Risiko Pemakaian Monoterapi Karbamazepin dan Asam Valproat Terhadap Fungsi Tiroid dan Fungsi Hati pada Penderita Epilepsi Primer
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahmed, A.H. and Thanoon, I.A. 2006. Effect of Carbamazepine and Valproic
Acid Monotherapy on Thyroid Function Tests in Epileptic Patients.
Annals of the College of Medicine. 32(1): 57-61
Ahmed, S.N. and Siddiqi, Z.A. 2006. Antiepileptic Drugs and Liver
Disease.15: 156-164
Ambrosio, A.F., Siva, P.S., Carvalho, C.M., Carvalho, A.P., Carvalho, A.P.
2002. Mechanisms of Action of Carbamazepine and Its Derivatives,
Oxcarbazepine, BIA 2-093, and BIA 2-024. Neurochemical Research.
27: 121-130
Amirsalari, S., Kayhanidost, Z.T., Kavehmanesh, Z., Torkaman, M.,
Beiraghdar, F., Afsharpayman, S., et al. 2011. Thyroid Function in
Epileptic Children who Receive Carbamazepine, Primidone,
Phenobarbital and Valproic Acid. 5(2): 17-22
Amirudin, R. 2007. Fisiologi dan Biokimia Hati. Dalam : Sudoyo, A.W.,
Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Simadibrata, M., Setiati, S.Editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 415-419
Anderson, G.D. 2004. Pharmacogenetics and Enzyme Induction/Inhibition
Properties of Antiepileptic Drugs. Neurology. 63(4): 3-8
Bayupurnama, P. 2007. Hepatotoksisitas Imbas Obat. Dalam : Sudoyo, A.W.,
Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Simadibrata, M., Setiati, S.Editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 471-474
Carvalho, G.A., Perez, C.L.S., Ward, L.S. 2013. The Clinical Use of Thyroid
Function Tests. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 57(3): 193-204
Celikkol, F., Kurul, S., Dirik, E. 2002. Evaluation of Cognitive Function of the
Children with Epilepsy Treated with Carbamazepine. Ege Tip Dergisi.
41(4): 211-217
Conway, J.M. 2012. Antiepilepsy Drugs : Mechanisms of Action and
Pharmacokinetics. Epilepsy.1(5): 1-11
127
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Djokomoeljanto, R. 2007. Kelenjar Tiroid, Hipotiroidsme, dan Hipertiroidisme.
Dalam : Sudoyo, A.W., Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Simadibrata, M., Setiati,
S.(Ed). Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta.
Hal 1933-1943
Elmasry, H.M.A., Hamed, A.M., Elazeem, M.A., Hassan, H.A., Abolfotouh,
M.M. 2013. Subclinical Hypothyroidsm and Dyslipidemia in Upper
Egyptian Epileptic Children on Carbamazepine Therapy. Ajrc Journal.
1(12): 167-180
Fagundes, S.B.R. 2008. Valproic Acid : Review. Rev Neuroscience. 16(2):
130-136
Fancher, T.L., Kamboj, A., Onate, J. 2007. Interpreting Liver Function Tests.
Current Psychiatry. 6(5): 61-68
George, J., and Joshi, S.R. 2007. Drugs and Thyroid. JAPI. 55: 215-223
Ghamari, Z.T., Zare, M., Habibabadi, J.M., Najafi, M.R. 2013. A Quick Review
of Carbamazepine Pharmacokinetics in Epilepsy from 1953 to 2012.
Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 1: 81-84
Gowda, S., Desai, P.B., Hull, V.V., Math, A.A., Vernekar, S.N., Kulkarni, S.S.
2009. A Review on Laboratory Liver Function Tests. Pan Afr Med J.
3(17): 1-11
Gracious, B.L., Findling, R.L., Seman, C., Youngstorm, E.A., Demeter, C.A.,
Calabrese, J.R. 2004. Elevated Thyrotropin in Bipolar Youths Prescribed
Both Lithium and Divalproex Sodium. J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 43(2): 215—220
Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E., Husna, M. 2014. Terapi. Dalam :
Kusumastuti, K., Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E. Editor. Pedoman Tata
Laksana Epilepsi. Edisi V. Kelompok Studi Epilepsi PERDOSSI.
Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 23-42
Gunder, L.M. and Haddow, S. 2009. Laboratoty Evaluation of Thyroid
Function. Diunduh dari : www.clinicaladvisor.com pada tanggal 28 Juni
2015
Hussein, R.R.S., Soliman, R.H., Ali, A.M.A., Tawfeik, M.H., Abdelrahim,
M.E.A. 2013. Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Liver Enzyms. Beni-Suef
University Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 2: 14-19
128
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Isojarvi, J.I., Airaksinen, K.E., Repo,M., Pakarinen, A.J., Salmela, P., Myllyla,
V.V. 1993. Carbamazepine, Serum Thyroid Hormones and Myocardial
Function in Epileptic Patietes. J Neurosurg Psychiatry. 56: 710-712
Isojarvi, J.I., Turkka J., Pakarinen, A.J., Kotila, M., Rattya, J., Myllyla, V.V.
2001. Thyroid Function in Men Taking Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine,
or Valproate for Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 42(7): 930-934
Kalapos, M.P. 2002. Carbamazepine-Provoked Hepatotoxicity and Possible
Aetiopathological Role Of Glutathione in the Events. Retrospective
Review of Old Data and Call for New Investigation. Adverse Drug React
Toxicol Rev. 21(3): 123-141
Kusumastuti, K. dan Basuki, M. 2014. Definisi, Klasifikasi dan Etiologi
Epilepsi. Dalam : Kusumastuti, K., Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E.
Editor. Pedoman Tata Laksana Epilepsi. Edisi V. Kelompok Studi
Epilepsi PERDOSSI. Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 5-9
Koenig, S.A., Buesing, D., Longin, E., Oehring, R. , Haussermann, P., Kluger,
G., et al. 2006. Valproic Acid Induced Hepatopathy : Nine New Fatalities
in Germany from 1994 to 2003. Epilepsia. 47(12): 2027-2031
Krysiak, R. and Stojko, R. 2014. Transient Hypotioridsm Induced by
Anticonvulsant Agents. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 35(3): 183-185
Kshanti, I.A. 2008. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Tiroid. Dalam : Kshanti, I.A.,
Soewondo, P., Waspadji, S., Subekti, I., Saksono, D., Sibarani, R.P., et
al. Editor. Penatalaksanaan Penyakit – penyakit Tiroid Bagi Dokter.
Edisi III. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia Cabang Jakarta
(PERKENI JAYA). Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. Hal 1-13
Naithani, M., Chopra, S., Somani, B.L., Singh, R.K. 2010. Studies on Adverse
Metabolic Effects of Antiepileptics and Their Correlation with Blood
Components. Current Neurobiology. 1(2): 117-120
Ngugi, A.K., Bottomley, C., Kleinschmidt, I., Sander, J.W., Newton, C. 2010.
Estimation of the Burden of Active and Life Time Epilepsy: A Meta
Analytic Approach. Epilepsia. 51(5): 883-90
129
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Octaviana, F. dan Khosana, H. 2014. Epidemiologi Epilepsi. Dalam :
Kusumastuti, K., Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E. Editor. Pedoman Tata
Laksana Epilepsi. Edisi V. Kelompok Studi Epilepsi PERDOSSI.
Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 1-3
Padhi, S., Varghese, R.G.B., Ramdas, A., Singh, K., Sahoo, J., Arokiaraj,
M.C. 2011. Autoimmune Thyroiditis : Correlation of Cytomorphology with
Drug History and Clinical Implications. Thyroid Science. 6(11): 1-5
Pandit, A., Sachdeva T., Bafna, P. 2012. Drug Induced Hepatotoxicity : A
Review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2(5): 233-243
Patsalos, P.N., Froscher, W., Pisani, F., Rijn, C.M. 2002. The Importance of
Drug Interactions in Epilepsy Therapy. Epilepsia. 43(4): 365-385
Perucca, E. 2005. Clinically Relevant Drug Interactions with Antiepileptic
Drugs. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 61(3): 246-255
Punal, J.E., Garma, M.D.R, Rocamonde, S.L, Rodriguez, I.N., Gago, M.C.
