Identifikasi Mutasi Gen rpoB, katG dan embB Penyebab Multidrug Resistance Tuberkulosis Di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat (RSUP) Haji Adam Malik
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahuja, S.D., Ashkin, D., and Avendano, M. (2012). Multidrug resistant
pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an
individual patient data meta-analysis of 9,153 patients. PLoS Med.
Halaman 9.
Albert, H., Bwanga, F., and Mukkada, S. (2010). Rapid screening of MDR-TB
using molecular Line Probe Assay is feasible in Uganda. BMC Infectious
Disease. 10(41).
Banada, P.P., Sivasubramani, S.K., and Blakemore, R. (2010). Contaiment of
bioaerosol infection risk by the Xpert MTB/RIF assay and its
applicabilityto point-of-care settings. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:3551-3557.
Calligaro, G.L., Moodley, L., Symons, G., and Dheda, K. (2014). The medical
and surgical treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis. J Thorac Dis.
6(3):186-195.
Caminero, J.A. (2013). Justification for the guidelines. Dalam: Guidelines for
Clinical and Operational Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease . Hal 1-6.
Castan P, Pablo A, and Romero A. (2014). Point of care system for detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampin resistance in sputum samples. J
Clin Microbio;52(2):502-507.
Chiang, C.Y. (2013). Basic concepts and definitions of drug resistance in
tuberculosis Dalam Guidelines for Clinical and Operational Management
of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. International Union Against Tuberculosis
and Lung Disease . Halaman 13-25.
Coovadia, YM., Mahomed, S., Pillay, M., Werner, L., and Mlisana, K. (2013).
Rifampicin Mono-Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in KwaZuluNatal, South Africa: A Significant Phenomenon in a high prevalence TBHIV region. PLoS One;8(11).
Da Silva, P.E.A., and Palomino, J.C. (2011). Molecular basis and mechanisms of
drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: classical and new drugs.
Antimicrob Chemother . 66:1417–1430.
74
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Direktorat Jenderal Bina Upaya Kesehatan. (2012) .Petunjuk teknis pemeriksaan
biakan, identifikasi, dan uji kepekaan Mycobacterium tuberculosis pada
media padat. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia . 2012. Available
at:
http://perpustakaan.depkes.go.id:8180/bitstream//123456789/1796/2/BK20
12-401.pdf. Accesed: 19 September 2015.
Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (Ditjen
PP dan PL). (2014). Petunjuk teknis manajemen terpadu pengendalian
tuberkulosis resistan obat. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia . 1107.
Enarson, D.A., and Harries, A.D. (2013). Historical background and global
epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance. Dalam:
Guidelines for Clinical and Operational Management of Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung
Disease. Halaman 7-12.
Gandasoebrata, R. (1992). Penuntun Laboratorium Klinik. Penerbit Dian Rakyat,
Bandung. Halaman 176
Hakeem, A., Hussain, M.S., and Imran Sarwar, M.I. (2013). GeneXpert
MTB/RIF- a novel diagnostic tool for tuberculosis in pulmonary samples.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences . 8:1-3.
Hanafi, A.R., dan Prasenohadi. (2010). Mekanisme dan diagnosis multidrug
resistant
tuberculosis.
PPTI,
2010.
Available
at:
www.ppti.info/2010/07/mekanisme-dan-diagnosis-multidrug.html.
Ioannidis, P., Papaventsis, D., and Karabela, S. (2011). Cepheid GeneXpert
MTB/RIF assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection and rifampisisn
resistance identification in patiens with substantial clinical indications of
tuberculosis and smear-negative microscopy results. J. Clin. Microbiol.
49(8):3068-3070.
Johnston, J.C., Shahidi, N.C., Sadatsafavi, M., and Fitzgerald, J.M. (2009)
Treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. Halaman 1-9.
