BANJIR DALAM SURAT KABAR ONLINE INDONESIA: Multimodal Analisis Wacana Kritis pada Representasi Banjir.
Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Flood in the Indonesian Online Newspapers:
A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of the Representation of Flood Main Supervisor: Budi Hermawan, S.Pd., M.P.C.
Co-Supervisor: Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos., M.Pd
This present study examines the verbal and visual representation of flood in
Indonesian online newspapers by using Kress and van Leeuwen’s framework
(2006) and Systemic Functional Linguistics as proposed by Halliday (1994). This study employed a qualitative method to describe the representation and its significations. The data were collected from Kompas.com, Republika.co.id, Radarcirebon.com, and Harianjogja.com online newspapers. The data were in the form of words, phrases, and sentences and pictures. This study found that flood was verbally represented as actor (14) or 60.9%, goal (5) or 21.7%, carrier (2) or 8.7%, and phenomenon (2) or 8.7%. The processes used are material (19) or 65.5%, flood as material process (3) or 10.3%, relational: attributive (3) or 10.3%, relational: identifying (1) or 3.4% mental: perceptive (1) or 3.4%, and mental: cognitive (2) or 6.9%. Furthermore, flood is also represented as circumstance of time (4) or 66.7%, circumstance of condition (1) or 16.7%, and circumstance of reason (1) or 16.7%. Flood was visually represented as an actor which does a damaging action, a circumstance of time which was waited by several people to get new jobs such as ojek rider, and a goal which was considered to be a swimming pool and a new playground in Jakarta.
Keywords: representation, Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic Functional Linguistics, and online newspapers.
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Banjir dalam Surat Kabar Online Indonesia:
Multimodal Analisis Wacana Kritis pada Representasi Banjir Dosen Pembimbing 1: Budi Hermawan, S.Pd., M.P.C. Dosen Pembimbing 2: Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos., M.Pd.
Penelitian ini menguji representasi verbal dan visual banjir dalam surat kabar online Indonesia dengan menggunakan teori Kress dan van Leeuwen (2006) dan Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional yang dikemukakan oleh Halliday (1994). Penelitian ini menggunakan metide deskriptif kualitatif untuk menjelaskan representasi banjir dan maknanya. Data penelitian diperoleh dari surat kabar
online Kompas.com, Republika.co.id, Radarcirebon.com, dan Harianjogja.com.
Data tersebut diperoleh dalam bentuk kata, frasa, dan kalimat serta gambar. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa banjir secara verbal direpresentasikan sebagai
actor (14) atau 60.9%, goal (5) atau 21.7%, carrier (2) atau 8.7%, dan phenomenon (2) or 8.7%. Proses yang digunakan antara lain proses material (19)
atau 65.5%, banjir sendiri yang direpresentasikan sebagai proses material (3) atau 10.3%, relational: attributive (3) atau 10.3%, relational: identifying (1) atau 3.4%
mental: perceptive (1) atau 3.4%, dan mental: cognitive (2) atau 6.9%.
Selanjutnya, banjir juga direpresentasikan sebagai circumstance of time (4) atau 66.7%, circumstance of condition (1) atau 16.7%, dan circumstance of reason (1) atau 16.7%. banjir secara visual direpresentasikan sebagai actor yang melakukan tindakan merugikan, sebagai circumstance of time yang ditunggu oleh sebagian warga Jakarta untuk memeroleh pekerjaan baru sebagai tukang ojek, dan sebagai
goal yang dianggap menjadi kolam renang dan tempat bermain baru di Jakarta.
Kata Kunci: representasi, Multimodal Analisis Wacan Kritis, Lingistik Sistemik Fungsional, dan surat kabar online.
