An analysis of maxim violation used by fletcher reede in liar liar movie.

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An Analysis of Maxim Violation Used by

Fletcher Reede in

Liar Liar

Movie

THESIS

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Sarjana

Degree of English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities,

Sunan Ampel State Islamic University

By:

NUR AZIZAH

Reg. Number: A03213043

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

SUNAN AMPEL STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SURABAYA

2017

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ABSTRACT

Azizah, Nur. 2017. An Analyzing of Maxim Violation used by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar Movie. English Department Faculty, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag.

This research aimed to find the maxim violation used by Fletcher Reede as the main character in Liar Liarmovie. The data of this research were all Fletcher Reede’s

utterances. Researcher used a qualitative research method to support the analysis. The purpose of this research are to investigate the types of maxim violations that used by the main character in Liar Liar movie and to investigate the reasons the main character violated the maxim by using Christifferson’s criteria of lying.

Based on the analysis, researcher found 14 utterances which are categorized into maxim violations. Those are 5 violations of quality maxim, 5 violations of quantity maxim, 3 violations of relation maxim and 1 violation of manner maxim. There are seven reasons the main character violated the maxim. Those are hiding the truth, cheering the hearer, saving face, avoiding hurt the hearer, feeling jealous, convincing the hearer and building someone’s belief.

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INTISARI

Azizah, Nur. 2017. An Analyzing of Maxim Violation used by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar Movie. English Department Faculty, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag.

Penilitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pelanggaran maxim (maxim violation) yang digunakan oleh Fletcher Reede sebagai pemeran utama di dalam film Liar Liar. Data dari penelitian ini berupa semua ucapan yang diutarakan oleh Fletcher Reede. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode kualitatif untuk mendukung analisa penelitian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk menemukan macam-macam pelanggaran maxim yang digunakan oleh pemeran utama di film Liar Liar dan untuk menemukan alasan dari pemeran utama melanggar maxim berdasarkan criteria orang berbohong yang telah dirumuskan oleh Chrisstoferson

Berdasarkan analisis, peneliti menemukan 14 ucapan yang mana dikategorikan kedalam pelanggaran maxim. Pelanggaran maxim tersebut ialah 5 pelanggaran maxim quality, 5 pelanggaran maxim quantity, 3 pelanggaran maxim relation dan 1 pelanggaran maxim manner. Pemeran utama memiliki 7 alasan melanggar beberapa maxim ialah untuk menyembunyikan kebenaran, menyenangkan pendengar, mehindari rasa malu, menghindari untuk melukai perasaan pendengar, merasa cemburu, menyakinkan pendengar dan membangun kepercayaan seseorang.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside the Cover Page ……… i

Declaration Page ……… ii

Advisor’s Approval Page ...………. iii

Examiner’s Approval Page ……… iv

Motto ………. v

Dedication Page ………. vi

Acknowledgement ………. vii

Table of Contents ……….. viii

Abstract ………. ix

Intisari ……… x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study ………... 1

Research Problems ……… 3

Research Objectives ……….. 4

Significance of the Study ……….. 4

Scope and Limitation ……… 5

Definition of Key Terms ………... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Pragmatic ...…………...……… 7

Context …………..……… 9

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Violating Maxim ……….. 12

Christofferson’s Classification ………. 14

Related Studies ……… 17

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design ……… 20

Data Collection ……….. 20

Data Analysis ………. 22

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Findings ……….. 24

Discussion ……….. 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion ………. 49

Suggestion ………. 49

REFERENCES….………... 50

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the principle idea for studying maxim violation in the conversation situation reflected on main character in Liar Liar movie. It consists of background of the study, statement of the problems, objectives of the research, significances of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

People use language to communicate, interact and share their thoughts, ideas and feeling. By using language to communicate, people can get what speaker purpose in conversation. Generally, communication purpose is to deliver the message by the speaker to the hearer. To make the hearer understands what is said, the speaker must fulfill cooperative principles: being relevant, clear and not ambiguous, enough information given, and being truthful (Muhartoyo and Sistofa, 2013:103).

Cooperative principle theory is a set of principles that means to make a good communication between the speaker and the hearer, they have to cooperate in order to understand what the speaker really means in conversation, ‘make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged’, (Grice, 1975:74).

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To help the speaker to make conversation clearer, Grice divides cooperative principles into four maxims: maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner (Yule, 1996:37). But people sometimes disobey and not follow cooperative principles for some purposes. If that case happens, it means they break the maxims or ‘violate’ the maxims. Grice (1975) states that a person ‘may quietly and unostentatiously violate a maxim; if so, in some cases he will be liable to mislead. It can be said that if a speaker disobeys maxims and creates misunderstanding for a hearer, it means that the speaker does maxim violation.

The researcher interested in analyzing Cooperative Principles but emphasizes on analyzing maxim violation that happens in a movie. Movie is films which is a type or visual communication which use moving pictures and sound to tell stories or inform (Istigfaroh, 2016:3). The researcher chose to use Liar Liar movie to be analyzed. Liar Liar movie is a 1997 American comedy movie which is directed by Tom Shadyac, written by Paul Guay and Stephen Mazur and starred by Jim Carrey or James Eugene Carrey who was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in Comedy. He is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, impressionist, screenwriter and writer. He is known for his highly energetic slapstick performances.

Liar Liar movie tells about a lawyer named Fletcher Reede who has ability to lie and build his career by lying. He is also a divorced father, his ex-wife Audrey lives with their son, Max Reede. Fletcher does not have time for his son and always busy with his job. He likes to break promises he has made with Max.

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One day, Fletcher lies to Audrey to not attend Max’s birthday party and it lets Max down. Max makes a wish on his birthday, he wishes that his father could not tell a lie for one day and it comes true. Fletcher could not tell a lie until at 8:15pm (time when Max made a wish). It drives Fletcher crazy because he has cases to be handled and he has to go to court and tells lie to make his client win the cases, but he could not lie. Audrey decides to move to Boston with her boyfriend Jerry and also take Max with them. Until Fletcher realizes how much he loves Max because he could not lie about his feeling and asks Audrey and Max to not move to Boston.

The researcher uses Liar Liar movie to be analyzed as an object of the research and focuses on analyzing maxim violation that is used by main character, it is Fletcher Reede. The researcher also uses Christofferson’s classification that cited from Tupan and Natalia (2008) to investigate the reason and the purpose of the main character violates the maxims. There are some reasons people tend to lie which are mentioned by Cristofferson: hiding the truth, saving face, feeling jealous about something, satisfying the hearer, cheering the hearer, avoiding hurt the hearer, building someone’s belief and convincing the hearer.

1.2 Research Problems

This research is conducted to answer the problem formulated in the following questions:

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1.2.2 Why are maxims violated by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie?

1.3 Research Objectives

Based on research problems above, the objectives of the research are aimed:

1.3.1 To investigate what kinds of maxim violation that is violated by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie.

1.3.2 To investigate the reasons of maxim violation that is violated by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie.

1.4 Significance of Research

1.4.1 Theoretical Significance

This research is expected to be useful to expand pragmatic knowledge in using cooperative principle in daily life and understand types of cooperative principles especially about maxim violation which use in Liar Liar movie. This research hopefully can give contribution for the linguist study which wants to analyze maxim violation for further research.

1.4.2 Practical Significance

The researcher can get knowledge and understanding in pragmatic about cooperative principle especially maxim violation and also the researcher can understand kind of purpose and reason some people violate maxims in Liar Liar movie.