75
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Li, J., Xin, J., Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Cao, H., and Li, L. (2012) Rapid detection of
rpoB in rifampin resistant M. tuberculosis from sputum samples by
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Int J Med Sci. 9(2):148-156.
Liang, L., Wu, Q., and Gao, L. (2012). Factors contributing to the high prevalence
of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a study from China. Thorax. Halaman
67.
Lingala, M.A.L., Aparna S., Suman J., K.V.S.M. Rao and P.V. Ranganadha R.
(2010). Clinical and Geographical Profiles of rpoB Gene Mutations in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Hyderabad and Koraput in
India. Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2(2) : 13-18.
Lisdawati, V., I. Parwati., Sudarmon, TM., Sudiro, R.,
Puspandari., et al. (2010). Studi Pemetaan Awal
tuberculosis complex Secara Spoligotyping Pada
Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru dari 10 Kota Propinsi
Penelitian Kesehatan. 38(4): 169-185
R. Ramadhany., N.
Dna Mycobacterium
Hasil Isolasi Dahak
(Bagian I). Buletin
Low, S., Ang, L.W., and Cutter, J. (2009). Mortality among tuberculosis patients
on treatment in Singapore. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 13:328-334.
Menzies, D., Benedetti, A., and Paydar, A. (2009). Standardized treatment of
active tuberculosis in patients with previous treatment and/or with monoresistance to isoniazid: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS Med.
6(9).
Micheletti, V.C.D., Moreira, J.S., Ribeiro, M.O., Kritski, A.L., and Braga, J.U.
(2014). Drug-resistant tuberculosis in subjects included in the second
national survey on antituberculosis drug resistance in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
J Bras Pneumol. 40(2):155-163.
Migliori, G.B., D’Arcy Richardson, M., Sotgiu, G., and Lange, C. (2009).
Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in the West.
Europe and United States: epidemiology, surveillance, and control. Clin
Chest Med. 30:637-665.
Minh, N.N., Van Bac, N., and Son, N.T. (2012). Molecular characteristics of
rifampin-and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains
isolated in Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 50(3).
76
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Minion, J., Gallant, V., and Wolfe, J. (2013). Multidrug and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis in Canada 1997–2008: demographic and disease
characteristics. PLoS One. Page 8.
Nathanson, E., Nunn, P., and Uplekar, M. (2010). MDR tuberculosis — critical
steps for prevention and control. N Engl J Med. 363:1050-1058.
Nawas, A. (2010). Penatalaksanaan TB MDR dan strategi DOTS plus. Jurnal
Tuberkulosis Indonesia . 7:1-7.
Nghiem, N.M. (2011). Molecular Characteristic of Rifampisin and Isonizid
Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Isolated in Vietnam.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Halaman 598-601.
Nofizar, D., Nawas, A., dan Burhan, E. Identifikasi faktor resiko tuberkulosis
multidrug resistant (TB-MDR). Maj Kedokt Indon. 2012;60(12):537-545.
Notoatmodjo, S. (2011). Kesehatan Masyarakat Ilmu dan Seni. Penerbit Rineka
Cipta. Hal : 45
P. Farnia (2012). Susceptibility Testing: Multiplex -PCR, PCR-SSCP and PCR –
ELISA Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC). Iranian National
Reference TB Laboratory, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis &
Lung Disease (NRITLD). Protocol No:2. Halaman 21-49
Patel, D.M., Patel, S.D., Jaiswal, P., dan Brahmbhatt, K.J. (2012). Drug resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and new drug development. Int. J. Drug Dev.
& Res. 4(2):76-91.
Pinto, L., and Menzies, D. (2011). Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Infection and Drug Resistance . 4:129-135.
Pires, G.M., Folgosa, E., Nquobile, N., Gitta, S., and Cadir, N. (2014).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to antituberculosis drugs in
Mozambique. J Bras Pneumol. 40(2):142-147.
