1 OPTIMALISASI PROSES SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK ALGA MERAH (Eucheuma cottonii) DENGAN KATALIS KALIUM HIDROKSIDA (KOH)
! " #$%&'
" ( ) " ) ) " "( " " , (( " + *
" ) * - + ( " , (( ,) " " " " ( + * "(
( ) " "( )" " " ) ( (( ) ) " ( " . / " "( ) " " " "
" " ) , ( " )" ((
)
- " ) , " %$ '$ 1$ 2$
3 ( 4 (. ( & 5 % ' 0 6 ) " (
" " " ) " " ( ( " ) / 4 ) " " ) " (
)
" 1$ 3 " %.' 0 ( " ) &% $227 6 ) " ( " ) " ( (( , , , 8 )" " ) , ) % %5& 9/ $ :5:5 (; < $ $ 5 " ( ) $ 11 (; 6 ) " ( "
- /! 812' + ( , , ( (( )"
( 9 = 6 ) " - , 9 ) ) " > ) ), )9 ), ) "
" , " , ) "( ) " * + 4 ) )
- ) "( + ) " 4 4 " 6 ) " "( ) " 4 ( ) ( ? 9 ) )9
4
- )? " ) ) ( . )" 6 ) " * " > , ) "( ) " , 9 ) )9 )" )"
)
9 - " ! )9 ) %$ '$ 1$ 2$ 3 4 9 ) & 5 % ' ) ! ) " , 9 , , 9 ),
) 9 4 9 "9 " ) ), 9) ) " ! )
$
9 ) ( ( ( ), ) " 9) ) 1$ 3 ,) %.' ) 4 9) ) &% $227 ! ) " ), ( 9) )
4
9 9 > 9 "" 9 9 "" ! " )4 9) 4 " ) 4 % %5& 9/ $ :5:5 (; < $ $ 5 $ 11
(; 9 " 6 ) " , ) "( ) " 4 ) ,, 9 ) " , " 9 ), ) 9 ")4
4) = ) " , " , 9 - )
" ) ) = > @ )) 9)
, ( , (
6 6 ) " 8 " !
- 66 + . " / 4 *&$$'+ " "
( 9 / ( " )
9 ( " "
4 9 ( ( (( " ) "( 8 " " )
" "
4 ) 9 , , )
9 8 4 ) ( " ) "( " " 0 ( ( (( 6) )9)99
( " ( 8 " "" )" 9 ( (.
3 " ( ( " ) ) ) (" )"
(( ( ( 6) )9)99 (( ( ( " 1%7 (
) ) 8 " "" )" 9 6 ,) " ( ( ( " %&7
9 " ( *&$$1+ 0 ( " " 4 * " + 9 ) "(
8 4 ( ( / " * ) + " ( *&$$:+ " "
,) " ( " (" )" 9 ) "( 9 , ( ) ( -" ), " ( ((
( 3 " ) ) / > ),, ) ) ( *&$$1+ (( 9 ) "( 9 ( " , "( ) )
- 4 " + ( ( ) " " *A ) ) &$$1+
8 " *&$$1+ 0 / " )" ( " (( " ) "( (
( 9 ( ) 9 %$ $$$ ( (( &$ $$$ "
( ( " ) " 6 ) " ( / (
" , " " ) "( " " ( ( . ( " " ,
( ( ) " ( ( / (( " 6 ) " " ) ) "
)" ( (( " 4 6 ) " ) "(
6 "( " " / " 4 / " ) )
( " , " ( 6 ( 0 " " ( " ( " "
- ( ( "( *B 9 9) ) "(
- "( *B 9 9) ) ) "( ) "( ( " (
) "( " )" ) " " " ) ) ) " (
9 / " "
9
" " "(%" ! "&" 1" $ * - .//0
" ) ( ( " " - (
) ( = '$ (
" " " ( " "
%$
)
3 9 &$$.&'$ )" 5% 5 (
=1+ " $ ' (
" ( " ( ( ( " %$
)
3 "
9 %$
)
)
3
9 )". " (
" " " (
4 1$ / " 9 "
9) ) ( .
5 " )" 9 )9) (( ,
" , 4 ( (" )" ( ,
( " 9) ) (
( " ( (" )" ( (
"
3 ( )" ( (
1#
4 ) ) "
"( ( ) " ( 6 ) "
(( " ( ( " 6 ) "
8 " ) ) " ) ( )
, * " ) )" + "
4 ( " ) )" * )"+
( " 9 " B * B+ (" )"
" )" > */ &$$1+ "
( 9 ) " ) , ( "
" 9 ( " > * &$$ +
6 " "
"( *B 9 9) ) + ( "
- ( )" )"
- 7 + "
!" "
( " ( ( " . ( ( =5 ; " ( )" ( (( ) )
6 . ( ( " "( * + .