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1.5 Scope of Limitation of the Study

The researcher analyzes Liar Liar movie and focuses on utterances that uttered by the main character, Fletcher Reede. This study also limited on Gricean maxim theory which is focused on maxim violation (maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim of manner) and this study uses Christofferson classification’s to get to know the reason of the main character violates the maxims.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

a. Cooperative Principle is a set of principles proposed by Grice. The

principles are informative, truthfully, be relevant, and be clear.

b. Maxim is some rules that must be obeyed to make a good communication

between speakers and hearers. There are four maxims that stated by Grice. They are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevant and maxim of manner.

c. Violating Maxim is situations when a speaker disobey or not follow rule

of maxim that will lead misunderstand between speaker and hearer in a conversation.

d. Liar Liar movie is a 1997 American comedy movie which is directed by

Tom Shadyac, written by Paul Guay and Stephen Mazur.

e. Fletcher Reede is a well-known lawyer who has ability to lie in

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents an overview on the theory of cooperative principle by H. P. Grice, followed by its maxims and the explanation of pragmatic, context, cooperative principles, maxims and maxim violations. In addition, researcher presents some previous studies.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.1.1 Pragmatics

According to Yule (1996:3), pragmatics is the study of the speaker meaning. It means that this study is concerned on meaning as said by a speaker and interpreted by a hearer. It is study about what a speaker mean through utterances the speaker delivers to a hearer. Yule (1996:3) states that there is a connection between the interpretation what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said in studying pragmatic.

2.1.2 Context

According to Istigfaroh (2016), context is a part of description or sentence that can support or add clarity to the meaning of situation that has to do with the event. There are three types of context that stated by Cutting (2002:3) in Istigfaroh (2016).

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i. Situational Context

Situational context is a description of all events that happens when speaker and hearer do conversation. For example:

John: What do you think we try to eat sate kelinci? Tom: No! I don’t want to eat sate kelinci. It’s weird.

Based on the conversation above, there two guys named John and Tom. They visit Sarangan Lake in Magetan. There is a lot places which serve sate kelinci as traditional food. When they take break, John asks Tom’s opinion to try sate kelinci but Tom refuses it because it tastes weird.

ii. Background Knowledge Context

Background knowledge context is when speaker and hearer understand what they are talking about for instance, the surrounding environment or culture. There are two kinds of background knowledge context.

a. Cultural context

Cultural context is a knowledge or information about life or event that happens between speaker and hearer are similar. For instance:

Enggar: Rid, I was so nervous yesterday. As you know that yesterday was my thesis examination. And thanks for being there to support.

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Farid: I know. I felt the same way while I was waiting for your examination over.

Enggar and Farid are talking about the feeling that they have been experienced about thesis examination.

b. Interpersonal context

Interpersonal context is a knowledge or information about someone’s personality between speaker and hearer. For instance:

Sari: I don’t like Enggar’s personality. She is too selfish.

Tuti: Nah, I guess you’re wrong about her. She is nice person because we were in the same class for 2 years. Sari and Tuti are talking about Enggar’s personality. But they both have different view about it.

iii. Co-textual Context

Co-textual Context is a moment when speaker and hearer know about what or who they are talking about. For instance:

Hana: Mom, I’m going to library today with my friend.

Mom: Don’t forget to invite them to come to your birthday next week.

According to example above, Hana assumes that her mom knows her friends since her mom use the word ‘them’.

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2.1.3 Cooperative Principle

Grice (1975) proposes cooperative principle theory which is a set of principles that means to make a good communication the speaker and the hearer have to cooperate in order to understand what the speaker really means in conversation. Grice divides cooperative principle into four sub-maxims.

The maxim of Quality

(i) Do not say what you believe to be false.

(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

Rahman: Does Lee Min Ho play role in Goblin Korean drama? Amin: No, but he plays in The Legend of Blue Sea

Based on conversation above, Rahman states wrong statement, but Amin gives him the correct statement and tells the fact about Korean drama that has been played by Lee Min Ho.

The maxim of Quantity

(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose the exchange.

(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Dani: Ana, is your brother home?

Ana: No, he is not.

This conversation happens when Dani texts Ana to ask about her brother. Ana’s answer shows that she gives answer as needed by Dani. The answer is not too much and not too little.

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The maxim of Relation

(i) Make your contribution relevant

Maxim of relevant happens when speaker is assumed to say something that is relevant about what speaker said before.

Maja: Windy, I didn’t see you at Ifa’s birthday party. Where did you go?

Windy: I went to hospital to see my uncle.

Windy’s answer is relevant withMaja’s question. Maja asks Windy where she goes because she doesn’t attend Ifa’s birthday party.

The maxim of Manner

(i) Avoid obscurity (ii) Avoid Ambiguity (iii) Be brief

(iv) Be orderly

Anam: Where did you put my key?

Fajar: I put it on a blue box. The blue box is on your table.

From the example above, it can be seen that Fajar gives complete answer and explanation to Anam about the position of key.

2.1.4 Violating Maxim

Grice (1975) states that a person ‘may quietly and unostentatiously violate a maxim; if so, in some cases he will be liable to mislead. It can be said that if a speaker disobeys maxims and creates misunderstanding for hearer, it means that the speaker does maxim violation. According to

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Grice (1975) in Tupan and Natalia (2008), there are some criteria of violating maxim.

Violating of maxim quality

a) If the speaker lies or says something that is believed to be false

b) If the speaker does irony or makes ironic and sarcastic statement

c) If the speaker denies something d) If the speaker distorts information

Husband: Honey, where’s Jane?

Wife: Umm, She goes to Mall with her friend honey. Fact: Wife knows that Jane goes to theatre with boyfriend. In this case, wife lies to husband about where Jane goes because her husband doesn’t like Jane’s boyfriend.

Violating of maxim quantity

a) If the speaker does circumlocution or not to the point b) If the speaker is uninformative

c) If the speaker talks too short d) If the speaker talks too much e) If the speaker repeats certain words

Marry: Jane, what do you think if I wear blue dress for Anne’s wedding?

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This conversation shows that Jane’s answer is uninformative and too short because based on Marry’s question, she wants to know Jane’s opinion about the dress that she will wear for Anne’s wedding.

Violating of maxim relation

a) If the speaker makes the conversation unmatched with the topic

b) If the speaker changes conversation topic abruptly c) If the speaker avoids talking about something d) If the speaker hides something or hides a fact e) If the speaker does the wrong causality

Jane: Why did you get C on Public Relation and Tourism? Marry: This cake tastes so good.

Marry’s answer is not relevant with Jane’s question. Jane asks about the score that Marry got. But Marry distracts the topic and talks about something else.

Violating of maxim manner

a) If the speaker uses ambiguous language b) If the speaker exaggerates thing

c) If the speaker uses slang in front of people who do not understand it

d) If the speaker’s voice is not loud enough

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Sammy: Udik?

Harry: Yes. Udik is like old or not cool.

Harry and Sammy eat their lunch at Canteen. There is a girl who passes by them while they eat. Harry says that girl’s look is ‘udik’. But Sammy doesn’t know the meaning of ‘udik’ itself. Here, Sammy utters the word that Harry doesn’t know.

2.1.5 Christofferson’s classification

Christofferson (2005) states as cited in Tupan and Natalia (2008) that people tend to lie for some reasons in real life situation. Those some reasons will be explained below:

a) Hiding the truth

Mom: Darling, have you finished your homework? Nada: Umm, Yes mom. I did it last night.

The truth is Nada hasn’t finished her homework last night because she felt asleep. She lies to her mom because she doesn’t want mom get mad at her.

b) Saving face

Marry: Where did you buy this beautiful dress? Jane: I bought it at Boutique last week.

Here Jane doesn’t tell the truth because she is too shy to tell her friend that she buys the dress at Tugu Pahlawan.

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c) Feeling jealous about something Ina: Do you know where Danny is? Ika: Nah, I don’t know.

The fact is Ika knows where Danny is because they met each other 2 hours ago. But when Ina asks her about Danny, she says ‘I don’t know’. Ika knows that Ina likes Danny very much.

d) Satisfying the hearer

Joe: Mommy, why the stars come only at night?

Mom: Umm, because the stars want to light your night. Mommy’s answer is uttered to please her son who asks about the stars.

e) Cheering the hearer

Putri: I love Korean drama much. Would you like to accompany me to watch it please?

Dina: Yes, I would.

This conversation happens when Putri and Dina at class and lecturer can’t come to class. So Putri asks Dina to accompany her to watch Korean drama. The fact is Dina doesn’t like Korean drama but she says yes because Putri is her best friend and she wants to cheer her up.

f) Avoiding to hurt the hearer

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Grandma: She has cancer and we already did our best for her.