Ramaswamy, S. V., R.Reich,. Dou, L., Jasperse, X.Pan., A.Wanger., T. Quitugua.,
et al (2003). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Assosiated with
Isoniazid Resistance in M.tuberculosis. Antimicroba: Agents Chemother.
47(4):1241-1250
77
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Rattan, A., Kalia, A., and Ahmad, N. (1998). Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterial
tuberculosis : Molecular Perspective. Emerging Infectious Disease .
Halaman 195-206.
Raizada, N., Sachdeva, K.S., and Chauhan, D.S. (2014). A multi-site validation
in India of the Line Probe Assay for the rapid diagnosis of multi-drug
resistant tuberculosis directly from sputum specimens. PLoS One. 9(2).
Rifat M., Milton AH., and Hall J. (2014). Development of Multidrug Resistant
Tuberculosis in Bangladesh: A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors. PLoS
One. 9(8).
Rinanda, T. (2015). Kajian Molekuler Mekanisme Resistensi Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala Volume. 15(3):162-167
Sarwani, D. (2012). Faktor resiko multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 8(1):60-66
Sharma, R., Yadav, R., Sharma, M., Saini, V., and Koushal,. (2014). Quality of
life of multi drug resistant tuberculosis patients:a study of North India
Acta Medica Iranica . 52(6):448-453
Shim, T.S., and Jo, K.W. (2013). Medical treatment of pulmonary multidrugresistant tuberculosis. Infect Chemother . 45(4):367-374.
Sihombing, H. (2011). Pola Resistensi Primer pada Penderita TB Paru Kategori I
di RSUPH Adam Malik Medan. Tesis. Departemen Pulmonologi dan Ilmu
Kedokteran Respirasi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Halaman 48-50.
Sinaga, B.Y.M. (2013). Karakteristik penderita Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis
yang mengikuti Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat H. Adam Malik Medan. J
Respir Indo Vol. 33, No. 4 : 221-229.
Sirait, N., Parwati, I., Dewi, N.S., dan Suraya, N. (2013). Validitas metode
Polymerase Chain Reaction GeneXpert MTB/RIF pada bahan
pemeriksaan sputum untuk mendiagnosis multidrug resistant tuberculosis.
MKB. 45(4):234-239.
Sjahrurachman, A. (2010). Diagnosis multi drug resistant Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Jurnal Tuberkulosis Indonesia . 7:8-10.
78
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Soepandi, P.Z. (2010). Diagnosis dan faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya MDR
TB. Jurnal Tuberkulosis Indonesia . 7:16-9.
Sudjadi. (2008). Biotekhnologi Kesehatan .Yogyakarta. Penerbit Kanisius.27-45.
Suharmiati dan Maryani H. (2011). Analisis hubungan penggunaan obat
FDC/kombipak pada penderita yang didiagnosis TB paru berdasarkan
karakteristik. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan . 14:167-173.
Susanty, E. (2015). Uji Diagnostik Genexpert MTB/RIF Di Rumah Sakit Umum
Pusat Haji Adam Malik Medan. Tesis. Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis Universitas
Sumatera Utara. Halaman 1-50.
Thristy, I. (2013). Analisa Aspergillus fumigatus Dengan Menggunakan
Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) Dan Kultur Pada Sputum Penderita
Batuk Kronis. Tesis. Ilmu Biomedik Universitas Sumatera Utara. Halaman
40-45.
Ubyaan, R. (2012). Studi Pengaruh Mutasi gen rpoB pada kodon 513 ; analisis
pada isolat papua. Prosiding Insinas.0195:1-5
Wijaya Made, D., Wirajana, I.N., dan Yowani, S.C. (2014). Amplifikasi dan
Identifikasi Mutasi Pada fragmen 0,5 KB gen rpo B Isolat 134 B Isolat 134
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in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical isolates from Chonqing as
determined by microarray. Clin Microbiol Infect. 16:1639-1643.
Yuan, X., Zhang, T., and Kawakami K,. Genotyping and clinical characteristics of
multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a tertiary care
tuberculosis hospital in China. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2013;13(315).