)" C " ) * -
B. 9 + )"
# $ % &' !" "
/ " "( " " " &$$:
8 D ( " " (
9 D ( 6 " / " 4 / " " " < ) ) < ) ) - (
" " ( "
" &$$:
(% ) (! " " * !+ % + (% (, ! " $ * - .//0
( " ( )? "
- B. 9 + )" #1 7 ) "
- B. 9 + 3" *B. 9 +
. = "
4 ( ) ) " ) " " " "
)
1# 3 " E /- ( ) "
& %
" " 9) C " %: ( ( 4 " 9 9 " " C ( ( "
! " " ( C
- , " ( (( (
) " E /- " ( " ( "
& %
" ( (
3 " ) " = ) ) ) (
" ( ( " ( ( ) " ( (( 9 "
" " ( " ( " 9 ( " " (
( " %$ " ( ( ( (
)
'$ 1$ 2$ 3 ( 4 ( ( " & 5 % ' 0 ( " / "
) (
!" " & & ( !
6 ) " & ( ( " * ) "+ " " B " " ) " " (
$$ < '$ ( (( 9 " $ ' E " ) )" - < / " " (
9 " ( 9 (
" . "
!" " % "
" " / " " ( ( ( 9) ) "
)
3" $ ' E (( ) ) $'. $
3 )" " ! 4 )
)
( " ( 4 $'. $ 3 " 5$
- / #:#+
) / "
!" " & & (
4 ( (( 6 ) " ( )" 4 ) ) (
" " B " / " "
4 $$ < '$ < " ) )" $ ' ( "
" #' 7 ) $'. $
)
"
4 3 " A ( " ) )( / " ( " ( " )
( $ - E ( (( ) ) " (
)" " 8 ( ( " */ #:#+ " */ #:#+ !" " + "! (%"$&
" " "2 3" " "! 6 " ( ) "(%" ! (
9 ) ( = $ & (
( " ) ) " ) " " ( " F 9) " ' < 3"
- " 4 ) ( '7 " (( ) )(
" " ( " ,) " $ 5$:27 * ; + / " " / " ( )" )
( " " ) " ( (( ' < ) $ $' )" "
4 " " ( ( )9) " ) * - + " "
" ( , F " ( )" ( ) " %$
)
' < (( 4 '$ 1$ 2$ 3 (
4 ( " " & (. ( & 5 % ' 0
" " 7 / " ( )" "( 4 ( )" =
- " (( 3 )" "
1 "
7 " " ( )
- / , ( 0 &$$:+ ( 4 " " * ) %" "(%" !
) , " & , , 4 (" )" ,
"
(! " " * " !+
, " ( " ( 9 (( " .
"( *B ( ( ( 3) ) + ( " ( ( " " ( )
( ( " 8 " " )" " ( (( 7 ) *G+ H )"
" . ( ( ( " " =5 * ; + " " ) ) "
8 7 ) ( B $$ ( ( " ! "
" $ 5$:2 (
! 5 ! 6 ( 4 " "(%" ! * + %"' (! % 4 " " $ $ % 1 $ " )
E) A / + 3+ *7+ * * %$
& %$
'$
2 &1
& 1$
% &$
2$
# 52
%$
& %$
'$
& 2
& 5 1$
& %
2$
# 5:
%$
% :2
'$
% 1&
5 % 1$
&%
2$
1 #2
%$
2 55
'$
% 1
% ' 1$
&%
2$
% '2
- ( (( " )" ) 1$
4 % ' 0
" 1$ * + ) " ( ( " 9 ( "
) 3 / ( 4 "
3 8 " " 9 ) "" *&$$#+ ) " "
( (( " " 1$ )
8 " " / *&$$1+ ) , ) " ( * <+
4 " ( ) 8 ( " " 0 ) "
( " ( ((
( " ) "
4 " (
3 "
)
" ) ( 9 " %$ 2$
D 5 0 ( 4 " 0 " " ) ( )" 0 (
9 )" ". )" " >
(( ) (
) ( )" " 0 "
" ( & 5 0 , 4 (
) ( )" " ( ( " ( (
( " ( ( " % ' 0 "
4 4 ( ) ) " "
5
4 9 ( " ) 8 ( , D
"
6 , ) ( ( " ) (
&
5 2" 6 ( 4 " "(%" ! % ' + $ $ $ %
1 $ "- 7 + " "( ( $.& #7 " $ 512.$ :&7 / (
7 "(
- &$$' " 9 ) "" &$$#+ " ( " " *&$$#+ ( (( " 4 *&$$#+ ( " > 7 ) ( " ) "
(( ( 8 ( )
(( 9 )" ". )" " ((
( 0 ( 6 ( 2$ I3
) " ) ( )" /
( " (( 1$
)
3 ( " ) )" ( " " (
, ) ((
, (
9 ) ( "
" ) , ( ( " " ( " ( ( " ) ) "
" ( ( ) ) " " > " " ) (
( " "
- )"+ ((
- 8 " *&$$ + " (
9 ) " ) , ( " " 9 ( " )
, (( " 9 " (" " ) )" " " (
- .B ; !+
) , ( ( " / ( " ( ) " ( ( , "
/ (( " ) " ( ( " > (
8 " (
9 (( ) 0 ( ( /
J ) 9 * . + J , ) , * . + B J B ( *9 "; )"+ J ) ( *9 " ( . )" . . + ! J )" * +
" 5% $$7 ! (( 7 " 4 ( " (
" " / " ( 7 " %7 " "
(( " >
"( * + 8 ( , D 5 "
4 %$ '$ I3 1$I3 ( " 7 ) ) " ( )" 1$I3
7 ) ( " ( %$.1$ )
3 " /
( " ) )" ( )" ( " (
" ( ( ( 4 )" " ( )
4 )" 1% 2
I3 (
9 "
= J
KKKKKKKK*&+ " J L ) *" +KK*5+ 8 ( =
(" )" "
- " 4 =
< : ; ;
8
8 : : .
