View of THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENGLISH TALKSHOW PROGRAM ON STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY AT STKIP PGRI BANGKALAN
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENGLISH TALKSHOW PROGRAM ON
STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY AT STKIP PGRI BANGKALAN
Mustain
(muz_tain@yahoo.co.id)
STKIP PGRI Bangkalan
Jl. Soekarno Hatta no. 52 Bangkalan, Indonesia
Abstract: This study is to know the effect of Talkshow Program on speaking
ability at the students of English Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan. This
study is true-experimental focused on Randomized Posttest only control group
design. The population was 167 students selected randomly as a sample was 60
students, then was assigned randomly to experimental group and control group
each 30 students. The data collected was from performance test individually
and analyzed then by Independent T-test by the level of significance 5% through
SPSS 22. As a result, t value > t critical (45.557>2.034); so H0 is rejected and Ha
is accepted. It meant that, there is a significant different between the students’
speaking ability with English talkshow Program and with non- English talkshow
Program.. In conclusion, mean of the speaking ability between both programs is
significant difference by seeing the mean difference is 18.66667. the result
showed that the students are taught by English Talkhsow Program perform
better in speaking ability than those taught with non-English talkshow program.
Keywords: English Talkshow Program and Speaking
Speaking is a communication skill by interacting between speaker and
listener to inform and to share ideas. It is defined by Richard (2002) states
speaking is a productive skill in which the speaker uses language to
communicate and to inform to the audience. In this case, in speaking English, the
speaker and listener are expected to master vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency,
and grammar in order that the communication becomes more effective. Gaining
speaking ability could be done by several ways. One of them is English Talkshow
Program.
Before discussing about Talkshow, television is education and
information media to society which could be able to open people thinking
experience and to know the situation in the surrounding area. The product of
television interested by people very much in this time is talkshow. Almost of all
television channels have talkshow program. They belived the program can
increase their rating from public. In fact, talkshow could be implemented as an
instructional strategy in teaching skill in the classrroom. In this case, the
1
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
students are those who are interested to know everything meaning that the
students and talkshow are correlated to each other. Talkshow can be meant as
Talk-interaction.
Talk-interaction is concerned with how meanings and pragmatic
functions are communicated in both mundane conversation and such
institutional varieties of talk as interviews and court hearings, Conversation
analysts have investigated such topics as the sequential organization of talk,
turn-taking, and the ways that people identify and repair communicative
problems (Richard & Schmidt, 2004). Therefore, talkshow is done by interacting
between speaker and listener in the form of the program and media.
Talkshow is believed to maximize the potential skill among audience
through formal and informal words distributed in the certain program about
their daily issues. Farlex (2005) defined that Talkshow is a television or radio
show in which noted people, such as authorities in a particular field, participate
in discussion or are interviewed and often answer question from viewers or
listeners. It could be meant that the television or radio program is to interact in
giving opinions, experiences, information, and knowledge to audiences.
Talkshow has some typical charactertistics such as using universal and general
casual language that discusses about important trend issues or news. In the
program, the audience could attract and collaborate to know everythings,
therefore the audience would participate comprehensively without worrying
about how and what things are communicated. As a result, talkshow could
improve their participation through their own languages.
Additonally, the program could stimulate and motivates everyone to
participate. In addition, this research topic has ever been also conducted by
Wulandari (2009). Her research showed there is significant correlation between
talkshow and students’ achievement. It means that her study proves significant
influence of talkshow on the student’s achievement. It means that talkshow
could be implemented to every school.
Based on the theory and some previous studies, the researcher predicts
that the students at the fifth semester of English Department at STKIP PGRI
Bangkalan given English Talkshow Program perform better than those given
another program.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research used quantitative research method. There are several
types of quantitative research method. One of them is experimental research. In
this case, the researcher utilized true-Experimental research with Randomize
Posttest Only control Group Design.
The population of the research was the fifth semester students of English
Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan. they were 167 students. Therefore, the
population was too much, the researcher then selected sixty students from the
population randomly to be a sample by using simple random sampling
2
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
technique. After selecting the sample, the researcher assigned the sample each
30 students into experimental group and control group randomly.
The instrument of this research was test in the form of the performance
speaking test for each student individually by explaining (explanation) in front
of the class after participating English talkshow Program conducted. The
instrument of the test had been tested to know the degree of validity and
reliability. The validity of the test utilized the criterion-related evidence, while
the reliability used inter-rater reliability. The validity and reliability are given
out of the sample.