The truth is Joe’s mother passed away because has been killed by his father but his grandmother doesn’t the truth because Joe is still 8 years old boy.

g) Building’s someone belief

Hana: Do you still love your ex girlfiend?

Joe: Nah, you’re the only girl I love the most. Why do you think that way?

Hana: Because I saw girl photo on your phone Joe: Nah, she is my friend.

The truth is the girl on Joe’s phone is his ex girlfriend. He keeps her photo because he is still has feeling for her.

h) Convincing the hearer

Johnny: Dude, can you lend me five dollar?

Joe: I’m sorry, I wish I could. But I don’t have money. Johnny wants to lend money from Joe to buy cigarette. But Joe says that he doesn’t have money because Johnny never pay back his credit even Joe has fifty dollar in his wallet.

2.2 Related Studies

In this section, the writer presents some researches that have been done before. The researches deal with maxim violations. The first previous

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maxim violation that found in The Help that directed by Tate Taylor. Purpose of her research is to find out maxim that violated by main characters and investigate the relationship between maxim violation and character’s characterization. She applied a qualitative method to support her research. Result of her research shows that maxim quantity has highest occurrence that violated by two characters and maxim of relation has been violated by one other character with highest occurrence.

Second is previous studies in analyzing maxim violation has been investigated by Raharja (2015). He focused to find out maxim violation and how maxim violation can raise humor in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia season 4 which is produced by Dodit Mulyanto. His study uses a qualitative research method and takes 17 videos of Dodit’s performance since each video has short duration. His study show that Dodit violated four maxims, but highest violation has produced by Dodit was maxim of relation, which is occurred for 22 times. Dodit told lies and said something that is believed to be false by audience to raise the humor.

Third is a previous study that relates to maxim violation has been investigated by Nugraha (2013). He used a movie untitled Real Steel to be analyzed. His research aims to know the implicature of character’s utterances and maxim violation that found in Real Steel movie. He analyzed utterances that uttered by all characters and found 20 utterances that contain implicature and violate maxim. The result of his research also show that maxim of relation has highest occurrence.

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Fourth is a research has been done by Muhartoyo and Sistofa (2013). They analyzed maxim flouting and maxim violating that occurred in Peanuts Comic Strip. They analyzed utterances that uttered by four characters in 14 stories. The result shows that four maxim flouting is found and the highest occurrence is flouting maxim of manner. The least occurrence is flouting maxim of manner and violating maxim of quantity.

Fifth is previous study has been done by Tupan and Natalia (2008). Both of them analyzed multiple maxim violation in lying done by characters in Desperate Housewives. They collected the data from 35 episodes in Season 3 and Season 2. Their study aims to investigate maxim violation that done by the characters and find out the reason the character did it based on Christoffersen’s criteria of lying. The finding of their study is the characters violated all maxims and they did it to hide the truth and to create another lie in the future.

The last previous study has been done by Istigfaroh (2016). Istigfaroh’s study investigated maxim violation that used main character in Johnny English Reborn Movie. Her study purpose to investigate kind of maxim violation and analyze why main character violate the maxims. The result of her study shows that the main character violated four maxims and the highest occurrence is maxim of relation and maxim of quantity. And other result shows that the reason why main character violated the maxim is to saving face and hiding the truth.

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Those previous studies above have similarities and differences with this present study. The similarities are this present study uses Gricean maxim’s theory and also uses Christofferson’s classification. This present study also has similarities in object of the research which used a movie. Whereas, the difference of this present study is only analyzes one main character not the whole characters and uses different movie as an object of the research.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter presents research design, data collection, technique of data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The researcher used qualitative method which Creswell (1988:15) states that qualitative researcher study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. As Creswell (1988:15) states that qualitative research involves analysis of words and utterance which taken from transcripts, video, recording and so on. This research used movie (video) and transcription to analyze words and utterances that uttered by main character, Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie.

3.2 Data Collection

3.2.1 Data and Data Source

The data of this research were words and utterances uttered by the main character, Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie. The data source was a movie entitled Liar Liar. The movie has been downloaded by researcher on the internet. The subject was the main character itself, Fletcher Reede.

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3.2.2 Instrument

There were two instruments that used in this research. The first instrument was a human since the researcher herself was the one who collected and analyzed the data. The second instrument was non-human which the researcher used a note book and file of Liar Liar movie.

3.2.3 Techniques of Data Collection

The data were collected by the researcher through some steps below.

1. Researcher downloaded Liar Liar movie on the internet through http://www.downloadfilm.biz/download-liar-liar-1997-bluray720p/

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2. Researcher searched the transcription of Liar Liar movie on the internetthrough

http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~ina22/splaylib/Screenplay Liar_Liar.pdf

3. Researcher watched the movie for several times and matched it with the transcription

4. Researcher chose conversation that uttered by Fletcher Reede that disobey maxims.

3.3 Data Analysis

After the data were collected, researcher read carefully the transcription and analyzed the data through some steps.

1. Researcher identified types of maxim violation that uttered by Fletcher Reede by highlighting the utterances.

Violating maxim of Quantity was highlighted in blue blue Violating maxim of Quality was highlighted in yellow reda Violating maxim of Relation was highlighted in green reda

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2. Researcher classified the data based on Grice’s theory of maxims.

No Excerpt V.M.Qn V.M.Ql V.M.R V.M.M

Data 1 Max: Dad!

Fletcher: Maximillian! How you doing, creep?

Max: Good.

Fletcher: Yeah, me too. Except this arm

has really been bothering me.

Max: Oh, no, Dad!

√

3. Researcher identified the data based on Cristofferson’s criteria of lying to find the intended meaning for each maxim that has been violated.

4. Researcher described and explained maxim violation and the reason maxim violation for each utterance.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presents the findings and discussion based on the analysis which consists of two research problems. The first is to answer types of maxim violation that uttered by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie. The second is to answer the reason Fletcher Reede violated the maxim in Liar Liar movie.

4.1 Findings

The researcher found fourteen utterances that violated all maxims which were uttered by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie. They are five violation maxims of quality, five violation maxims of quantity, three violation maxims of relation and one violation maxim of manner. Table below shows the maxim violations which were uttered by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie.

No V.M.Ql V.M.Qn V.M.R V.M.M

Data 1

Max: Dad!

Fletcher: Maximillian! How you doing, creep?

Max: Good.

Fletcher: Yeah, me too. Except this arm has really been

bothering me.

√

Data

Audrey: So, did have any trouble finding the place?

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I ran out of gas. The gauge is broken. Rough neighborhood too.

Data 3

Max: Dad, are we really going to wrestling?

Fletcher: Absolutely. Max Factor.

We just have to stop by the office for one minute.

√

Data 4

Beggar: Excuse me, sir. Any spare change?

Fletcher: Oh, I’m sorry. I’m all

out.

√

Data 5

Jane: Hi, Mr. Reede!

Fletcher: Hey. Did you do something to your hair?

Jane: It’s a bit extreme, isn’t it? Fletcher: No! That’s the thing

nowadays, right?

Jane: He said it would accent my facial features.

Fletcher: It completely accents your facial features. We’re just gonna go to my office now

√

Data 6

ZIT Guy: Taking lunch orders, Mr. Reede. Anything?

Fletcher: No, thanks.

Um, I had so much for

breakfast, I’m ready to pop. I mean, I’m full.

√

Data 7

Greta: Wow! I am sure your daddy has got you something wonderful.

Max: Yeah?

Fletcher: Yeah, you bet! Listen, kiddo.

Why don’t you play in my

office for a minute.

Sue somebody for everything

they’ve got.

Maybe you can send a fax to

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one of your girlfriend. Hey, sorry.

Data 8

Greta : Except Miranda is looking for you.

Fletcher: Argh. How much ass do I have to kiss to make partner?

Tell her I broke my leg and I had to be shot.

Greta : Why don’t you tell her yourself.

Fletcher: And then send out a notice of judgment on my win today!

Greta : I will get right on it. Fletcher: Miranda! Hey, I didn’t see you. You look beautiful today. Here! I bought you a gift.

Miranda: Oh, thanks. I heard about your victory. Congratulations.

√

Data 9

Miranda: You’re making quite an impression on the partnership committee.