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page of Approval ... i
Statement of Authorization ... ii
Preface ... iii
Acknowledgments ... iv
Abstract ... vi
Table of Contents ... vii
List of Tables ... x
List of Pictures ... xi
List of Appendices ... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 2
1.3 Aims of the Study ... 2
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 3
1.5 Research Methodology... 3
1.5.1 Research Design ... 3
1.5.2 Data Collection... 3
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1.6 Clarification of the Terms ... 4
1.7. Organisation of the Study... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7
2.1 Representation ... 7
2.2 Social Semiotics ... 8
2.2.1 Reading Images ... 9
2.2.2 Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis ... 10
2.3 Systemic Functional Linguistics ... 12
2.4 Online Newspapers ... 13
2.5 Previous Studies ... 14
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19
3.1 Formulation of the Problem ... 19
3.2 Research Design ... 19
3.3 Data Collection... 20
3.4 Data Analysis ... 21
3.5 Data Presentation ... 21
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 25
4.1 Findings ... 25
4.1.1 Verbal Representation of Flood ... 25
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
B. Flood Represented as Carrier ... 27
C. Flood Represented as Phenomenon ... 28
D. Flood Represented as Circumstance of Time ... 29
E. Flood Represented as Circumstance of Condition ... 30
F. Flood Represented as Circumstance of Reason ... 30
4.1.2 Visual Representation of Flood ... 31
A. Flood Represented as Actor ... 31
B. Flood Represented as Circumstance of Time ... 32
C. Flood Represented as Goal ... 32
4.2. Discussion ... 34
4.2.1 Verbal Representation of Flood ... 34
4.2.2 Visual Representation of Flood ... 36
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 39
5.1 Conclusions ... 39
5.2 Suggestions ... 40 REFERENCES
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
The chapter presents an introductory section of the study. It provides the background of the study, the research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the research methodology which contains research data, data collections, research procedure, data analysis, the clarification of terms, and the organisation of the study.
1.1Background of the Study
Most people in the world cannot be separated from the media whether they are visual, audio, or audio-visual media. These media serve as sources of information on global phenomena such as the programs of health risks, political elections, royal weddings, armed conflict financial crises, and natural or man-made disaster (Doveling, von Scheve, & Konijn, 2011). The media are not free from ideologies and many realities shown in the mass media adopt the perspective of dominant groups or the owner of the mass media (van Dijk, 2008). These realities shown in the media are often represented by different types of texts such as verbal and visual. Many people now use different media, especially verbal and visual to communicate their messages at the same time.
Communication which uses two or more different modes is called “multimodality”. Multimodality is the term that people use to communicate by using more than one mode at the same time (Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006). In relation to this, Paltridge (2006) states that any reading of text is constructed not just by the use of words, but also by the combination of words and other modalities, such as pictures and sound.
Studies of multimodal texts have been conducted by scholars, one of which was done by Iedema (2003). Iedema (2003) investigates the advantages of a multimodal approach that has to offer and exemplify its application. His study has two aims: to trace the development of multimodal discourse analysis and to advance a complementary perspective to that of multimodality. His study shows
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
that multimodality can be used to give the instructions on how to turn the Machintosh on and off by AppleTM.
Another study was conducted by Hull and Nelson (2005) who investigated the method and the results of a very detail multimodal analysis, revealing semiotic relationship between and among different modes. This study reveals that a digital story written by Randy in DUSTY (Digital Underground Storytelling for You(th)) can be analysed by using multimodal analysis. This study shows that Randy’s composition presents patterns among different modes which constitute a multimodal whole.
Another study was conducted by Adami (2009) who investigated how video responses relate to the initial video and how the video-summary selectively transforms the resources of the responses while presenting itself as a resume of the video-thread. This study finds that the multimodal analysis can be used to analyse the primary interactional exchange between each response and the initial video in the video-thread entitled “Where Do You Tube?” by ChangeDaChannel.
This present study analyses how flood is represented in online newspapers by using Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis. The topic of flood in Jakarta was chosen because it was headline topic in many online newspapers at the time. Flood in Jakarta was also the main topic to be talked by people in Indonesia. In addition, flood was a situation which became the case in point of the society. This study uses Systemic Functional Linguistics as a tool to analyse verbal texts in online newspapers. It investigates the representation of flood in Republika.co.id, Kompas.com, Harianjogja.com, and Radarcirebon.com.