The data collection from test was administered by performing in the
form of monolog in front of the class individually during 10 menits and scored
using analytical scoring rubric adopted from Fahrurrazy (2011). The scoring
rubric for speaking refered to ideas/comprehension, fluency, accuracy , diction ,
and general impression, after treatment given to experimental group who had
participated on the English Talkshow Program in 16 meetings in four months,
while the control group were given instruction with non-English talkshow
Program, that is, by providing the usual instruction of speaking. It seems that
between the two groups, the implementation of English talk show program
becomes the difference.
After the data has been collected, then researcher analyzed the them
using Independent T-test by level of significancy 5% through SPSS 22 to test the
statistical hypothesis proposed as follows:
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho): The students who are given English Talkshow
Program perform better speaking ability than those who given with nonEnglish Talkshow Program.
2. Alternative hypothesis (Ha) The students who are given English Talkshow
Program perform better speaking ability than those who given with nonEnglish Talkshow Program.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the data collected and administrated by the researcher, the
researcher analyzed the data using SPSS 22 to test the hypothesis. In this case,
for a while, the researcher presented the degree of validity and reliability of the
the instrument as follows:
Result
1. The result of validity
To know the degree of validity, the researcher tested and showed the
result of the instruments as follows:
3
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
VAR00001
VAR00002
VAR000
01
VAR000
02
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
76.70
1.160
77.30
1.418
Correlations
VAR
000
01
Pearson Correlation
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
10
Pearson Correlation
.939*
N
10
10
VAR00002
.939**
.000
10
1
*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
10
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
10
The coefficient result showed the score was 0.939. It meant that the
validity of the test which were distributed to the another subjects using
Criterion-related eveidence was very high.
2. The result of reliability
To know the degree of reliability, the researcher tested and showed the
result of the instruments as follows:
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
Test
Retest
78.50
78.80
.972
1.135
N
10
10
Correlations
Test
Retest
Test
Pearson
1
.806**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.005
N
10
10
**
Retest
Pearson
.806
1
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.005
N
10
10
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2tailed).
4
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
The coefficient result showed the score was 0.806. It meant that the
validity of the test using test-retest was very high.
The data showed could be interpreted that the instruments of the test
distributed to another subjects were significant correlation between variant 1
and variant 2 and test and retest.
After the instruments had been tested to another subjects before being given
to the control group and experimental group as sample of the research, the
researcher then gave posttest to the both group by performing their speaking
ability in front of the class individually.
3. The result of Independent-Sample T-test
After data administered and then analyzed to test the hypothesis, the
researcher presented the data in group statistics below:
Group Statistics
N
Mean
Program
Speaking
Ability
Non-English
Talkshow
English Talkshow
Levene's
Test for
Equality
of
Variances
F
Si
g.
Speak
ing
Abilit
y
Equal
varian
ces
assum
ed
Equal
varian
ces
not
assum
ed
.3
16
.5
76
30
30
61.433
3
80.100
0
Std.
Deviation
1.63335
Std. Error
Mean
.29821
1.53914
.28101
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
t
df
45.5
57
58
45.5
57
57.7
97
Sig.
(2taile
d)
.000
Mean
Differe
nce
.000
18.666
67
18.666
67
Std.
Error
Differe
nce
.40975
.40975
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
19.48
17.84
686
647
19.48
693
17.84
641
5
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
Based on the data presented from group statistics it could be known that
the mean of the students’ speaking ability with non-English Talkshow Program
was 61.4333, while the mean of students’ speaking ability were given English
talkshow Program was 80.1000. As mentioned descriptively, the mean of the
students’ speaking ability using English Talkshow Program was higher than the
mean of the students’ speaking ability with non-English Talkshow Program.
While based on the data presented from Independent Samples Test to
see any mean difference between the students’ speaking ability with English
talkshow Program and non-English Talkshow Program.
As a result, t value > t table (-45.557 >2,034); so H0 is rejected and Ha is
recepted. It meant that, there is a significant difference in speaking ability
between experimental group and control group. In conclusion, mean of the
speaking ability between both programs is significant difference by seeing the
mean difference is 18.66667.
Discussion
Based on the result it is obtained that the students at the fifth semester of
English Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan given English Talkshow Program
perform better than those with non-English Talkshow Program. It meant that
there is significant difference between the students’ speaking ability with
English Talkshow Program and with non-English Talkshow Program. The
program given contributes a lot to the students and it could be implemented in
the classroom. It is in line with the theory stated by Farlex (2005) who defined
that Talkshow is a television or radio show in which noted people, such as
authorities in a particular field, participate in discussion or are interviewed and
often answer question from viewers or listeners. Likewise, Wulandari (2009) in
her study suggests that there is positive correlation between talkshow and
students’ achievement or concept. It meant that her study has significant
influence of talkshow on the student’s achievement. From both theory and
previous study, English talkshow program which had been implemented as
treatment to the experimental group for at least one meeting per month had
contributed the students’ prior knowledge, skill, concept, and competence.