Fletcher: That’s right! You folks are meeting soon.

I’ve been so busy, I haven’t even thought about it.

Hahaha, Anyway. I have a client in my office. Better not keep him waiting.

√

Data 10

Fletcher: Hey, creepy. Happy birthday.

How old are you now, 22 or 23? Max: I’m five, Dad.

Fletcher: Okay. Return the beer keg. Cancel the dancing girls. I don’t know what I’m gonna do. I feel completely unprepared for this.

You see, I bought you a present, √

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swallowed it.

Data 11

Jerry: Hey, great gift, Dad! Fletcher: Thanks, son. I’m so

glad my gift could bring those two together.

√

Data 12

Fletcher: I think you’re bending over backwards.

Mrs. Cole: Yeah. I did offer to give him joint custody of the kids.

He is, after all, a wonderful father.

Fletcher: And how does he repay you?

By dragging you through a painful litigation process!

No, no, no, no! This can’t

happen!

√

Data 13

Audrey: We’re waiting. Max won’t cut the cake until you get here.

Fletcher: Oh, man!

Actually, something has come up. I’ve… I’ve got this problem

on a new case.

Audrey: What happened?

Fletcher: Nothing! I stubbed my toe on the desk! I’m really sorry, but I just can’t make it.

√

Data 14

Dana: Fletcher! Fletcher: Dana.

Mr. Cole: All right, Samantha. How much will it take to put an end to all this?

Fletcher: Fifty percent of your estate.

Dana: Fifty percent? With a pre-nup and proof of adultery? What’s your case?

Fletcher: Our case is simply this. Umm, umm… Pffft..

ayayaaa.. Syalalalalalaa..

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4.1.2 Maxim violation that uttered by Fletcher Reede and the reason

4.1.2.1 Maxim Violation of Quality

Based on the data, researcher found five utterances that contain maxim violation of quality. These utterances were classified as violation maxim of quality because the utterances disobeyed some rules of maxim quality. The rules are do not say what you believe to be false and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence (Yule, 1996:37). The data of quality maxim violation will be explained below.

Data 4

Beggar : Excuse me, sir. Any spare change? Fletcher: Oh, I’m sorry. I’m all out.

The conversation above is dialogues that happen between Fletcher and a beggar. The beggar stays near to a place where Fletcher works. He always asks for money to everyone who passes by on that road. Fletcher and Max go to office together by walking and the beggar asks for money by saying ‘Excuse me, sir. Any spare change?’, and Fletcher answers ‘Oh, I’m sorry. I’m all out.’ It means that Fletcher has no money to give to the beggar.

The answer was spoken by Fletcher is categorized into maxim violation of quality because the speaker lies or say something that is believed to be false. Fletcher dishonest to the beggar, he has some money in his pocket since he is a well-known lawyer and rides a Mercedez-Benz. So it is impossible if he has no

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There is one reason why Fletcher violates maxim of quality. The reason is to hide the truth. He hides the truth that he has some money that has been asked by the beggar because he does not want to share his money. It is proved that Fletcher lies or hides the truth that he has some money to give when his ability to lie is gone. He comes to the office and as usual the beggar asks for money then Fletcher gives all money in his pocket to the beggar by saying ‘Hey, need some changes? Take everything!’.

Data 5

Jane : Hi, Mr. Reede!

Fletcher: Hey. Did you do something to your hair? Jane : It’s a bit extreme, isn’t it?

Fletcher: No! That’s the thing nowadays, right?

Jane : He said it would accent my facial features.

Fletcher: It completely accents your facial features. We’re just gonna go to my office now.

Those conversations above happen between Fletcher and a front officer named Jane. Fletcher comes to the office with Max and Jane greets Fletcher by saying ‘Hi, Mr.Reede!’. Fletcher little bit shocks seeing Jane because her new hairstyle because it looks uncommon style and asks her ‘Hey. Did you do something to your hair?’. Jane answers back and asks about what Fletcher’s opinion ‘It’s a bit extreme, isn’t it?’. Fletcher says ‘No! That’s the thing nowadays, right?’.

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According to some criteria of a speaker can be said violate maxim of quality that proposed by Grice (1975) in Tupan and Natalia (2008); (1) if the speaker lies or says something that is believed to be false, (2) if the speaker does irony or makes ironic and sarcastic statement, (3) if the speaker denies something and (4) if the speaker distorts information. Fletcher’s utterance fulfills the rule of quality maxim violation which is the speaker tell a lie because the fact is Fletcher does not like Jane’s new hairstyle and does not care about it.

In this conversation, Fletcher has two reasons why he breaks the rules of maxim quality. The first reason is hiding the truth. He really does not like Jane’s new hairstyle. It can be seen when Fletcher is shock looking Jane’s hair and avoiding to talk to her much by saying ‘We’re just gonna go to my office now.’ The second reason why Fletcher violates maxim of quality is cheering the hearer. Even the truth is Fletcher does not like and care about Jane’s new hairstyle, he says ‘Hey. No! That’s the thing nowadays, right?’. It means that Jane’s hair is style which is become trendsetter at the time, even the truth is the hair looks weird.

Data 8

Greta : Except Miranda is looking for you.

Fletcher: Argh. How much ass do I have to kiss to make partner? Tell her I broke my leg and I had to be shot.

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Greta : I will get right on it.

Fletcher: Miranda! Hey, I didn’t see you. You look beautiful today. Here! I bought you a gift.

Miranda: Oh, thanks. I heard about your victory. Congratulations.

Those dialogues above were spoken by Fletcher, Greta and Miranda. Greta is Fletcher’s secretary and Miranda is Fletcher’s boss. The dialogues occur when Fletcher just arrived with Max at the office. Then they meet Greta in front of Fletcher’s room and Fletcher asks Max to go to the room first after Max and Greta talk about Max’s birthday. Fletcher asks Greta to check his schedule one by one. There are some people that must be met by Fletcher, but he asks Greta to lie that he cannot meet them for some reasons. Greta also tells Fletcher that Miranda is looking for him, but Fletcher asks Greta to say that his legs are broke. Greta knows that Miranda is behind Fletcher and he does not realize it. And Miranda hears what Fletcher talks about.

Here, Fletcher violates maxim of quality. It is proved because Fletcher’s utterance ‘Here! I bought you a gift’ disobeys the rule of quality maxim which is the speaker is not allowed to tell a lie. But Fletcher breaks that rule because the gift that he claims for Miranda is not true. That gift belongs to Greta. Fletcher gives to her as a gift. But He takes it back and claims that he buys it for Miranda.

There are some reasons why Fletcher breaks maxim quality. They are to saving face and to cheering the hearer. First is Fletcher wants to save his face from Miranda because he does know and realize that Miranda hears what he talks

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admit it. Second is Fletcher wants to cheer Miranda by taking the gift he gave to Greta before and claims it that is for Miranda. He doesn’t want his boss get mad at him.

Data 10

Fletcher: Hey, creepy. Happy birthday. How old are you now, 22 or 23? Max : I’m five, Dad.

Fletcher: Okay. Return the beer keg. Cancel the dancing girls.

I don’t know what I’m gonna do. I feel completely unprepared for this. You see, I bought you a present, but last night I accidentally swallowed it.

The conversation above occurs between Fletcher and Max in the morning. Max sleeps over in the Fletcher’s office for one night. Max wakes up while Fletcher does his work on the desk and say happy birthday to Max. Fletcher tries to make joke by asking ‘How old are you now, 22 or 23?’ Even he knows that his son is five years old. Then Fletcher gives a birthday gift that Greta already prepared before for Max.

The utterance was spoken by Fletcher ‘I bought you a present’ is categorized into quality maxim violation because Fletcher tells a lie that he buys the gift by himself. The truth is Greta as Fletcher’s secretary bought that gift for Max, because she doesn’t forget about Max birthday and handle to buy the gift because she knows that Fletcher is busy enough and has no time to do it.

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Fletcher disobeys maxim of quality is to avoid hurting the hearer. He lies to Max by saying ‘I bought you a present’ it means that he buys that present by himself special for his son’s birthday. He doesn’t tell the truth that the person who buys the present is Greta because he doesn’t want Max gets disappointed and thinks that his father doesn’t love him.