1.2Research Questions
The study was conducted to answer these following questions:
1) How is flood represented verbally and visually in the selected Indonesian online newspapers?
2) What does the verbal and visual representation signify? 1.3The Aims of the Study
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2) To disclose the potential meaning of the verbal and visual representation of flood.
1.4Scope of the Study
This study investigates only the verbal and visual representation of flood in Indonesian online newspapers and what this representation signifies. The data of the study were taken from different online newspapers, namely Republika online newspaper 21 January 2013 edited by Endah Hapsari, Kompas online newspaper 28 January 2013 written by Didik Purwanto and edited by Erlangga Djumena, Radar Cirebon online newspaper 17 January 2013 edited by Wok, and Harian Jogja online newspaper on 5 March 2013 edited by Emanuel Tome Hayon. 1.5Research Methodology
1.5.1 Research Design
The study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative method is used because it can help to analyse texts deeply, clearly, and widely (Muhammad, 2011). In addition, this method was used because the data of this study were in the form of words and images, not in the form of numerical data. The data were collected in the form of texts: visual and verbal texts. This study uses text analysis to reveal the representation of flood in Indonesian online newspapers. Flood is considered to be main participant in the event.
In relation to this, qualitative research is a research method, in which the researcher based on the views of the participants, collects data consisting of words, describes and analyses the words, and conducts the questions (Creswell, 2008). He argues that qualitative research tends to address research problems requiring an exploration in which little is known about the problem and a detailed understanding of a central phenomenon. Then, qualitative research aims to explore, discover, understand or describe phenomena that have already been identified but are not well understood.
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
The data for this study were in the form of words, phrases, sentences, and images critically selected from the four articles entitled “Ini Dia Orang yang
Paling Girang Saat Jakarta Banjir” from Republika online newspaper on 21 January 2013, “Dampak Banjir, Inflasi Bisa Melonjak” from Kompas online newspaper on 28 January 2013, “Ahok Menghilang, Jokowi Hadapi Banjir
Sendirian” from Radar Cirebon online newspaper on 17 January 2013, and
“Jakarta Banjir Lagi: 9 Kelurahan Terendam” from Harian Jogja online newspaper on 5 March 2013. The data were selected because the issue became the headline at that time.
1.5.3 Data Analysis
The data in the form of visual texts were analysed by using Reading Images as proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). The data in the form of verbal texts were analysed by using Systemic Functional Linguistics as proposed by Halliday (1994).
In conducting the study, the following steps were taken: 1) Searching the articles in online newspapers;
2) Reading the articles thoroughly to understand the texts comprehensively; 3) Critically selecting the data in the form of both visual and verbal texts;
4) Analysing the visual texts by using Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen’s theory of multimodality (2006);
5) Analysing the verbal texts by using Systemic Functional Linguistics; and 6) Making conclusions.
1.6Clarification of the Terms
To avoid misconception and misunderstanding, there are some significant terms have to be clarified as follows:
1) Mass Media
Mass media is a media which is read by most of all people whether in the form of visual, audio, and audio-visual media. Mass media today cover global phenomenon such as the programs on health risks, political elections, royal
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weddings, armed conflict, financial crises, and natural or man-made disaster (Doveling, von Scheve, & Konjin, 2011).
2) Reading Images
Reading Images is the way to read a text which focuses on the structures or grammar of visual design includes color, perspective, framing, and composition (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006).
3) Online Newspaper
Online newspaper is a newspaper that exists on the World Wide Web or internet, either separately or as an online version of a printed periodical (TheFreeDictionary, 2013).
4) Multimodality
Multimodality is an analysis of texts by using more than one mode at the same time (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006).
5) Critical Discourse Analysis
Paltridge (2006) also stated that Critical Discourse Analysis is one of the approaches in a linguistic field that examines the use of discourse in relation to social and cultural issues.
