible to be translated, it is
based on the usages in figurative or nonfigurative ways. In order to translate the
desired meaning of ST, Larson categorizes the translations into figurative
equivalent and nonfigurative equivalent (1984).
Figurative senses and figures of speech will almost always need
adjustment in translation. Sometime a nonfigurative equivalent will be
needed in the receptor language; sometimes a different figure of speech
with the same meaning may be found. All figurative usage should not be
eliminated from the translation. Sometimes it will be possible to translate
a nonfigurative word of the source language with a figurative equivalent
(Larson, 1984:159).
a. Figurative Equivalent
Figurative equivalents are figurative term/s which is/are used as the
translations in order to find the indicated meaning of ST. The translation will be
16
defined as figurative equivalent if the translator uses figurative expressions to
indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense in ST.
b. Nonfigurative Equivalent
The translation will be defined as nonfigurative equivalent if the translator
uses nonfigurative expressions to indicate the desired meaning of figurative sense
in ST. It means that the usages translations are not categorized as figurative
expressions.
C. Theoretical Framework
Considering the problems formulations that probe translations in and
translation strategies of pure idioms from ST Paramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into
target text House of Glass translated by Max Lane, some related studies and
theories are needed to compare some ideas in the studies with writer’s idea about
pure idioms in order to find some information and comparisons of theories and
elements that are important for the writer’s ideas development in his study and
also to help the writer in arranging the data with its formulized definitions and
explanations.
The studies, Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s The Effects of Using Translation
Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words Related to Tools
in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of Mankind
Translated by Max Lane and Yunita Wulansari’s Translation Strategies in
Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung
17
Manyar into The weaverbirds are about translation and its applied strategies.
From their studies, the writer wants to show their general context of study that is
same with the writer’s, it is translation. But the ideas and objects of the studies
make us quite different.
The writer develops his study of pure idioms by elaborate the applied data
with some theories; they are Beckman and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’s
theories and examples about idioms and some types of idiom, Chaer’s theory
about suffixes in Indonesian Language, Baker’s theory of Idiom Translation
Strategy, Larson’s theories of translation, idiomatic translation, figurative senses
and equivalents. From Larson, Fernando and Chaer’s theories and examples of
idioms, the writer applies the theory to categorize pure idioms in ST and the
translations of all pure idioms. From Larson’s theory of translation, the writer
applies the theory to probe the translation of pure idioms with their context
connected phrases and sentences. Chaer’s theory of affixes in Indonesian
Language is applied to define the meanings of pure idioms which are added by
suffixes in ST. Baker’s theory of idiom translation strategy is applied to find out
the translation strategies for each translation of pure idioms. Finally Based on
Larson’s theories of equivalents and figurative senses, the writer applies these
theories to probe figurative and nonfigurative equivalents of the applied Baker’s
applied strategies.
D.
18
Research Framework
Pramoedya’s Rumah
Kaca (Indonesia
version)
Beckman
and
Callow, ,
Fernando,
and
Chaer’s
theories
of idioms
and sub‐
classes of
idioms
Pramoedya’s House of
Glass translated by Max
Lane (English version)
Baker’s translation strategies of
idioms:
‐
‐
‐
‐
Idiom ∞ idiom (similar form)
Idiom ∞ idiom (different form)
Idiom ∞ paraphrase
Idiom ∞ omission
Larson’s
theory of
transla‐
tion
translations of pure
idioms (English)
pure idoms
Applied translations
strategies for translation
of pure idioms in Rumah
Kaca (Indonesia – English)
Conclusion: the equivalents
classification of the applied
strategies shows their
equivalents in each strategy,
the possibilities of other
figurative senses usages
besides idioms, and the
equivalents itself.
larrson’s
theory of
equiva‐lents
(in
translation)
The Equivalents classifications of the applied
Strategies in terms of Figurative and
Nonfigurative usages.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
The thesis is about how equivalent pure idioms translations from
Indonesian ST to their translation in English as TT, therefore, there are some data
that are collected. First data is Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca which was
published by Hasta Mitra in Yogyakarta, 1988. Rumah Kaca is the fourth of Buru
Quartet that told about Hindia life under the colonialization in 19-20th century.
This novel contents some pure idioms as one element of cultural language
expressions in Indonesian Language. The second is Pramoedya’s English version
House of Glass which is translated by Max Lane. The third is the pure idioms in
Rumah Kaca, the reason of only choosing the pure idioms is because the pure
idioms are the most complex idioms, and also the writer wants to make the data
much more specific. Pure idioms are the idioms that are hardly defined by using
the connection of its lexical items which construct its unity. Therefore the studies
of pure idiom concern with non-literal multiword expression, and also the phrases
and sentences which are connected with the contexts of those pure idioms in
order to hold each of them in one understanding context. Finally, the fourth is the
translations of those pure idioms with the context connected phrases and
sentences.
19
B.
20
Research Procedure
1. Objective Data
The most prevailing data are taken from the library. Therefore the study
can be categorized as a library research. The data are 25 translations of 19 pure
idioms of the novels Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca and the translations in English
version House of Glass. All pure idioms are formalized; it means the pure idioms
are categorized based on the dictionaries like dictionaries of idioms and other
published English dictionaries.
2. Method of the Study
The comparison method is used in the study, because the main data are
the pure idioms in ST and their translations. The writer needs to compare both
data, especially for categorizing the applied strategies and finding the equivalents
between them.
3. Data Collection
In order to collect the pure idioms from Rumah Kaca (ST), understanding
about what the pure idiom is very important in determining what the pure idioms
in ST are. The writer also needs to collect the phrases and sentences that are
contextually connected with the pure idioms in ST. Then, after determining and
collecting the pure idioms from ST, the writer needs to find out their translation
in House of Glass (TT) by using theory of translation.