Data 13

Audrey: We’re waiting. Max won’t cut the cake until you get here. Fletcher: Oh, man!

Actually, something has come up. I’ve… I’ve got this problem on a

new case.

Audrey: What happened?

Fletcher: Nothing! I stubbed my toe on the desk! I’m really sorry, but I just can’t make it.

This conversation happens between Fletcher and Audrey by phone. Max waits for his father and he won’t cut the cake until Fletcher comes. Audrey calls Fletcher to ask where he at because that night is Max’s Birthday. Fletcher is at the Boss’ room with Miranda. He picks up the call from Audrey while Miranda tries to tease him by sitting on his lap. Audrey reminds Fletcher about Max’s birthday. He tells Audrey that he has something to do in the office because has a new case to be handled and apologizes because he cannot come to Max’s birthday.

Fletcher violates maxim of quality in this conversation because he tells a lie ‘Actually, something has come up. I’ve… I’ve got this problem on a new case.’

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This utterance breaks the rule of quality maxim which is the speaker is not allowed to say what is believed to be false. Because the truth is Fletcher can’t attend Max’s birthday not because of the case he must handle, but Fletcher is with Miranda at the Boss’ room.

There is a reason why Fletcher disobeys maxim of quality. It is to hide the truth. He hides the truth from Audrey about his absence on Max’s birthday. He tells Audrey ‘Actually, something has come up. I’ve… I’ve got this problem on a new case.’ But the truth is Fletcher is with Miranda at the Boss’ room.

4.1.1.2 Maxim Violation of Quantity

Researcher discovered five utterances that were spoken by Fletcher Reede. These utterances were categorized into violation of maxim quantity because the utterances do not fulfill rules of quantity maxim. The rules are make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose the exchange and do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The results of data can be seen as follows.

Data 1

Max : Dad!

Fletcher: Maximillian! How you doing, creep? Max : Good.

Fletcher: Yeah, me too. Except this arm has really been bothering me.

Data 1 is a conversation that happens between Fletcher and Max. The context of this conversation is when Fletcher just arrived at Audrey’s home and

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there are Audrey and Max wait for him sitting in front of the door. Max seems happy and excited knowing that his father comes to visit even Fletcher is late. Fletcher approaches Max directly and greets him by saying ‘Maximillian! How you doing, creep?’ Fletcher replies ‘Yeah, me too. Except this arm has really been bothering me’ while rubs his arms indicate that there is something goes wrong with it.

Fletcher’s utterance ’Fletcher replies ‘Yeah, me too. Except this arm has really been bothering me’ does not fulfill the rules of quantity maxim which is the rule is ‘do not make your contribution more informative than is required.’ Fletcher gives respond more than Max is needed. Fletcher can say ‘I’m doing good too’ instead of talks too much.

Cheering the hearer is the reason why Fletcher disobeys the rules of quantity maxim. The hearer here is Max. Fletcher knows that his son little bit mad at him because he comes late. That is why Fletcher tries to cheer Max up by making joking and acting like there is something goes wrong with his arms. Fletcher acts like his arms change become claw that ready to attack Max.

Data 3

Max : Dad, are we really going to wrestling? Fletcher: Absolutely. Max Factor.

We just have to stop by the office for one minute.

This conversation happens when Fletcher and Max are on the way to

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wrestling because Max wants to make sure about it. Max knows that his father is very busy that is why Max asks again. Max says ‘Dad, are we really going to wrestling’ and Fletcher replies back to Max by saying ‘Absolutely. Max Factor. We just have to stop by the office for one minute.’

The utterance of ‘Absolutely. Max Factor. We just have to stop by the office for one minute’ that spoken by Fletcher is categorized into violation of quantity maxim. That utterance does not fulfill the rule of quantity maxim. They are ‘make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose the exchange’ and ‘do not make your contribution more informative than is required’. Fletcher answers Max’s question too long. Max just needs the answer yes or no because he just wants to make sure.

In data 3, Fletcher disobeys the rules of quantity maxim because he wants to try to cheer Max. He promises Max to see wrestling, when Max wants to make sure about that Fletcher say something that will make Max believe that they will really see wrestling even though Fletcher knows that he is busy enough that day.

Data 6

ZIT Guy: Taking lunch orders, Mr. Reede. Anything? Fletcher: No, thanks.

Um, I had so much for breakfast, I’m ready to pop. I mean, I’m full. Data above is a conversation that happens between Fletcher and ZIT guy. Fletcher and Max just got out of elevator to reach the Fletcher’s room. Fletcher

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Fletcher refuses it by saying that he has much breakfast already ‘No, thanks. Um, I had so much for breakfast, I’m ready to pop. I mean, I’m full’.

Fletcher’s feedback to ZIT guy contains violation maxim of quantity. Based on his utterance ‘No, thanks. Um, I had so much for breakfast,I’m ready to pop. I mean, I’m full’, Fletcher gives uninformative answer by talking too much, not gives information as required by ZIT guy. Fletcher can say ‘No. Thank You’ instead of giving the reason he does not want to order food for lunch.

Fletcher breaks the rules of quantity maxim because he wants to convince the hearer. He wants to convince the ZIT guy that he does not want to take lunch. He also does not want to hurt the hearer by telling some reasons that he has so much breakfast.

Data 11

Jerry : Hey, great gift, Dad!

Fletcher: Thanks, son. I’m so glad my gift could bring those two together.

The dialogue above occurs between Fletcher and Jerry, Audrey’s boyfriend. This conversation takes place in front of Fletcher’s office. Audrey and Jerry come to Fletcher’s office to pick Max up. When they meet, Max tells Jerry that he got baseball stuff as birthday gift that given by his father and Jerry compliments what Max got. Then Jerry says to Max that he also has glove in his car and they can stop at the park on the way home and play catch together. Before Jerry and Max go to the car, Jerry compliments Fletcher about the gift by saying

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‘Hey, great gift, Dad!’ and Fletcher replies him ‘Thanks, son. I’m so glad my gift could bring those two together’.

In this dialogue, Fletcher disobeys the rules of quantity maxim which the rules are ‘make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose exchange’ and ‘Do not make your contribution as informative than is required’. His answer is not informative as required by Jerry. Fletcher gives more feedback than is needed by Jerry. He says ‘Thanks, son. I’m so glad my gift could bring those two together’, he may say ‘Thanks, son’to replies Jerry’s compliment about the gift.

Based on the context and Fletcher’s expression, he violates maxim of quantity because he feels jealous with Jerry. It can be proved since he knows that Audrey has been dating Jerry for seven months and Jerry wants to take Audrey and Max move to Boston. In this case, he gets jealous because Jerry can take Max’s heart and asks him to play catch together since Fletcher as a father cannot accompany his son to play.

Data 12

Fletcher: I think you’re bending over backwards.

Mrs. Cole: Yeah. I did offer to give him joint custody of the kids. He is, after all, a wonderful father.

Fletcher: And how does he repay you?

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No, no, no, no!This can’t happen!

This conversation occurs between Fletcher and his client, Mrs. Cole. They have conversation in Miranda’s room, there is also Miranda inside. Fletcher handles Mrs. Cole’s divorce. Her husband wants to divorce because he knows that she has an affair with another man. She prosecutes his husband about property and taking care of children. Fletcher convinces Mrs. Cole that he will win her claim to her husband.

The utterance is spoken by Fletcher to convince his client ‘No, no, no, no! This can’t happen!’ is classified into violation of quantity maxim. According to Grice (1975) that cited in Tupan and Natalia (2008), that utterance fulfils one of criteria violation of quantity maxim which is ‘if the speaker repeats certain words’. In this case, Fletcher repeats the word ‘No’ for fourth times. He may say ‘No! This can’t happen!’

As a famous lawyer with good reputation, he will do anything to get his client trust. The only reason Fletcher violates maxim of quantity is to convince his client, Mrs. Cole. He says and repeats the word ‘No’ to get trust of his client. He convinces Mrs. Cole that what she has done is a good choice and she deserves to get what she prosecutes to her husband.