CONCLUSION
In line with the result of data analyzed as presented before, the
researcher concluded that the students at the fifth semester of English
Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan given English Talkshow Program perform
better than those with non-English Talkshow Program. It meant that there is
significant difference between the students’ speaking ability with English
Talkshow Program and with non-English Talkshow Program.
6
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
REFERENCES
Athena, Tera. 2004. The Students’ Problems in Learning English Speaking at
Second Year Students on SMPN III Batu. Malang : Muhammadiyah
University Press.
BNSP,
2006.
Accessed
from
http://bnsp-indonesia.org/id/wpcontent/upload/isi/SMP-MTS.pdf.
Brown,H. Douglas, 2007. Prinsip Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran Bahasa, Fifth
Edition.USA. Pearson Education, Inc.
Fachrurrazy, 2011. Teaching English as a Foreign Language for Teachers In
Indonesia. Malang. State University of Malang Press.
Fraenkel, R Jack & Wallen, E Norman, 2006. How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education.six Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies. USA.
Hendra (2014, April 04). Pengertian Talkshow. Accessed from http://
http://www.hendra.ws/pengertian-talkshow/
Hendrikus, D, Wuwur, 2009. RETORIKA, Terampil Berpidato, Berdiskusi,
Berargumentasi, Bernegosiasi. Kanisius.Yogyakarta
Lightbown, MP, and Spada, N. How Language are learned. Second edition. Oxford
University Press.
Richard, C Jack and Richard, S. 2004. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching.
Third Edition. Pearson Education Ltd.
Suryanto. 2005. The influence of the English Speaking Environment on students’
speaking ability. Unpublished. Surabaya: Sarjana Program of
Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Tarigan, H, Guntur, 2008. Berbicara - Sebagai Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa.
Angkasa Press. Bandung.
Wulandari, Sri, (2009). Acara Talkshow “Kick Andy” dan Wawasan Mahasiswa
USU. Unpublished. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Yanti, Yuli, 2005. Using Group Discussion to Teach Speaking to The Third Years
Student of Senior High School. Unpublished. Surabaya: Sarjana
Program of Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
7
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENGLISH TALKSHOW PROGRAM ON
STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY AT STKIP PGRI BANGKALAN
Mustain
(muz_tain@yahoo.co.id)
STKIP PGRI Bangkalan
Jl. Soekarno Hatta no. 52 Bangkalan, Indonesia
Abstract: This study is to know the effect of Talkshow Program on speaking
ability at the students of English Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan. This
study is true-experimental focused on Randomized Posttest only control group
design. The population was 167 students selected randomly as a sample was 60
students, then was assigned randomly to experimental group and control group
each 30 students. The data collected was from performance test individually
and analyzed then by Independent T-test by the level of significance 5% through
SPSS 22. As a result, t value > t critical (45.557>2.034); so H0 is rejected and Ha
is accepted. It meant that, there is a significant different between the students’
speaking ability with English talkshow Program and with non- English talkshow
Program.. In conclusion, mean of the speaking ability between both programs is
significant difference by seeing the mean difference is 18.66667. the result
showed that the students are taught by English Talkhsow Program perform
better in speaking ability than those taught with non-English talkshow program.
Keywords: English Talkshow Program and Speaking
Speaking is a communication skill by interacting between speaker and
listener to inform and to share ideas. It is defined by Richard (2002) states
speaking is a productive skill in which the speaker uses language to
communicate and to inform to the audience. In this case, in speaking English, the
speaker and listener are expected to master vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency,
and grammar in order that the communication becomes more effective. Gaining
speaking ability could be done by several ways. One of them is English Talkshow
Program.
Before discussing about Talkshow, television is education and
information media to society which could be able to open people thinking
experience and to know the situation in the surrounding area. The product of
television interested by people very much in this time is talkshow. Almost of all
television channels have talkshow program. They belived the program can
increase their rating from public. In fact, talkshow could be implemented as an
instructional strategy in teaching skill in the classrroom. In this case, the
1
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
students are those who are interested to know everything meaning that the
students and talkshow are correlated to each other. Talkshow can be meant as
Talk-interaction.
Talk-interaction is concerned with how meanings and pragmatic
functions are communicated in both mundane conversation and such
institutional varieties of talk as interviews and court hearings, Conversation
analysts have investigated such topics as the sequential organization of talk,
turn-taking, and the ways that people identify and repair communicative
problems (Richard & Schmidt, 2004). Therefore, talkshow is done by interacting
between speaker and listener in the form of the program and media.