The data of translations in TT is not only the translation of each pure
idiom, but also the translation of mentioned phrases and sentences in ST. So there
21
are two main data that be processed in the application of theories used by the
writer; first, the pure idioms with context connected phrases and sentences in ST,
and second are their translations in TT.
4. Data Analysis
There are some processes in explaining the technique of analysis for this
study. First step is determining pure idioms from ST, the writer uses Beckman
and Callow, Fernando, and Chaer’ theories of idiom. The writer uses their
interpretations about idioms in order to find the categories of idioms, so that they
can be able to be differentiated by the other types of words in ST, and then the
writer probe those pure idioms by using Chaer’s Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia.
Second step is to find out the English translation for those pure idioms
and their context connected phrases and sentences by using Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia, dictionary of idioms and their origins, Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, and Larson’s theory of translation. The writer uses those theories and
dictionaries to probe the translations for the pure idioms and their context
connected phrases and sentences, so they will be scientific to be analyzed and
explained.
Third step is organizing all of them (the pure idioms with their context
connected phrases and sentences in ST and their translation in TT) in the table
which is placed in appendices pages to make them easier to be explained
systematically. Fourth step is finding out the strategies for those pure idioms
translations by using Baker’s theory of translation strategies for idioms.
According to Baker, there are four strategies in translating the idioms; using a
22
idiom of similar meaning form, using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar
form, translation by paraphrase, and translation by omission.
In fifth step, based on the usages of figurative and nonfigurative
expressions in translating pure idiom, the writer classifies the applied strategies in
terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents, therefore the writer can find the
equivalents of the applied strategies. In this step of analysis, Larson’s theories of
figurative and nonfigurative equivalents are used. Especially for nonfigurative
equivalents analysis, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary is frequently to be
the reference in determining the meaning of lexical items in pure idiom
translation. Chaer’s theory of affixes in Indonesian Language is also used in
analyzing the meaning of pure idioms which are added by some affixes.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A.
Strategies of Pure Idiom Translations
Based on the definitions of idioms provided previously, 25 translations of
19 pure idioms have been found in ST (Rumah Kaca novel). Thus the pure
idioms were translated using different strategies in House of Glass by the
translator; Baker’s strategies of idiom translation are used in this analysis.
The analysis of the pure idioms translations of Rumah Kaca translated
into House of Glass employed Baker’s four basic translation strategies in
translating idioms: using an idiom of similar meaning and form, and using an
idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase and
translation by omission.
The applied strategies will be explained based on the relations between 19
pure idioms in ST and their translations, to see whether the translations are
categorized as idiom, paraphrase; or omitted in TT. Some sentences and phrases
in appendix 1 will be included in the explanation in order to make the
adjustments used by translation easier to be understood. The translations can be
seen in the following applied strategies.
23
24
1. Using an idiom of similar meaning and form
The translation of an idiom is very similar in its form and meaning to the source
language idiom, it means, the translations roughly have the same meaning and
equivalent lexical items.
a. bermuka dua translated into being two-faced
ST: Rupanya aku kurang pandai bersandiwara, bermuka dua.
TT: It seemed I was not very clever at putting on an act at being two-faced.
Their meanings are quite similar each other. The idiom bermuka dua in
Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as ‘tidak jujur‘ (dishonest), ‘tidak satu
pendirian‘ (have not a standpoint), and the pure idiom being two faced in
dictionary of idioms and their origins is defined as hypocritical, saying one thing
and meaning another. Their forms are also similar as pure idioms, because idiom
muka dua in Indonesian is from same origin of an English idiom, two-faced. Two
faces under one hood was the original expression of duplicity (2005: 194).
b. menara gading translated into an ivory tower
ST: Dia melihat dunia ini dari suatu tingkat di dalam menara gading.
TT: He would be viewing the world from one floor or another of an ivory
tower.
The idiom menara gading in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is defined as
‘tempat (yang ada dalam pikiran atau anggapan) yang jauh dari dunia nyata.’ (a
place (in mind or assumption) which is far away from realities). an ivory tower is
an idiom which has similar meaning with menara gading, because in dictionary
25
of idioms and their origins, it is defined as a sheltered existence away from the
problems and realities of life. An ivory tower also has same form with menara
gading in ST, since they are from same origin of a French idiom, tour d’ivoire
which means ivory tower in English or menara gading in Indonesian.
2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form
An idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form strategy is translation of
idiom by using an idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form in the target
language. In this case the lexical items of an idiom are not preserved.
a. membanting tulang translated into working their guts out
ST: Semua pun tahu, anak-anak di Holland membanting tulang dalam
kuliah mereka, …
TT: Everyone knew that the children in Holland were working their guts
out in their studies; …
The idioms membanting tulang and working their guts out are quite
similar in meaning, because banting tulang in Kamus Idiom Bahasa Indonesia is
defined as ‘bekerja keras‘ (to work hard), and idiom work their guts out in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is defined as to work very hard to achieve
something. But they are dissimilar in form; membanting tulang is a pure idiom,
while working their guts out is a semi idiom.
b. gulung tikar translated into close up shop
1. ST: …seakan-akan Hindia Belanda akan gulung tikar tanpa seorang
Pangemanann.
TT: …as if the Indies itself would have to close up shop if there were no
Pangemanann.
26
2. ST: …dia, kalau tidak gulung tikar, akan tetap menjadi organisasi
sosial,…
TT: No, if in fact it doesn’t just close up shop, it will never be anything
more than just a