4.1.1.3 Maxim Violation of Relation

Researcher found three utterances that uttered by Fletcher Reede. Those utterances contain maxim violation of relation since they fulfill some rules that classified into violating of relation maxim. According to Grice (1975) cited in

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Tupan and Natalia (2008), a speaker will be classified into violate maxim of relation (1) if the speaker makes the conversation unmatched with the topic (2) if the speaker changes conversation topic abruptly (3) if the speaker avoids talking about something (4) if the speaker hides something or hide a fact and (5) if the speaker does the wrong causality.

Data 2

Audrey: So, did have any trouble finding the place? Fletcher: Okay, I’m late. I’m sorry.

I ran out of gas. The gauge is broken. Rough neighborhood too.

This dialogue happens between Fletcher and his ex wife, Audrey. The context is when Fletcher comes late to meet Max. Audrey and Max wait for Fletcher for so long in front of the door. After Fletcher comes and gives some jokes to Max, Audrey asks Fletcher where he has been with skeptic face by saying ‘So, did you have any trouble finding the place?’Audrey’s sentence indicates that she questions Fletcher about what make him comes late to come home. And Fletcher responses Audrey’s question by saying ‘Okay, I’m late. I’m sorry. I ran out of gas. The gauge is broken. Rough neighborhood too.’

Fletcher’s respond to Audrey’s question above contains violation of relation maxim because Fletcher’s utterances fulfill some criteria that classified into violating of relation maxim. Fletcher’s respond is unmatched with Audrey’s question. Here, Fletcher does not answer if he has any trouble or not finding Audrey’s home. Fletcher can say ‘No’ or ‘Yes’ instead of talk about some reasons

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that make him comes late. Fletcher also changes conversation topic abruptly. His answer explains that he does not want to be blamed by Audrey because he is late. That is why he talks about something else or distract the conversation topic.

Fletcher makes conversation unmatched and changes the conversation abruptly because he wants to build Audrey’s belief and hides a fact. Fletcher wants Audrey trust him that he really get some problems with his car and neighbor. And Fletcher hides the fact that he lies to Audrey about the reason he comes late.

Data 7

Greta : Wow! I am sure your daddy has got you something wonderful. Max : Yeah?

Fletcher: Yeah, you bet! Listen, kiddo.

Why don’t you play in my office for a minute.

Sue somebody for everything they’ve got.

Maybe you can send a fax to one of your girlfriend. Hey, sorry.

Conversation in data 7 is a dialogue that occurs between Fletcher, Greta and Max. Fletcher and Max just arrive then meet Greta in front of Fletcher’s room. Max seems excited talk to Greta about his birthday party. Then Greta says that his father must be prepared for the birthday gift already. Max makes sure to Fletcher about what Greta say to him. Fletcher says ‘Yeah, you bet!’ but he realizes that he forgets about Max’s birthday and asks Max to enter into the room ‘Yeah, you bet! Listen, kiddo. Why don’t you play in my office for a

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minute. Sue somebody for everything they’ve got. Maybe you can send a fax to one of your girlfriend. Hey, sorry.’

Utterance that uttered by Fletcher to Max is classified into violation of relation maxim because based on context of the conversation above, Fletcher changes conversation topic abruptly. When Max asks and makes sure of Greta’s statement that his father must be prepared a birthday gift for him, Fletcher suddenly suggests Max to enter the room. Fletcher persuades Max to play game in his room to avoid Max asks more about the birthday gift by saying ‘Yeah, you bet! Listen, kiddo. Why don’t you play in my office for a minute. Sue somebody for everything they’ve got. Maybe you can send a fax to one of your girlfriend. Hey, sorry.’

Based on context of conversation on Data 7, Fletcher violates maxim of relation because he does not want to hurt Max and hides the truth from Max. Fletcher does not want Max knows the fact that he forget his birthday and has not buy anything yet for Max. He asks Max to enter room first so he can tell Greta about his problem. But Greta saves him because Greta already bought something as a birthday gift for Max and Fletcher can claim that he buy it special for Max.

Data 9

Miranda: You’re making quite an impression on the partnership committee. Fletcher: That’s right! You folks are meeting soon.

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Hahaha, Anyway. I have a client in my office. Better not keep him waiting.

Data 9 is a conversation that happens between Fletcher and Miranda in front of Fletcher’s room. Miranda compliments Fletcher for his achievement on the partnership committee by saying ‘You’re making quite an impression on the partnership committee’ and Fletcher gives respond ‘That’s right! You folks are meeting soon. I’ve been so busy, I haven’t even thought about it.’ Then suddenly he says ‘Anyway. I have a client in my office. Better not keep him waiting’ while walks away leave Miranda behind.

In data 9 Fletcher does violate maxim of relation. As Grice (1975) that cited in Tupan and Natalia (2008), a speaker may be said violate maxim of relation if the speaker changes the conversation topic abruptly. In this case, Fletcher changes the conversation topic abruptly when he talks with Miranda. When Miranda compliments his achievement, Fletcher gives respond while laugh and say that he has someone wait for in his room. Fletcher wants to end the conversation up soon since he does not like Miranda much as a work partner.

In data 9, Fletcher disobeys the rules of relation maxim because he wants to hide the truth that he does not want to talk too long with Miranda. It can be proved when Greta tells Fletcher that Miranda look for him and he asks Greta to lie to Miranda that he has something wrong with his legs before Miranda comes suddenly behind Fletcher.

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4.1.1.4 Maxim Violation of Manner

Researcher found one utterance is categorized into maxim violation of manner that uttered by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie. This utterance is classified into violation of manner maxim because it required some indications that the utterance breaks the rules of manner maxim. According to Grice (1975) in Tupan and Natalia (2008) there are some indications an utterance can be classified in violating of manner maxim; (1) if the speaker uses ambiguous language (2) if the speaker exaggerates thing (3) if the speaker uses slang in front of people who do not understand it (4) if the speaker’s voice is not too loud.

Data 14

Dana : Fletcher! Fletcher: Dana.

Mr. Cole: All right, Samantha. How much will it take to put an end to all this? Fletcher: Fifty percent of your estate.

Dana : Fifty percent? With a pre-nup and proof of adultery? What’s your case? Fletcher: Our case is simply this. Umm, umm… Pffft.. ayayaaa.. Syalalalalalaa.. This conversation happens between Fletcher, Mr. Cole and Mr. Cole’s lawyer, Dana in a court. Fletcher and Mrs. Cole arrive first at court and get ready to prepare some stuff. Mr. Cole and Dana arrive and Fletcher greets Dana. Mr. Cole tries to talk to Mrs. Cole and asks about how much money that his wife to end this case as soon as possible by saying ‘All right, Samantha. How much will it

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thing that his wife wants from him. Dana and Fletcher start to argue about how much money Mrs. Cole wants from her husband property. Fletcher says that her client wants fifty percent of the property. Dana does not agree with their claim because Mrs. Cole does adultery. Fletcher tries to assist his argument, but because he loses his ability to lie and he also does not want to tell the truth so he has some difficulties to talk like there is something in his throat that make him disable to say anything. And he starts to produce ambiguous language ‘Our case is simply this. Umm, umm… Pffft.. ayayaaa.. Syalalalalalaa..’ And it makes Dana, Mrs. Cole and Mr. Cole get confuse of his behavior.

Fletcher’s utterance at court ‘Our case is simply this. Umm, umm… Pffft.. ayayaaa.. Syalalalalalaa..’ breaks the rules of manner maxim. Based on criteria of manner maxim violation that proposed by Grice (1975) in Tupan and Natalia (2008), Fletcher utters ambiguous language and make the hearers misunderstand.

According to Christofferson (2005) in Tupan and Natalia (2008), there are some reasons people tend to lie; hiding the truth, saving face, feeling jealous about something, satisfying the hearer, cheering the hearer, avoiding to hurt the hearer, building someone’s belief and convincing the hearer. In data 14, Fletcher’s violate maxim of manner because he wants hide truth. He cannot tell a lie to win argument and the case. That is why he prefer says something ambiguous than tell the truth.