1999. Long Term Treatment of Children with Epilepsy with Valproate or
Carbamazepine May Cause Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Epilepsia.
40(2): 1761-1766
Pylvanen, V.2005. Insulin Related Metabolic and Endocrine Effects of
Valproate in Patients with Epilepsy. Oulu University Press. Oulu
Sabariah, N.H., Siti, M.S.G., Nor, A.C.H., Khan, A.H. 2014. Cholestatic
Hepatitis Secondary to Carbamazepine with Ursodeoxycholic Acid – A
Case Report. Tropical Journal of Pharmeceutical Research. 13(10):
1745-1747
Saksono, D.H. 2008. Berbagai Pemeriksaan Penunjang Pada Kelainan
Tiroid. Dalam : Kshanti, I.A., Soewondo, P., Waspadji, S., Subekti, I.,
Saksono, D., Sibarani, R.P., et al. Editor. Penatalaksanaan Penyakit –
penyakit Tiroid Bagi Dokter. Edisi III. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi
Indonesia Cabang Jakarta (PERKENI JAYA). Pusat Penerbitan
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia. Jakarta. Hal 49-55
Salehiomran, M.R. and Kordkheily, H.S.E. 2010. The Effect of Antionvulsant
Drugs (Phenobarbital and Valproic Acid) on the Serum Level of
Cholestrol, Trygliceride, Lipoprotein and Liver Enzymes in Convulsive
Children. Iran J Child Neurology. 4(3): 33-40
130
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sander, J.W. 2004. The Use of Antiepileptic Drugs – Priciples and Practice.
Epilepsia. 45(6): 28-34
Sastroasmoro, S. dan Ismael, S. 2008. Dasar-dasar Metodologi Penelitian
Klinis. Edisi ke 3. CV. Sagung Seto. Jakarta.
Shivaraj, G., Prakash, B.D., Sonal, V., Shruthi, K., Vinayak, H., Avinash, M.
2009. Thyroid Function Tests : A Review. European Review for Medical
and Pharmacological Sciences. 13: 341-349
Silva, M.F.B., Aires, C.C.P, Luis, P.B.M., Ruiter, J.P.N., Ijlst, L., Duran, M., et
al. 2008. Valproic Acid Metabolism and Its Effect on Mitochondrial Fatty
Acid Oxidation : A Review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 31: 205-216
Teleanu, R., Matei, M., Sandu, M., Nita, S. 2013. Valproate Induced
Subclinical Hypothyroidsm in Children with Epilepsy. Romanian Journal
of Neurology. 12(4): 183-184
Turan, M.I., Cayir, A., Esin, I.S., Cayir, Y., Tan, H. 2013. The Effect of
Carbamazepine on Thyroid Function in Childhood Epilepsy. Dicle Med
J. 40(4): 533-536
Turan, M.I., Cayir, A., Esin, I.S., Cayir, Y., Tan, H. 2014. Frequency of
Subclinical Hypothyroidsm at the Patients That Are Using Valproic Acid.
Medicine Science. 3(2): 1155-1161
Vainionpaa, L.K., Mikkonen, K., Rattya, J., Knip, M., Pakarinen, A.J., Myllyla,
V.V., et al. 2004. Thyroid Function in Girls with Epilepsy with
Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, or Valproate Monotherapy and after
Withdrawal of Medication. Epilepsia. 45(3): 197-203
Verotti, A., Laus, M., Scardapane, A., Fanzoni, E., Chiarelli, F. 2009. Thyroid
Hormones in Children with Epelepsy During Long-term Administration of
Carbamazepine and Valproate. European Journal of Endocrinology.
160: 81-86
Wood, A.J.J. 1995. Drug Therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine.