Talkshow is believed to maximize the potential skill among audience
through formal and informal words distributed in the certain program about
their daily issues. Farlex (2005) defined that Talkshow is a television or radio
show in which noted people, such as authorities in a particular field, participate
in discussion or are interviewed and often answer question from viewers or
listeners. It could be meant that the television or radio program is to interact in
giving opinions, experiences, information, and knowledge to audiences.
Talkshow has some typical charactertistics such as using universal and general
casual language that discusses about important trend issues or news. In the
program, the audience could attract and collaborate to know everythings,
therefore the audience would participate comprehensively without worrying
about how and what things are communicated. As a result, talkshow could
improve their participation through their own languages.
Additonally, the program could stimulate and motivates everyone to
participate. In addition, this research topic has ever been also conducted by
Wulandari (2009). Her research showed there is significant correlation between
talkshow and students’ achievement. It means that her study proves significant
influence of talkshow on the student’s achievement. It means that talkshow
could be implemented to every school.
Based on the theory and some previous studies, the researcher predicts
that the students at the fifth semester of English Department at STKIP PGRI
Bangkalan given English Talkshow Program perform better than those given
another program.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research used quantitative research method. There are several
types of quantitative research method. One of them is experimental research. In
this case, the researcher utilized true-Experimental research with Randomize
Posttest Only control Group Design.
The population of the research was the fifth semester students of English
Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan. they were 167 students. Therefore, the
population was too much, the researcher then selected sixty students from the
population randomly to be a sample by using simple random sampling
2
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
technique. After selecting the sample, the researcher assigned the sample each
30 students into experimental group and control group randomly.
The instrument of this research was test in the form of the performance
speaking test for each student individually by explaining (explanation) in front
of the class after participating English talkshow Program conducted. The
instrument of the test had been tested to know the degree of validity and
reliability. The validity of the test utilized the criterion-related evidence, while
the reliability used inter-rater reliability. The validity and reliability are given
out of the sample.
The data collection from test was administered by performing in the
form of monolog in front of the class individually during 10 menits and scored
using analytical scoring rubric adopted from Fahrurrazy (2011). The scoring
rubric for speaking refered to ideas/comprehension, fluency, accuracy , diction ,
and general impression, after treatment given to experimental group who had
participated on the English Talkshow Program in 16 meetings in four months,
while the control group were given instruction with non-English talkshow
Program, that is, by providing the usual instruction of speaking. It seems that
between the two groups, the implementation of English talk show program
becomes the difference.
After the data has been collected, then researcher analyzed the them
using Independent T-test by level of significancy 5% through SPSS 22 to test the
statistical hypothesis proposed as follows:
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho): The students who are given English Talkshow
Program perform better speaking ability than those who given with nonEnglish Talkshow Program.
2. Alternative hypothesis (Ha) The students who are given English Talkshow
Program perform better speaking ability than those who given with nonEnglish Talkshow Program.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the data collected and administrated by the researcher, the
researcher analyzed the data using SPSS 22 to test the hypothesis. In this case,
for a while, the researcher presented the degree of validity and reliability of the
the instrument as follows:
Result
1. The result of validity
To know the degree of validity, the researcher tested and showed the
result of the instruments as follows:
3
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
VAR00001
VAR00002
VAR000
01
VAR000
02
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
76.70
1.160
77.30
1.418
Correlations
VAR
000
01
Pearson Correlation
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
10
Pearson Correlation
.939*
N
10
10
VAR00002
.939**
.000
10
1
*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
10
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
10
The coefficient result showed the score was 0.939. It meant that the
validity of the test which were distributed to the another subjects using
Criterion-related eveidence was very high.
2. The result of reliability
To know the degree of reliability, the researcher tested and showed the
result of the instruments as follows:
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
Test
Retest
78.50
78.80
.972
1.135
N
10
10
Correlations
Test
Retest
Test
Pearson
1
.806**
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.005
N
10
10
**
Retest
Pearson
.806
1
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
.005
N
10
10
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2tailed).
4
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
The coefficient result showed the score was 0.806. It meant that the
validity of the test using test-retest was very high.
The data showed could be interpreted that the instruments of the test
distributed to another subjects were significant correlation between variant 1
and variant 2 and test and retest.
After the instruments had been tested to another subjects before being given
to the control group and experimental group as sample of the research, the
researcher then gave posttest to the both group by performing their speaking
ability in front of the class individually.
3. The result of Independent-Sample T-test
After data administered and then analyzed to test the hypothesis, the
researcher presented the data in group statistics below:
Group Statistics
N
Mean
Program
Speaking
Ability
Non-English
Talkshow
English Talkshow
Levene's
Test for
Equality
of
Variances
F
Si
g.