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4.2 DISCUSSION

Liar Liar movie is one movie that contain of violating maxim. Fletcher’s utterances have been shown in Liar Liar is interested to be discussed and analyzed because the utterances break some rules of maxim. Fletcher in Liar Liar movie, he uttered fourteen utterances that has violation of maxim. Those fourteen utterances consists violation of quality maxim, violation of quantity maxim, violation of relation maxim and violation of manner maxim. There are five violations of quality maxim, five violations of quantity maxim, three violations of relation maxim and one violation of manner maxim.

The important rules to know that utterances contain of maxim violation is understand the context. It will helps the readers to understand about maxim violation because the situation will change into misunderstanding when the disobey maxim in order to communicate each other. Some people unconsciously that they disobey the maxim or they disobey the maxim for some certain reasons.

Furthermore, the previous studies that have been mentioned in Chapter II are different with this present study. The study of Romadina (2016) entitled ‘Violation of Conversational Maxims used by The Main Characters in Tate Taylor’s Movie The Help’ , she analyzed maxim violation that uttered by main characters and the relationship between maxim violations and characterization. Next previous studies is a research that has been done by Raharja (2015) entitled ‘Analysis on Maxim of Cooperative Principle Violation by Dodit Mulyanto in

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Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Season 4’, his research focused on finding maxim violation and how maxim violation can raise the humor.

The third previous study has been investigated by Nugraha (2013) entitled ‘Maxim Violation in Reel Steel Movie: A Pragmatic Approach’, his research aimed to analyze the implicature of character’s utterances and maxim violation in Reel Steel movie. The fourth previous research has been done by Muhartoyo and Sistofa (2013) entitled ‘Conversational Implicature of Peanuts Comic Strip Based on Grice’s Maxim Theory’, their research focused on analyzing maxim flouting and maxim violating. The fifth previous studies has been done by Tupan and Natalia (2008) entitled ‘The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by the Characters in Some Episodes of Desperate Housewives’, their research focused on analyzing on multiple maxim violation. The last previous research has been done by Istigfaroh (2016) entitled ‘The Study of Violating Maxims Used by the Main Character in Johnny English Reborn Movie’, her study attempted to investigate maxim violations and the reason main character violate the maxim.

From those previous studies above and this research, the researcher hopes this present research will give many contributions for our knowledge in understanding pragmatic study especially in maxim violation. Then, the researcher also hopes the readers are able to understand well about maxim violation. The reader may be able to avoid maxim violation in daily conversation after read this research.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents the conclusion of the study from findings and discussion in the previous chapter. This chapter also presents some suggestions for further researchers who focus on the same field of analyzing maxim violation that proposed by Grice.

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the data analysis, the researcher found fourteen utterances that contain maxim violation which is uttered by Fletcher Reede in Liar Liar movie. Fletcher Reede violated all maxims. They were five violating of quality maxims, five of quantity maxim, three violating of relation maxims and one violating of manner maxim. Violating of quality maxim and violating of quantity maxim have the same number is five utterances whereas violating of relation manner and violating of manner maxim have low number is three utterances and one utterance.

Furthermore, the researcher found eight types of reason Fletcher Reedeviolated the maxims. Those are hiding the truth, cheering the hearer, saving face, avoiding hurt the hearer, feeling jealous, convincing the hearer and building someone’s belief that used by Fletcher Reede violates the maxims. Fletcher violated maxim of quality to hide the truth, cheer the hearer, save face and avoid hurt the hearer. He also violated maxim of quantity to cheer the hearer, convince

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someone’s belief, avoid hurt the hearer and hide the truth. Last is Fletcher violated maxim of manner to hide the truth.

This research conduct to fill the gaps in previous studies which is the object of the research were some movie with no any comedy genre since genre will bring different result of the study especially when the researcher wants to investigate the reason maxim violation happens.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the research result, the researcher would like to give some suggestions as follows:

1. Since the researcher faces some difficulties to find an object of analysis, the researcher suggest further researcher to find and look for another object of analysis, not only a movie.

2. The researcher expects the further researcher will develop in analyzing multiple of maxim violation not only focus on one kind of maxim violation.

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REFERENCES

Christofferson, D. 2005. The Shameless’s Liar Guide. Source books Hysteria Naperville. Illionis in Tupan, Anneke H and Natalia. 2008. The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by Characters in Some Episodes of Desperate Housewife. Vol 10: 63-78.

Cutting, J. 2002.Pragmatic and Discourse. Canada: Routledge.

Cresswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation, in P. Cole and J.L. Morgan

eds, Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. Istigfaroh, N. 2016.The Study of Violating Maxims Used by the

MainCharacters in Johnny English RebornMovie.Surabaya: Universitas Islam Negeri Surabaya.

Muhartoyo and Sistofa.2013. Conversational Implicature of Peanuts Comic Strip Based on Grice’s Theory. Humaniora,4(1), 102-121. Nugraha, R. A. 2013. Maxim Violation in Real Steel Movie: A Pragmatic

Approach. Surakarta: UniversitasMuhammadiyah Surakarta. Raharja, A.U.S. 2015.Analysis on Maxim of Cooperative Principle

Violation by DoditMulyanto in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Season 4. Salatiga: Institut Agama Islam NegeriSalatiga. Romadina, D. 2016. Violation of Conversational Maxims Used by the

Main Characters in Tate’s Taylor Movie ‘The Help’. Surabaya: UniversitasIslam Negeri Surabaya.

Tupan, A. H and Natalia. 2008. The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by Characters in Some Episodes of Desperate Housewife. Vol 10: 63-78.

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APPENDIX

Data 1 Max: Dad!

Fletcher: Maximillian! How you doing, creep? Max: Good.

Fletcher: Yeah, me too. Except this arm has really been bothering me.

Data 2

Audrey: So, did have any trouble finding the place? Fletcher: Okay, I’m late. I’m sorry.

I ran out of gas. The gauge is broken. Rough neighborhood too.

Data 3

Max: Dad, are we really going to wrestling? Fletcher: Absolutely. Max Factor.

We just have to stop by the office for one minute.

Data 4

Beggar: Excuse me, sir. Any spare change? Fletcher: Oh, I’m sorry. I’m all out.

Data 5

Jane: Hi, Mr. Reede!

Fletcher: Hey. Did you do something to your hair? Jane: It’s a bit extreme, isn’t it?

Fletcher: No! That’s the thing nowadays, right? Jane: He said it would accent my facial features.

Fletcher: It completely accents your facial features. We’re just gonna go to my office now

Data 6

ZIT Guy: Taking lunch orders, Mr. Reede. Anything? Fletcher: No, thanks.

Um, I had so much for breakfast, I’m ready to pop. I mean, I’m full. Data 7

Greta: Wow! I am sure your daddy has got you something wonderful. Max: Yeah?

Fletcher: Yeah, you bet! Listen, kiddo.

Why don’t you play in my office for a minute. Sue somebody for everything they’ve got.

Maybe you can send a fax to one of your girlfriend. Hey, sorry.

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Greta : Except Miranda is looking for you.

Fletcher: Argh. How much ass do I have to kiss to make partner? Tell her I broke my leg and I had to be shot.

Greta : Why don’t you tell her yourself.

Fletcher: And then send out a notice of judgment on my win today! Greta : I will get right on it.

Fletcher: Miranda! Hey, I didn’t see you. You look beautiful today. Here! I bought you a gift.

Miranda: Oh, thanks. I heard about your victory. Congratulations. Data 9

Miranda: You’re making quite an impression on the partnership committee. Fletcher: That’s right! You folks are meeting soon.

I’ve been so busy, I haven’t even thought about it.

Hahaha, Anyway. I have a client in my office. Better not keep him waiting. Data 10

Fletcher: Hey, creepy. Happy birthday. How old are you now, 22 or 23? Max: I’m five, Dad.

Fletcher: Okay. Return the beer keg. Cancel the dancing girls.

I don’t know what I’m gonna do. I feel completely unprepared for this. You see, I bought you a present, but last night I accidentally swallowed it. Data 11

Jerry: Hey, great gift, Dad!

Fletcher: Thanks, son. I’m so glad my gift could bring those two together. Data 12

Fletcher: I think you’re bending over backwards.