8 78 .
78
8 .
<
8
98
8 . ;
8 ;
98
8 . : .
8
79
8
8
79 .
8 <
78
8 .
8
78
.8 ;
98
8 .
98
8 8 777
8 . ; :
8
79 .
8 < .
8 <
78
8 . :
78
8 .
8 : 98 : . .
98
8 . < .
8 .
8 & = " "2" " ! ( (!" " &" * !+ & % & (! % + !" ) " ( "
" " "2 3" " % "&" "
"(%" ! % " !+ " , " " ( , ( "
- (( " , . " 5 , , , , ( )
4 ( " ( ( ( ,
4
- /! 812' + :$H#$ 7 )
" ( " " ) " ( ,
( , . , ,
4
9 " )" (" )" " " ) )" " (( 4 < (
4
9 ( " " ( $ 7 " ! " " ( 4 " " ( " " )
" " 4 )" ) ( "
( ( = ; . @ " " * 8 " " ( " )" *6 + ) "
& ? $ 4 % ( 2" " >" ( " "(%" !
%$I3 / (( " " 4 ) " ( )
) ( " 1 9/
(( ) ) " ( " 1 5 9/ /! ### ( ) " ) "
)
) " $$
) " % %5& 9/ E " ) "
J % %5& 9/ / (( )" " )
M J $ $%G L $ :5& J * $ $% ? $$ + L $ :5&
( = 9) ) ( < #
" " ( " " 8 " " " ) " "
0.694 1.086 5 $ 0.689 1.302 % & 0.681 1.299
E) ) *7+ 8 *(; <+ F ) *9/ + . $ 1'' 0.884 & :
! = ! $ $ + ( " % "! " 4" ( "
()" ( " )" " ) ! " %
( ) ) " ( " " ( 9 :7 $7 &7 8 "
F ) ( " ( " ( ( . ( ( (
" . " = ; 5 >" ( " >" ( " *
) " " , 1$I3 % ' 0 ) " " (
4 , 1$I3 " % ' 0 ) " ) "
- ) + 1$
I3 $ :5:5 (; < 6 &$$1 " $ '
( )" ) " 4 ) " " ( " ") ) " 1$ (( $ %&
(; < ( 4 = ; = "! (%"$& + " ( 6 " ( ) )" " " /! ### ( ) " ) " ) ( ((
6 ( " E - /
6 & &
5
" $ #$$ (; < 1$I ( )" " (
" ) $ 11 (;6 " $ #$$ (; < 6 " ( ) 1$I ( /E .$%.2 :&.&$$1 ' " ( (; " ( )" ( ) " (
" " " ( , . , , ) " " )"
" ! " '
1 = ; ; % " / " " , , " 0 ( " , ) " "
8 ( )" " ) " $ $ 5 /E .$%.2 :&.
! ? %" + "2 < "2 2" " "(%" ! % " - &" * %" ! % &" * (! &" - 5AAA "(%" ! (% % " " * " * ( "2 )" &" * %" ! (! !+ / , 9 D ,
8 H &#: $ :% H $ #& $ :& H $ :2 $ %& 1$I ;1$I & F 9) $$I 9/
1 H ' : 1 5
5 A . . . ( 9) " ! 0 "! !" " "2 "&" "(%" ! "
E) E " / /E .$%.2 :&.&$$1 $ $ 5 ? $ ' & 6 " ( ) $ 11 ? '
8 ! " ' ! " 1 9 ) "( / " " * 4 ) " ) + "
9
( " B" 5' *&+ #'.&$5
, 1$ I3 / E " <
( 4 %.' *&$$#+ ( !) 6 ) "
)" ) ! /! 812' /E .$%.