333(25): 1688-1693
Yilmaz, U., Yilmaz, T.S., Akinci, G., Korkmaz, H.A., Tekgul, H. 2014. The
Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs in Thyroid Function in Children. Seizure. 23:
29-35
131
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ahmed, A.H. and Thanoon, I.A. 2006. Effect of Carbamazepine and Valproic
Acid Monotherapy on Thyroid Function Tests in Epileptic Patients.
Annals of the College of Medicine. 32(1): 57-61
Ahmed, S.N. and Siddiqi, Z.A. 2006. Antiepileptic Drugs and Liver
Disease.15: 156-164
Ambrosio, A.F., Siva, P.S., Carvalho, C.M., Carvalho, A.P., Carvalho, A.P.
2002. Mechanisms of Action of Carbamazepine and Its Derivatives,
Oxcarbazepine, BIA 2-093, and BIA 2-024. Neurochemical Research.
27: 121-130
Amirsalari, S., Kayhanidost, Z.T., Kavehmanesh, Z., Torkaman, M.,
Beiraghdar, F., Afsharpayman, S., et al. 2011. Thyroid Function in
Epileptic Children who Receive Carbamazepine, Primidone,
Phenobarbital and Valproic Acid. 5(2): 17-22
Amirudin, R. 2007. Fisiologi dan Biokimia Hati. Dalam : Sudoyo, A.W.,
Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Simadibrata, M., Setiati, S.Editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 415-419
Anderson, G.D. 2004. Pharmacogenetics and Enzyme Induction/Inhibition
Properties of Antiepileptic Drugs. Neurology. 63(4): 3-8
Bayupurnama, P. 2007. Hepatotoksisitas Imbas Obat. Dalam : Sudoyo, A.W.,
Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Simadibrata, M., Setiati, S.Editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 471-474
Carvalho, G.A., Perez, C.L.S., Ward, L.S. 2013. The Clinical Use of Thyroid
Function Tests. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 57(3): 193-204
Celikkol, F., Kurul, S., Dirik, E. 2002. Evaluation of Cognitive Function of the
Children with Epilepsy Treated with Carbamazepine. Ege Tip Dergisi.
41(4): 211-217
Conway, J.M. 2012. Antiepilepsy Drugs : Mechanisms of Action and
Pharmacokinetics. Epilepsy.1(5): 1-11
127
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Djokomoeljanto, R. 2007. Kelenjar Tiroid, Hipotiroidsme, dan Hipertiroidisme.
Dalam : Sudoyo, A.W., Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., Simadibrata, M., Setiati,
S.(Ed). Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta.
Hal 1933-1943
Elmasry, H.M.A., Hamed, A.M., Elazeem, M.A., Hassan, H.A., Abolfotouh,
M.M. 2013. Subclinical Hypothyroidsm and Dyslipidemia in Upper
Egyptian Epileptic Children on Carbamazepine Therapy. Ajrc Journal.
1(12): 167-180
Fagundes, S.B.R. 2008. Valproic Acid : Review. Rev Neuroscience. 16(2):
130-136
Fancher, T.L., Kamboj, A., Onate, J. 2007. Interpreting Liver Function Tests.
Current Psychiatry. 6(5): 61-68
George, J., and Joshi, S.R. 2007. Drugs and Thyroid. JAPI. 55: 215-223
Ghamari, Z.T., Zare, M., Habibabadi, J.M., Najafi, M.R. 2013. A Quick Review
of Carbamazepine Pharmacokinetics in Epilepsy from 1953 to 2012.
Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 1: 81-84
Gowda, S., Desai, P.B., Hull, V.V., Math, A.A., Vernekar, S.N., Kulkarni, S.S.
2009. A Review on Laboratory Liver Function Tests. Pan Afr Med J.
3(17): 1-11
Gracious, B.L., Findling, R.L., Seman, C., Youngstorm, E.A., Demeter, C.A.,
Calabrese, J.R. 2004. Elevated Thyrotropin in Bipolar Youths Prescribed
Both Lithium and Divalproex Sodium. J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 43(2): 215—220
Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E., Husna, M. 2014. Terapi. Dalam :
Kusumastuti, K., Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E. Editor. Pedoman Tata
Laksana Epilepsi. Edisi V. Kelompok Studi Epilepsi PERDOSSI.
Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 23-42
Gunder, L.M. and Haddow, S. 2009. Laboratoty Evaluation of Thyroid
Function. Diunduh dari : www.clinicaladvisor.com pada tanggal 28 Juni
2015
Hussein, R.R.S., Soliman, R.H., Ali, A.M.A., Tawfeik, M.H., Abdelrahim,
M.E.A. 2013. Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Liver Enzyms. Beni-Suef
University Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 2: 14-19
128
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Isojarvi, J.I., Airaksinen, K.E., Repo,M., Pakarinen, A.J., Salmela, P., Myllyla,
V.V. 1993. Carbamazepine, Serum Thyroid Hormones and Myocardial
Function in Epileptic Patietes. J Neurosurg Psychiatry. 56: 710-712
Isojarvi, J.I., Turkka J., Pakarinen, A.J., Kotila, M., Rattya, J., Myllyla, V.V.
2001. Thyroid Function in Men Taking Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine,
or Valproate for Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 42(7): 930-934
Kalapos, M.P. 2002. Carbamazepine-Provoked Hepatotoxicity and Possible
Aetiopathological Role Of Glutathione in the Events. Retrospective
Review of Old Data and Call for New Investigation. Adverse Drug React
Toxicol Rev. 21(3): 123-141
Kusumastuti, K. dan Basuki, M. 2014. Definisi, Klasifikasi dan Etiologi
Epilepsi. Dalam : Kusumastuti, K., Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E.
Editor. Pedoman Tata Laksana Epilepsi. Edisi V. Kelompok Studi
Epilepsi PERDOSSI. Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 5-9
Koenig, S.A., Buesing, D., Longin, E., Oehring, R. , Haussermann, P., Kluger,
G., et al. 2006. Valproic Acid Induced Hepatopathy : Nine New Fatalities
in Germany from 1994 to 2003. Epilepsia. 47(12): 2027-2031
Krysiak, R. and Stojko, R. 2014. Transient Hypotioridsm Induced by
Anticonvulsant Agents. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 35(3): 183-185
Kshanti, I.A. 2008. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Tiroid. Dalam : Kshanti, I.A.,
Soewondo, P., Waspadji, S., Subekti, I., Saksono, D., Sibarani, R.P., et
al. Editor. Penatalaksanaan Penyakit – penyakit Tiroid Bagi Dokter.
Edisi III. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia Cabang Jakarta
(PERKENI JAYA). Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. Hal 1-13
Naithani, M., Chopra, S., Somani, B.L., Singh, R.K. 2010. Studies on Adverse
Metabolic Effects of Antiepileptics and Their Correlation with Blood
Components. Current Neurobiology. 1(2): 117-120
Ngugi, A.K., Bottomley, C., Kleinschmidt, I., Sander, J.W., Newton, C. 2010.
Estimation of the Burden of Active and Life Time Epilepsy: A Meta
Analytic Approach. Epilepsia. 51(5): 883-90
129
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Octaviana, F. dan Khosana, H. 2014. Epidemiologi Epilepsi. Dalam :
Kusumastuti, K., Gunadharma, S., Kustiowati, E. Editor. Pedoman Tata
Laksana Epilepsi. Edisi V. Kelompok Studi Epilepsi PERDOSSI.
Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 1-3
Padhi, S., Varghese, R.G.B., Ramdas, A., Singh, K., Sahoo, J., Arokiaraj,
M.C. 2011. Autoimmune Thyroiditis : Correlation of Cytomorphology with
Drug History and Clinical Implications. Thyroid Science. 6(11): 1-5
Pandit, A., Sachdeva T., Bafna, P. 2012. Drug Induced Hepatotoxicity : A
Review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2(5): 233-243
Patsalos, P.N., Froscher, W., Pisani, F., Rijn, C.M. 2002. The Importance of
Drug Interactions in Epilepsy Therapy. Epilepsia. 43(4): 365-385
Perucca, E. 2005. Clinically Relevant Drug Interactions with Antiepileptic
Drugs. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 61(3): 246-255
Punal, J.E., Garma, M.D.R, Rocamonde, S.L, Rodriguez, I.N., Gago, M.C.