Speak
ing
Abilit
y
Equal
varian
ces
assum
ed
Equal
varian
ces
not
assum
ed
.3
16
.5
76
30
30
61.433
3
80.100
0
Std.
Deviation
1.63335
Std. Error
Mean
.29821
1.53914
.28101
Independent Samples Test
t-test for Equality of Means
t
df
45.5
57
58
45.5
57
57.7
97
Sig.
(2taile
d)
.000
Mean
Differe
nce
.000
18.666
67
18.666
67
Std.
Error
Differe
nce
.40975
.40975
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
19.48
17.84
686
647
19.48
693
17.84
641
5
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
Based on the data presented from group statistics it could be known that
the mean of the students’ speaking ability with non-English Talkshow Program
was 61.4333, while the mean of students’ speaking ability were given English
talkshow Program was 80.1000. As mentioned descriptively, the mean of the
students’ speaking ability using English Talkshow Program was higher than the
mean of the students’ speaking ability with non-English Talkshow Program.
While based on the data presented from Independent Samples Test to
see any mean difference between the students’ speaking ability with English
talkshow Program and non-English Talkshow Program.
As a result, t value > t table (-45.557 >2,034); so H0 is rejected and Ha is
recepted. It meant that, there is a significant difference in speaking ability
between experimental group and control group. In conclusion, mean of the
speaking ability between both programs is significant difference by seeing the
mean difference is 18.66667.
Discussion
Based on the result it is obtained that the students at the fifth semester of
English Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan given English Talkshow Program
perform better than those with non-English Talkshow Program. It meant that
there is significant difference between the students’ speaking ability with
English Talkshow Program and with non-English Talkshow Program. The
program given contributes a lot to the students and it could be implemented in
the classroom. It is in line with the theory stated by Farlex (2005) who defined
that Talkshow is a television or radio show in which noted people, such as
authorities in a particular field, participate in discussion or are interviewed and
often answer question from viewers or listeners. Likewise, Wulandari (2009) in
her study suggests that there is positive correlation between talkshow and
students’ achievement or concept. It meant that her study has significant
influence of talkshow on the student’s achievement. From both theory and
previous study, English talkshow program which had been implemented as
treatment to the experimental group for at least one meeting per month had
contributed the students’ prior knowledge, skill, concept, and competence.
CONCLUSION
In line with the result of data analyzed as presented before, the
researcher concluded that the students at the fifth semester of English
Department at STKIP PGRI Bangkalan given English Talkshow Program perform
better than those with non-English Talkshow Program. It meant that there is
significant difference between the students’ speaking ability with English
Talkshow Program and with non-English Talkshow Program.
6
SELL Journal Vol. 1(1) August 2016
REFERENCES
Athena, Tera. 2004. The Students’ Problems in Learning English Speaking at
Second Year Students on SMPN III Batu. Malang : Muhammadiyah
University Press.
BNSP,
2006.
Accessed
from
http://bnsp-indonesia.org/id/wpcontent/upload/isi/SMP-MTS.pdf.
Brown,H. Douglas, 2007. Prinsip Pembelajaran dan Pengajaran Bahasa, Fifth
Edition.USA. Pearson Education, Inc.
Fachrurrazy, 2011. Teaching English as a Foreign Language for Teachers In
Indonesia. Malang. State University of Malang Press.
Fraenkel, R Jack & Wallen, E Norman, 2006. How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education.six Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies. USA.
Hendra (2014, April 04). Pengertian Talkshow. Accessed from http://
http://www.hendra.ws/pengertian-talkshow/
Hendrikus, D, Wuwur, 2009. RETORIKA, Terampil Berpidato, Berdiskusi,
Berargumentasi, Bernegosiasi. Kanisius.Yogyakarta
Lightbown, MP, and Spada, N. How Language are learned. Second edition. Oxford
University Press.
Richard, C Jack and Richard, S. 2004. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching.
Third Edition. Pearson Education Ltd.
Suryanto. 2005. The influence of the English Speaking Environment on students’
speaking ability. Unpublished. Surabaya: Sarjana Program of
Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Tarigan, H, Guntur, 2008. Berbicara - Sebagai Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa.
Angkasa Press. Bandung.
Wulandari, Sri, (2009). Acara Talkshow “Kick Andy” dan Wawasan Mahasiswa
USU. Unpublished. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Yanti, Yuli, 2005. Using Group Discussion to Teach Speaking to The Third Years
Student of Senior High School. Unpublished. Surabaya: Sarjana
Program of Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
7