Mrs. Cole: Yeah. I did offer to give him joint custody of the kids. He is, after all, a wonderful father.

Fletcher: And how does he repay you?

By dragging you through a painful litigation process!

No, no, no, no!This can’t happen!

Data 13

Audrey: We’re waiting. Max won’t cut the cake until you get here. Fletcher: Oh, man!

Actually, something has come up. I’ve… I’ve got this problem on a new case. Audrey: What happened?

Fletcher: Nothing! I stubbed my toe on the desk! I’m really sorry, but I just can’t make it.

(61)

Dana: Fletcher! Fletcher: Dana.

Mr. Cole: All right, Samantha. How much will it take to put an end to all this? Fletcher: Fifty percent of your estate.

Dana: Fifty percent? With a pre-nup and proof of adultery? What’s your case? Fletcher: Our case is simply this. Umm, umm… Pffft.. ayayaaa.. Syalalalalalaa..

(62)

_REFERENCES

Christofferson, D. 2005. The Shameless’s Liar Guide. Source books Hysteria Naperville. Illionis in Tupan, Anneke H and Natalia. 2008. The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by Characters in Some Episodes of

Desperate Housewife. Vol 10: 63-78.

Cutting, J. 2002.Pragmatic and Discourse. Canada: Routledge.

Cresswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London: Sage Publications, Inc.

Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation, in P. Cole and J.L. Morgan eds, Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.

Istigfaroh, N. 2016.The Study of Violating Maxims Used by the MainCharacters in Johnny English RebornMovie.Surabaya: Universitas Islam Negeri Surabaya. Muhartoyo and Sistofa.2013. Conversational Implicature of Peanuts Comic Strip Based

on Grice’s Theory. Humaniora,4(1), 102-121.

Nugraha, R. A. 2013. Maxim Violation in Real Steel Movie: A Pragmatic Approach. Surakarta: UniversitasMuhammadiyah Surakarta.

Raharja, A.U.S. 2015.Analysis on Maxim of Cooperative Principle Violation by DoditMulyanto in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Season 4. Salatiga: Institut Agama Islam NegeriSalatiga.

Romadina, D. 2016. Violation of Conversational Maxims Used by the Main Characters in

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Tupan, A. H and Natalia. 2008. The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by Characters in Some Episodes of Desperate Housewife. Vol 10: 63-78.

(1)

REFERENCES

Cutting, J. 2002.Pragmatic and Discourse. Canada: Routledge.

eds, Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. Istigfaroh, N. 2016.The Study of Violating Maxims Used by the

MainCharacters in Johnny English RebornMovie.Surabaya: Universitas Islam Negeri Surabaya.

Approach. Surakarta: UniversitasMuhammadiyah Surakarta. Raharja, A.U.S. 2015.Analysis on Maxim of Cooperative Principle

Violation by DoditMulyanto in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Season 4. Salatiga: Institut Agama Islam NegeriSalatiga. Romadina, D. 2016. Violation of Conversational Maxims Used by the

Main Characters in Tate’s Taylor Movie ‘The Help’. Surabaya: UniversitasIslam Negeri Surabaya.

Tupan, A. H and Natalia. 2008. The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by Characters in Some Episodes of Desperate Housewife. Vol 10: 63-78.

(2)

APPENDIX

Data 1 Max: Dad!

Fletcher: Maximillian! How you doing, creep? Max: Good.

Fletcher: Yeah, me too. Except this arm has really been bothering me. Data 2

Audrey: So, did have any trouble finding the place? Fletcher: Okay, I’m late. I’m sorry.

I ran out of gas. The gauge is broken. Rough neighborhood too. Data 3

Max: Dad, are we really going to wrestling? Fletcher: Absolutely. Max Factor.

We just have to stop by the office for one minute. Data 4

Beggar: Excuse me, sir. Any spare change? Fletcher: Oh, I’m sorry. I’m all out.

Data 5

Jane: Hi, Mr. Reede!

Fletcher: Hey. Did you do something to your hair? Jane: It’s a bit extreme, isn’t it?

Fletcher: No! That’s the thing nowadays, right? Jane: He said it would accent my facial features.

Fletcher: It completely accents your facial features. We’re just gonna go to my office now

Data 6

ZIT Guy: Taking lunch orders, Mr. Reede. Anything? Fletcher: No, thanks.

Um, I had so much for breakfast, I’m ready to pop. I mean, I’m full. Data 7

Greta: Wow! I am sure your daddy has got you something wonderful. Max: Yeah?

Fletcher: Yeah, you bet! Listen, kiddo.

Why don’t you play in my office for a minute. Sue somebody for everything they’ve got.

Maybe you can send a fax to one of your girlfriend. Hey, sorry. Data 8

(3)

Greta : Except Miranda is looking for you.

Fletcher: Argh. How much ass do I have to kiss to make partner? Tell her I broke my leg and I had to be shot.

Greta : Why don’t you tell her yourself.

Fletcher: And then send out a notice of judgment on my win today! Greta : I will get right on it.

Fletcher: Miranda! Hey, I didn’t see you. You look beautiful today. Here! I bought you a gift.

Miranda: Oh, thanks. I heard about your victory. Congratulations. Data 9

Miranda: You’re making quite an impression on the partnership committee. Fletcher: That’s right! You folks are meeting soon.

I’ve been so busy, I haven’t even thought about it.

Hahaha, Anyway. I have a client in my office. Better not keep him waiting. Data 10

Fletcher: Hey, creepy. Happy birthday. How old are you now, 22 or 23? Max: I’m five, Dad.

Fletcher: Okay. Return the beer keg. Cancel the dancing girls.

I don’t know what I’m gonna do. I feel completely unprepared for this. You see, I bought you a present, but last night I accidentally swallowed it. Data 11

Jerry: Hey, great gift, Dad!

Fletcher: Thanks, son. I’m so glad my gift could bring those two together. Data 12

Fletcher: I think you’re bending over backwards.

Mrs. Cole: Yeah. I did offer to give him joint custody of the kids. He is, after all, a wonderful father.

Fletcher: And how does he repay you?

By dragging you through a painful litigation process!

No, no, no, no!This can’t happen!

Data 13

Audrey: We’re waiting. Max won’t cut the cake until you get here. Fletcher: Oh, man!

Actually, something has come up. I’ve… I’ve got this problem on a new case. Audrey: What happened?

Fletcher: Nothing! I stubbed my toe on the desk! I’m really sorry, but I just can’t make it.

(4)

Dana: Fletcher! Fletcher: Dana.

Mr. Cole: All right, Samantha. How much will it take to put an end to all this? Fletcher: Fifty percent of your estate.

Dana: Fifty percent? With a pre-nup and proof of adultery? What’s your case? Fletcher: Our case is simply this. Umm, umm… Pffft.. ayayaaa.. Syalalalalalaa..

(5)

_REFERENCES

Cutting, J. 2002.Pragmatic and Discourse. Canada: Routledge.

Cresswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. London: Sage Publications, Inc.

Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation, in P. Cole and J.L. Morgan eds, Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.

Istigfaroh, N. 2016.The Study of Violating Maxims Used by the MainCharacters in Johnny English RebornMovie.Surabaya: Universitas Islam Negeri Surabaya. Muhartoyo and Sistofa.2013. Conversational Implicature of Peanuts Comic Strip Based

on Grice’s Theory. Humaniora,4(1), 102-121.

Nugraha, R. A. 2013. Maxim Violation in Real Steel Movie: A Pragmatic Approach. Surakarta: UniversitasMuhammadiyah Surakarta.

Raharja, A.U.S. 2015.Analysis on Maxim of Cooperative Principle Violation by DoditMulyanto in Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Season 4. Salatiga: Institut Agama Islam NegeriSalatiga.

Romadina, D. 2016. Violation of Conversational Maxims Used by the Main Characters in Tate’s Taylor Movie ‘The Help’. Surabaya: UniversitasIslam Negeri Surabaya.

(6)

Tupan, A. H and Natalia. 2008. The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by Characters in Some Episodes of Desperate Housewife. Vol 10: 63-78.

An analysis of maxim violation used by fletcher reede in liar liar movie.