1999. Long Term Treatment of Children with Epilepsy with Valproate or
Carbamazepine May Cause Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Epilepsia.
40(2): 1761-1766
Pylvanen, V.2005. Insulin Related Metabolic and Endocrine Effects of
Valproate in Patients with Epilepsy. Oulu University Press. Oulu
Sabariah, N.H., Siti, M.S.G., Nor, A.C.H., Khan, A.H. 2014. Cholestatic
Hepatitis Secondary to Carbamazepine with Ursodeoxycholic Acid – A
Case Report. Tropical Journal of Pharmeceutical Research. 13(10):
1745-1747
Saksono, D.H. 2008. Berbagai Pemeriksaan Penunjang Pada Kelainan
Tiroid. Dalam : Kshanti, I.A., Soewondo, P., Waspadji, S., Subekti, I.,
Saksono, D., Sibarani, R.P., et al. Editor. Penatalaksanaan Penyakit –
penyakit Tiroid Bagi Dokter. Edisi III. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi
Indonesia Cabang Jakarta (PERKENI JAYA). Pusat Penerbitan
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia. Jakarta. Hal 49-55
Salehiomran, M.R. and Kordkheily, H.S.E. 2010. The Effect of Antionvulsant
Drugs (Phenobarbital and Valproic Acid) on the Serum Level of
Cholestrol, Trygliceride, Lipoprotein and Liver Enzymes in Convulsive
Children. Iran J Child Neurology. 4(3): 33-40
130
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sander, J.W. 2004. The Use of Antiepileptic Drugs – Priciples and Practice.
Epilepsia. 45(6): 28-34
Sastroasmoro, S. dan Ismael, S. 2008. Dasar-dasar Metodologi Penelitian
Klinis. Edisi ke 3. CV. Sagung Seto. Jakarta.
Shivaraj, G., Prakash, B.D., Sonal, V., Shruthi, K., Vinayak, H., Avinash, M.
2009. Thyroid Function Tests : A Review. European Review for Medical
and Pharmacological Sciences. 13: 341-349
Silva, M.F.B., Aires, C.C.P, Luis, P.B.M., Ruiter, J.P.N., Ijlst, L., Duran, M., et
al. 2008. Valproic Acid Metabolism and Its Effect on Mitochondrial Fatty
Acid Oxidation : A Review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 31: 205-216
Teleanu, R., Matei, M., Sandu, M., Nita, S. 2013. Valproate Induced
Subclinical Hypothyroidsm in Children with Epilepsy. Romanian Journal
of Neurology. 12(4): 183-184
Turan, M.I., Cayir, A., Esin, I.S., Cayir, Y., Tan, H. 2013. The Effect of
Carbamazepine on Thyroid Function in Childhood Epilepsy. Dicle Med
J. 40(4): 533-536
Turan, M.I., Cayir, A., Esin, I.S., Cayir, Y., Tan, H. 2014. Frequency of
Subclinical Hypothyroidsm at the Patients That Are Using Valproic Acid.
Medicine Science. 3(2): 1155-1161
Vainionpaa, L.K., Mikkonen, K., Rattya, J., Knip, M., Pakarinen, A.J., Myllyla,
V.V., et al. 2004. Thyroid Function in Girls with Epilepsy with
Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, or Valproate Monotherapy and after
Withdrawal of Medication. Epilepsia. 45(3): 197-203
Verotti, A., Laus, M., Scardapane, A., Fanzoni, E., Chiarelli, F. 2009. Thyroid
Hormones in Children with Epelepsy During Long-term Administration of
Carbamazepine and Valproate. European Journal of Endocrinology.
160: 81-86
Wood, A.J.J. 1995. Drug Therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine.
333(25): 1688-1693
Yilmaz, U., Yilmaz, T.S., Akinci, G., Korkmaz, H.A., Tekgul, H. 2014. The
Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs in Thyroid Function in Children. Seizure. 23:
29-35
131
Universitas Sumatera Utara