6) Systemic Functional Linguistics
Gerot and Wignell (1994) states that Functional Grammar or Systemic Functional Linguistics is a conceptual theory which investigates not only the use of language, but also the choices made by people in using language and to see how meanings are formed in the interaction.
1.7Organisation of the Study
The study is organised as follows: CHAPTER I
This chapter contains background of the study, the research question, the aim of the study, the scope of the study, the research methodology, the clarification of the terms, and the organization of the study.
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
It consists of theoretical review that provides a basis for conducting the research problems.
CHAPTER III
This chapter contains the research methodology which is used in conducting the study.
CHAPTER IV
This chapter contains elaboration of findings and discussions. In this chapter, there are also results of the research which are elaborated.
CHAPTER V
This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the research in a form of conclusion and suggestion in accordance with the research.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter elaborates the research methodology which was employed in the present study. It consists of the formulation of the problem, research design, data collection, data analysis, and data presentation.
3.1Formulation of The Problem
The study was conducted to answer these following questions:
1) How is flood represented visually and verbally in the selected Indonesian online newspapers?
2) What does the verbal and visual representation signify? 3.2Research Design
This study uses a descriptive qualitative method because the data were in the form of images and words, not numerical data. According to Muhammad (2011), qualitative method is the method to analyse texts deeply, clearly, and widely. This study analysed texts to reveal the representation of flood in online newspapers deeply. The data were in the form of visual and verbal texts.
In addition, Creswell (2008) argues that qualitative research is a research method in which the researcher relies on the views of the participants, collects data consisting of words, describes and analyses the words, and conducts the questions. Furthermore, Hammersley (1989) states that qualitative method is the method using unstructured forms of data collection. Additionally, the data are obtained from several sources (Emilia, 2009). Hammersley (1989) also suggests that qualitative method often involves an emphasis on process rather than structures.
In answering the research questions, the study uses Kress and van Leeuwen‟s Framework, Reading Images (2006) to analyse the visual texts. The study also uses Sistemic Functional Linguistics as proposed by Halliday (1994) to analyse the verbal texts.
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.3Data Collection
The data were in the form of words, phrases, sentences, and pictures which were selected from Indonesian online newspapers: Republika.co.id on 21 January 2013, Kompas.com on 28 January 2013, Radarcirebon.com on 17 January 2013, and Harianjogja.com on 5 March 2013. They were selected because the issues were about the news of flood which was the headlines at that time.
In collecting the data, first, the online newspapers were downloaded and stored in a hard disk. The selected online newspapers were four news articles in each online newspaper about flood in Jakarta. Here is the table that presents the four selected online news articles about flood taken from Kompas.com, Republika.co.id, Radarcirebon.com, and Harianjogja.com.
No. Online
Newspapers
The Title of The Online News Articles
Date of The Articles Published 1 Kompas.com Dampak Banjir, Inflasi Bisa
Melonjak 28 January 2013
2 Republika.co.id Ini Dia Orang yang Paling Girang
Saat Jakarta Banjir 21 January 2013
3 Radarcirebon.com Ahok Menghilang, Jokowi Hadapi
Banjir Sendirian 17 January 2013
4 Harianjogja.com Jakarta Banjir Lagi: 9 Kelurahan
Terendam 5 March 2013
Table 3.1 The Selected Online Newspapers
Kompas.com is the online newspaper which comes from Kompas newspaper. Kompas is one of widely read national newspapers in Indonesia. The reason of selecting Kompas.com online newspaper is because it can provide news, information, and representation of flood nationally. Republika.co.id is the online version of Republika newspaper. Republika is another widely read national newspaper in Indonesia. Republika.co.id was selected because it can also distribute news, information, and representation of flood nationally. Additionally, Harianjogja.com and Radarcirebon.com come from Harian Jogja and Radar Cirebon newspaper. They were selected because they can distribute news,
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information, and representation of flood regionally. These four different newspapers represent flood both nationally and regionally.