9 ) & * +
2 :&.&$$1 E ) " #.& +
"( * + " ##: 6 ( , ( ( < M)(
- " * ( 6 (( &$$% A 9 " 6 ) " ( 9 " ) 9 ) , ) "( *) " + )"
=;;444 8 & &$$: % &$ A !
) )
E) 8 " " " *&$$ + 6 ) " " 4 " )" ) 9 ) ! , 9 )
- "( *B 9) ) ), - " 6 ) 6 ) ( #& *'+ ( )" " %$'.% 1
$ 5$:27 * ; + B 9) ) ( 6 ) ) ! *&$$%+ ) ) ( ! ,
)" " ) ) " " ( " / 4 ( (( " 1$ )3 " %.' (( )" "
( " ) ! )")( )" &%
7 8 " " E ( ( ( *&+ , , &$
" 4 ) " "
4 E *&$$#+ - " "( *B ) / 6 ) " 8 9 "(
- B 9 + 9) ) /)9 ,) ! ( " 9) ) + 8 ( B > < * /! 812' + /E .$%.2 :&.
6 F / &$$1 " ( )" A /
( , , ( " , "
) ( )" ( 9 " N /) , " B
/ 8 > *&$$:+ , ) B <
4 B ##5 9 ) "( " 9 "(" 9 )" 6 < 3 , )9 ,) ), "
()" ) 9 ) =
9
6 9 ! " ) " '%
" E &$$' 6 ) " 1& .15# ( ( ) ) ) M / &$$1 ( "
9 D E ) "= ) F ) (( ,) * +
- &$$1+ / 9 9 " " *- " + 444 ) ( B? 9 ) -, - " )
&& &$$: % $' 9 ) "" M < A !
4 *&$$#+ , &$$2 - " ) 6 ) " 8
/ 6 ) " 8 6 0 " * 8 + *- > ( + 8 ( ) 8 ( B > < ! , "
6 F / " / A / E ) " !
) ./!E &$$# 6 ( #.&$ - ) &$$1
66 A &$$% < "( *- " + ) ,)")( 8 444 ) ( %
E ) " 8 ) &$$# " 8 / D *&$$#+ - "
( 8 ) ) / 6 ) " 8 (
"( *B 9 ) D &$$' 8 9 ), 9) ) + 8 ( " 6 ) " " ) ) !
6 F / / 9 ), 9 " " A / B " )9 ( ! 9 )")( :1 $'#. $2$
< ) M.M < ) < < )" ) B ##% / &$$1
> ) ), > 9 - ( B 9 9) )
, 9 ) ) ) " ( ( ) - , 9 ) " 9 " 9) )
- " ) )")( B > =;;444 ) 9 ) " ! 9 )")( &' * ###+= &: 0 &$$:
&51.&%5 < ) ) ), / > ),, E *&$$1+ ) " ( ) ) B ( ( " / " ) ), "( )
), ! 9 )")( 6 ) " " 3 9" / "
! - ) 3" < 8 /
##: 6 ) " " , ) /), ( 6 ##: " 9 "" / ) " ) )" 6 0
! , 9 ) ), 6 , E " ( E - ! "")4 B ( 3 D M)( 52 521: H 522 / , ( 0 &$$:
&$$2
8 ( 8 <
- "
" " =;; ( " 9 ( "
% &$$# ' 5 A ! 6 4 0 " ( E ( &$$2 ) / 0 / #:# "
6
- " *- "
< =;; &$$2 4) 9) M)( M)(
% &$$: " / 8 &$$1 - " ) $#=5' A
) "
- 0 0 ( ) 9 9 6 ( ! )")( < (
< + ( (( " " ( )
- ! )")(
! ( / ! &$$5 (
) ) E
6 8 ( " 6 6 6 ) " ) (
/ ) &$$5 E8 / (
&5.&% " &$$' ! ) &$$2 6 ) " 8 ! "( + *- "
444 ) ( & &$$: % &$ A !
! ) &$$5 ) 6 ) "
- ) *- " ;;444 ) 9)
& &$$: % &$ A ! ! / 4 / *&$$'+
< C " ) 9 ) ( ) "( ) " -, !
)" %: *'+ &' .&'#
A ) ) &$$1 , ( ( 6 ), "
) *- " + 444 ) ( & &$$: % 5& A !
M 8 ( " 8 " M ! &$$' " ) < 3 " ()"
< / (
6
3
9
9
2
- = &.:
/ &$$' "( / ( / " " ,
6 6 6 ) " )
=;;444 ( )9 9)
- " + 8 & &$$: % &$ A !
&$$5 6 ) " / ( " , ((
6 6 ) " ) ) 8 " < ) ! F