Zhang, Y., and Yew, W.W. (2009). Mechanisms of drug resistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuber Lung Dis . 13(11):1320–1330.
Zhao, Y., Xu, S., and Wang, L. (2012). National survey of drug resistant
tuberculosis in China. N Engl J Med. 366:2161-2170.
Zhenling, C. (2014). Mutations in the embC-embA Intergenic Region Contribute
to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance to Ethambutol. Journal
ASM.org. 58(11):6837–6843.
Zumla, A.I., Raviglione, M., Hafner, R., and Von Reyn, C.F. (2013).
Tuberculosis. N. Engl J. Med. 368:745-75
80
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ahuja, S.D., Ashkin, D., and Avendano, M. (2012). Multidrug resistant
pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an
individual patient data meta-analysis of 9,153 patients. PLoS Med.
Halaman 9.
Albert, H., Bwanga, F., and Mukkada, S. (2010). Rapid screening of MDR-TB
using molecular Line Probe Assay is feasible in Uganda. BMC Infectious
Disease. 10(41).
Banada, P.P., Sivasubramani, S.K., and Blakemore, R. (2010). Contaiment of
bioaerosol infection risk by the Xpert MTB/RIF assay and its
applicabilityto point-of-care settings. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:3551-3557.
Calligaro, G.L., Moodley, L., Symons, G., and Dheda, K. (2014). The medical
and surgical treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis. J Thorac Dis.
6(3):186-195.
Caminero, J.A. (2013). Justification for the guidelines. Dalam: Guidelines for
Clinical and Operational Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease . Hal 1-6.
Castan P, Pablo A, and Romero A. (2014). Point of care system for detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampin resistance in sputum samples. J
Clin Microbio;52(2):502-507.
Chiang, C.Y. (2013). Basic concepts and definitions of drug resistance in
tuberculosis Dalam Guidelines for Clinical and Operational Management
of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. International Union Against Tuberculosis
and Lung Disease . Halaman 13-25.
Coovadia, YM., Mahomed, S., Pillay, M., Werner, L., and Mlisana, K. (2013).
Rifampicin Mono-Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in KwaZuluNatal, South Africa: A Significant Phenomenon in a high prevalence TBHIV region. PLoS One;8(11).
Da Silva, P.E.A., and Palomino, J.C. (2011). Molecular basis and mechanisms of
drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: classical and new drugs.
Antimicrob Chemother . 66:1417–1430.
74
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Direktorat Jenderal Bina Upaya Kesehatan. (2012) .Petunjuk teknis pemeriksaan
biakan, identifikasi, dan uji kepekaan Mycobacterium tuberculosis pada
media padat. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia . 2012. Available
at:
http://perpustakaan.depkes.go.id:8180/bitstream//123456789/1796/2/BK20
12-401.pdf. Accesed: 19 September 2015.
Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (Ditjen
PP dan PL). (2014). Petunjuk teknis manajemen terpadu pengendalian
tuberkulosis resistan obat. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia . 1107.
Enarson, D.A., and Harries, A.D. (2013). Historical background and global
epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance. Dalam:
Guidelines for Clinical and Operational Management of Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung
Disease. Halaman 7-12.
Gandasoebrata, R. (1992). Penuntun Laboratorium Klinik. Penerbit Dian Rakyat,
Bandung. Halaman 176
Hakeem, A., Hussain, M.S., and Imran Sarwar, M.I. (2013). GeneXpert
MTB/RIF- a novel diagnostic tool for tuberculosis in pulmonary samples.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences . 8:1-3.
Hanafi, A.R., dan Prasenohadi. (2010). Mekanisme dan diagnosis multidrug
resistant
tuberculosis.
PPTI,
2010.
Available
at:
www.ppti.info/2010/07/mekanisme-dan-diagnosis-multidrug.html.