The online news articles were converted into word texts in order to ease the analysis. The unit of analysis of the verbal texts is clause. Additionally, the visual texts were also downloaded and stored in a hard disk. The data analysis will be described in the next section.
3.4Data Analysis
The data in this study were in the form of pictures (visual texts) and words, phrases, sentences (verbal texts). The data in the form of visual texts were analysed by using Kress and van Leeuwen‟s framework (2006). The data in the form of verbal texts were then analysed by using Systemic Functional Linguistics as proposed by Halliday (1994). The data are analysed to reveal the representation of flood visually and verbally. After the representation was revealed, the data were then analysed to discover the signification of both visual and verbal representation of flood.
The study applies two steps of analysis. The first step was analysing the visual texts. This step shows how flood is represented in the pictures, what is happening in the pictures, and who are involved in the events visually. Afterward, the second step is analysing the verbal texts. This step uses Systemic Functional Linguistics as a tool for analysing the texts which were in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. Additionally, this step also shows how flood is represented verbally.
3.5Data Presentation
In this point, the visual and verbal texts analyses are elaborated in the table. The analysis contains the description which describes the picture. Furthermore, the analysis also contains signification which elaborates the meaning of the description. The analysed data are then presented in tables such as the following:
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Tukang ojek saat ngetem di pangkalannya (Caption).
Picture 3.1 The Picture of “Ini Dia Orang yang Paling Girang Saat Jakarta Banjir” (Title) Republika.co.id Article
Description
(Visual Text) Signification
This is a Pangkalan Ojek (Ojek Terminal). This place is used for ojek riders to wait for the passengers. The ojek rider is at the central of the picture wearing a red jacket. He is sitting on his motorcycle. He is looking at the viewers. There is also another person wearing a white shirt. He is a shopkeeper. He is sitting on the chair and looking at the thing that he is holding. He is put on the left of the picture.
In the picture, there are three motorcycles which have three different colours: red, blue, and yellow. In front of the blue motorcycle, there is the sign “Pangkalan Ojek” which means that that person is an ojek rider who
The setting of the picture is in Jakarta. The event happened in the afternoon. There is a person who is sitting on the motorcycle. He is an ojek rider who is waiting for the passengers. He is made salient.
From the perspective of layout composition, the ojek driver wearing a red jacket is positioned a bit to the right, and compared to other participants is bigger in size. He is also foregrounded. When one participant is foregrounded and bigger in size compared to other, the participant becomes more salient. In relation to this, Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) argue that participant who is positioned at the central of the picture is called „salience‟. The most salient element or participant in the picture is made to attract the viewers‟ attention (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006).
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is waiting for his customers. The motorcycles, the shops, the sign “Pangkalan Ojek”, and the table are the setting of the event in the picture.
From the perspective of vector, vector in this picture is realized by the gaze of the ojek rider to the viewers. It means that the vector positions the ojek rider as „reacter‟. Reacter is “the active participant in reaction processes whose look creates the eyeline” (Kress & van leeuwen, 2006). In this picture, the ojek rider is looking in front of him. His gaze is directed toward the viewers. His gaze offers the viewers to use his service.
The angle of the ojek driver is frontal which means he is depicted clearly and he is looking forward. Frontal angle means that what people see is part of their world, something they are involved with (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006).
Verbal Text Analysis
Caption: Tukang ojek saat ngetem di pangkalannya
Article: Banjir yang melanda Ibukota Jakarta sejak awal pekan
The message of the layout composition and the vector are further elaborated by the verbal text.
Tukang ojek saat ngetem
The ojek rider was waiting for passengers Actor Material
di pangkalannya in the ojek terminal Circ: Place
Banjir yang melanda Ibukota Jakarta Flood which struck the capital city of
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
lalu Jakarta
Actor Material Goal sejak awal pekan lalu
since the last week Circ: Time
Meaning: Based on the analysis, it can be understood that “tukang ojek” and “banjir” are the actors of the event. The analysis of the caption shows that there is only one participant; that is the Actor. The actor is the ojek rider (tukang ojek) in the caption which does not have goal. According to Kress & van Leeuwen (2006, p. 63), when an image has one participant, this is called „a non-transactional process‟. Furthermore, the analysis of the article shows that there are two participants; those are the Actor and the Goal. The actor is flood (banjir) in the article which has goal; that is Ibukota Jakarta. According to Kress & van Leeuwen (2006, p. 63), when image has two participants, one is the Actor and the other is the Goal. This process is called „a transactional process‟.
Table 3.2 The Example of Flood in the Verbal and Visual Texts Analysis
Based on the table, the visual analysis reveals that flood is the situation which can bring positive effect for people in Jakarta. When Jakarta was flooded, there was a new job as ojek rider for people in Jakarta. Meanwhile, the verbal analysis reveals that flood is the situation which brings a negative effect for
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people in Jakarta. It can be seen in the transitivity analysis that the clause uses a verb “struck”. Therefore, the visual and verbal texts analysis does not related each other.
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
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Purwanto, Didik. (2013, January 9). Dampak banjir, inflasi bisa melonjak. Retrieved from http://nasional.kompas.com/
Richardson, J. E. (2007). Analysing newspapers: An approach from Critical
Discourse Analysis. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rowsell, J., et. al. (2013). Visual optics: Interpreting body art, three ways. Visual
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Serafini, F. (2011). Expanding perspectives for comprehending visual images in multimodal texts. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 10, p. 342-350. Serafini, F. (2012). Expanding the four resources model: Reading visual and
multi-modal texts. Pedagogies: An International Journal, 7, p. 150-164.
TheFreeDictionary. (2013). Online newspaper. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/
VanDijk, T. A. (2003). Ideology and discourse. Barcelona: Pompeu Fabra University. VanDijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and context: A sociocognitive approach.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VanLeeuwen, T. (2005). Introducing social semiotics. New York: Routledge.
VanLeeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and practice: New tools for Critical Discourse
Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Victor, L. F. (2011). A Systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis approach
to pedagogic discourse. Singapore: National University of Singapore.
Walsh, M. (2009). Pedagogic potentials of multimodal literacy. Australia: IGI Global.
Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: SAGE Publications.
Wok. (2013, March 7). Ahok menghilang, Jokowi hadapi banjir sendirian. Retrieved from http://radarcirebon.com/
Young, L. & Harrison, C. (2004). Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
lalu Jakarta
Actor Material Goal sejak awal pekan lalu
since the last week Circ: Time
Meaning: Based on the analysis, it can be
understood that “tukang ojek” and “banjir” are the actors of the event. The analysis of the caption shows that there is only one participant; that is the Actor. The actor is the ojek rider (tukang ojek) in the caption which does not have goal. According to Kress & van Leeuwen (2006, p. 63), when an image has one participant, this is called
„a non-transactional process‟. Furthermore,
the analysis of the article shows that there are two participants; those are the Actor and the Goal. The actor is flood (banjir) in the article which has goal; that is Ibukota Jakarta. According to Kress & van Leeuwen (2006, p. 63), when image has two participants, one is the Actor and the other is the Goal. This process is called „a
transactional process‟.
Table 3.2 The Example of Flood in the Verbal and Visual Texts Analysis
Based on the table, the visual analysis reveals that flood is the situation which can bring positive effect for people in Jakarta. When Jakarta was flooded, there was a new job as ojek rider for people in Jakarta. Meanwhile, the verbal analysis reveals that flood is the situation which brings a negative effect for
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
people in Jakarta. It can be seen in the transitivity analysis that the clause uses a verb “struck”. Therefore, the visual and verbal texts analysis does not related each other.
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Luciyana Dwiningrum,2014
Flood in the indonesian online newspapers:A multimodal critical discourse analysis of the representation of flood
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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