Ioannidis, P., Papaventsis, D., and Karabela, S. (2011). Cepheid GeneXpert
MTB/RIF assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection and rifampisisn
resistance identification in patiens with substantial clinical indications of
tuberculosis and smear-negative microscopy results. J. Clin. Microbiol.
49(8):3068-3070.
Johnston, J.C., Shahidi, N.C., Sadatsafavi, M., and Fitzgerald, J.M. (2009)
Treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. Halaman 1-9.
75
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Li, J., Xin, J., Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Cao, H., and Li, L. (2012) Rapid detection of
rpoB in rifampin resistant M. tuberculosis from sputum samples by
denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Int J Med Sci. 9(2):148-156.
Liang, L., Wu, Q., and Gao, L. (2012). Factors contributing to the high prevalence
of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a study from China. Thorax. Halaman
67.
Lingala, M.A.L., Aparna S., Suman J., K.V.S.M. Rao and P.V. Ranganadha R.
(2010). Clinical and Geographical Profiles of rpoB Gene Mutations in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Hyderabad and Koraput in
India. Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2(2) : 13-18.
Lisdawati, V., I. Parwati., Sudarmon, TM., Sudiro, R.,
Puspandari., et al. (2010). Studi Pemetaan Awal
tuberculosis complex Secara Spoligotyping Pada
Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru dari 10 Kota Propinsi
Penelitian Kesehatan. 38(4): 169-185
R. Ramadhany., N.
Dna Mycobacterium
Hasil Isolasi Dahak
(Bagian I). Buletin
Low, S., Ang, L.W., and Cutter, J. (2009). Mortality among tuberculosis patients
on treatment in Singapore. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 13:328-334.
Menzies, D., Benedetti, A., and Paydar, A. (2009). Standardized treatment of
active tuberculosis in patients with previous treatment and/or with monoresistance to isoniazid: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS Med.
6(9).
Micheletti, V.C.D., Moreira, J.S., Ribeiro, M.O., Kritski, A.L., and Braga, J.U.
(2014). Drug-resistant tuberculosis in subjects included in the second
national survey on antituberculosis drug resistance in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
J Bras Pneumol. 40(2):155-163.
Migliori, G.B., D’Arcy Richardson, M., Sotgiu, G., and Lange, C. (2009).
Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in the West.
Europe and United States: epidemiology, surveillance, and control. Clin
Chest Med. 30:637-665.
Minh, N.N., Van Bac, N., and Son, N.T. (2012). Molecular characteristics of
rifampin-and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains
isolated in Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 50(3).
76
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Minion, J., Gallant, V., and Wolfe, J. (2013). Multidrug and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis in Canada 1997–2008: demographic and disease
characteristics. PLoS One. Page 8.
Nathanson, E., Nunn, P., and Uplekar, M. (2010). MDR tuberculosis — critical
steps for prevention and control. N Engl J Med. 363:1050-1058.
Nawas, A. (2010). Penatalaksanaan TB MDR dan strategi DOTS plus. Jurnal
Tuberkulosis Indonesia . 7:1-7.
Nghiem, N.M. (2011). Molecular Characteristic of Rifampisin and Isonizid
Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Isolated in Vietnam.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Halaman 598-601.
Nofizar, D., Nawas, A., dan Burhan, E. Identifikasi faktor resiko tuberkulosis
multidrug resistant (TB-MDR). Maj Kedokt Indon. 2012;60(12):537-545.
Notoatmodjo, S. (2011). Kesehatan Masyarakat Ilmu dan Seni. Penerbit Rineka
Cipta. Hal : 45
P. Farnia (2012). Susceptibility Testing: Multiplex -PCR, PCR-SSCP and PCR –
ELISA Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC). Iranian National
Reference TB Laboratory, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis &
Lung Disease (NRITLD). Protocol No:2. Halaman 21-49
Patel, D.M., Patel, S.D., Jaiswal, P., dan Brahmbhatt, K.J. (2012). Drug resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and new drug development. Int. J. Drug Dev.
& Res. 4(2):76-91.
Pinto, L., and Menzies, D. (2011). Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Infection and Drug Resistance . 4:129-135.
Pires, G.M., Folgosa, E., Nquobile, N., Gitta, S., and Cadir, N. (2014).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to antituberculosis drugs in
Mozambique. J Bras Pneumol. 40(2):142-147.
Ramaswamy, S. V., R.Reich,. Dou, L., Jasperse, X.Pan., A.Wanger., T. Quitugua.,
et al (2003). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Assosiated with
Isoniazid Resistance in M.tuberculosis. Antimicroba: Agents Chemother.
47(4):1241-1250
77
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Rattan, A., Kalia, A., and Ahmad, N. (1998). Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterial
tuberculosis : Molecular Perspective. Emerging Infectious Disease .
Halaman 195-206.
Raizada, N., Sachdeva, K.S., and Chauhan, D.S. (2014). A multi-site validation
in India of the Line Probe Assay for the rapid diagnosis of multi-drug
resistant tuberculosis directly from sputum specimens. PLoS One. 9(2).
Rifat M., Milton AH., and Hall J. (2014). Development of Multidrug Resistant
Tuberculosis in Bangladesh: A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors. PLoS
One. 9(8).
Rinanda, T. (2015). Kajian Molekuler Mekanisme Resistensi Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis. Jurnal Kedokteran Syiah Kuala Volume. 15(3):162-167
Sarwani, D. (2012). Faktor resiko multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 8(1):60-66
Sharma, R., Yadav, R., Sharma, M., Saini, V., and Koushal,. (2014). Quality of
life of multi drug resistant tuberculosis patients:a study of North India
Acta Medica Iranica . 52(6):448-453
Shim, T.S., and Jo, K.W. (2013). Medical treatment of pulmonary multidrugresistant tuberculosis. Infect Chemother . 45(4):367-374.
Sihombing, H. (2011). Pola Resistensi Primer pada Penderita TB Paru Kategori I
di RSUPH Adam Malik Medan. Tesis. Departemen Pulmonologi dan Ilmu
Kedokteran Respirasi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Halaman 48-50.
Sinaga, B.Y.M. (2013). Karakteristik penderita Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis
yang mengikuti Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat H. Adam Malik Medan. J
Respir Indo Vol. 33, No. 4 : 221-229.
Sirait, N., Parwati, I., Dewi, N.S., dan Suraya, N. (2013). Validitas metode
Polymerase Chain Reaction GeneXpert MTB/RIF pada bahan
pemeriksaan sputum untuk mendiagnosis multidrug resistant tuberculosis.
MKB. 45(4):234-239.
Sjahrurachman, A. (2010). Diagnosis multi drug resistant Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Jurnal Tuberkulosis Indonesia . 7:8-10.
78
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Soepandi, P.Z. (2010). Diagnosis dan faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya MDR
TB. Jurnal Tuberkulosis Indonesia . 7:16-9.
Sudjadi. (2008). Biotekhnologi Kesehatan .Yogyakarta. Penerbit Kanisius.27-45.
Suharmiati dan Maryani H. (2011). Analisis hubungan penggunaan obat
FDC/kombipak pada penderita yang didiagnosis TB paru berdasarkan
karakteristik. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan . 14:167-173.
Susanty, E. (2015). Uji Diagnostik Genexpert MTB/RIF Di Rumah Sakit Umum
Pusat Haji Adam Malik Medan. Tesis. Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis Universitas
Sumatera Utara. Halaman 1-50.
Thristy, I. (2013). Analisa Aspergillus fumigatus Dengan Menggunakan
Polymerase Chain Reaction (Pcr) Dan Kultur Pada Sputum Penderita
Batuk Kronis. Tesis. Ilmu Biomedik Universitas Sumatera Utara. Halaman
40-45.
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