STUOI IN VITRO ABSORPSI PERKUTAN HIDROKINON DALAM BASIS KRIM DENGAN EMULGATOR TRIETANOLAMIN S TE A R A T, TWEEN - SPAN DAN COCO - BETAINE

  H AN AF I T AN O J O STUOI IN VI TRO ABSORPSI PERKUTAN HIDROKINON DALAM BASIS KRIM DENGAN EMULGATOR TRIETANOLAMIN

  

FAK U LTAS FARM ASI

UNI VERSI TAS AI R LAN GGA

SUR ABAYA

1989

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

SKRI PSI

STEARAT, TWEEN - SPAN DAN COCO - BETAINE

  S TUDI I N VI T RO ABS ORP S I P E RKUT AN HI DROKI NON DAL AM BAS I S KRI M DE NGAN E MUL GAT OR T RI E T ANOL AMI N S TEARAT, T WE E N- S P AN DAN COCO- BE T AI NE

  S KRI P S I DI BUAT UNT UK MEMENUHI S YARAT ME NCAP AI GE L AR S ARJ ANA F ARMAS I P ADA F AKUL T AS F ARMAS I UNI VE RS I T AS AI RL ANGGA 1 9 8 9 o l e h :

  HANAF I TANOJ O 0 5 8 4 1 0 6 1 0 DR, WI DJ I S OERATRI

  P e mb l mb 1 n g U Ui ma P c mb l mb l n g S e r t a

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

Un t u k a y a h , i b u d a n a d i k k u

  " Ba g ! Oi a , s a t u - s a t u n y a Al l a h y a n g p e n u h h i k ma t , o l e h Ye s u s Kr l s t u s : s e g a l a k e mu l i a a n s a mp a i s e l a r t a - l a ma n y a ! Ami n . " Roi na 1 6 2 7

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  KATA P E NGANT AR P u j l s y u k u r s a y a n a l k k a n k e h a d l r a t Tu h a n Ya n g Ma h a

  Ku a s a a t a s s e g a l a a n u g e r a h Ny a , s e h l n g g a S k r i p s l k a ml y a n g b e r j u d u l : S TUDI I N VI T RO ABS ORP S I P E RKUT AN HI DROKI NON DAL AM BAS I S KRI M DENGAN E MUL GAT OR T RI E T ANOL AMI N S TEARAT, T WE E N- S P AN DAN COCO- BE T AI NE d a p a t d i s e l e s a i k a n p a d a wa k t u n y a , s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t d a l a m me n c a p a l g e l a r

  S a r j a n a F a r ma s l p a d a F a k u l t a s F a r ma s i Un i v e r s l t a s Ai r l a n g g a *

  Ba n y a k h a l y a n g ma s l h h a r u s d i t e l i t l a g a r ma n u s i a d a p a t me mp e r b a i k i k e h i d u p a n n y a d a r i wa k t u k e wa k t u . P e ma - k a l a n s u a t u b a h a n p e r l u d i a wa s i s a mp a i s e j a u h ma n a p e n g a - r u h n y a b a g l k e a d a a n t ut puh ma n u s i a i t u s e n d i r i . I n i l a h ₁ t u j u a n d i a k u k a n n y a p e n e l i t i a n i n i . Da l a m p e n y e l e s a i a n t u g a s i n i s a y a b a n y a k me mp e r o l e h b a n t u a n d a r i b e r b a g a i p i h a k . Ra s a t e r i ma k a s i h y a n g t a k t e r h i n g g a s a y a u c a p k a n k e p a d a :

  1. I b u DR. Wi d j l S o e r a t r l , d a r i L a b o r a t o r i u m P r e s k r i p s i - F o r mu l a s i J u r a s a n F a r ma s e t i k a F a k u l t a s F a r ma s i Un i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a , s e l a k u Do s e n P e mb i mb i n g .

  2. Ba p a k Dr s . S o e g i h a r t o Ha d l mo e l j a , d a r i L a b o r a t o r i u m P r e s k r 1p s 1 - F o r mu 1 a s 1 J u r u s a n F a r ma s e t i k a F a k u l t a s

  F a r ma s i Un i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a , s e l a k u Do s e n P e mb i mb i n g

  3. Ba p a k Ke t u a J u r u s a n F a r ma s e t i k a F a k u l t a s F a r ma s i i i i

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  Un l v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a d a n Ke p a l a L a b o r a t o r i u m P r e s k r l p s i - F o r mu l a s l J u r u s a n F a r ma s e t l k a s e r t a s e g e n a p S t a f P e n g a j a r d a n k a r y a wa n J u r u s a n F a r ma s e t l k a y a n g t e l a h me mb e r i k a n f a s i l i t a s y a n g k a ml p e r g u n a k a n u n t u k me l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n d a n b a n t u a n t e n a g a d a n p i k i r a n h i n g g a s e l e s a i n y a p e n e l i t i a n i n i .

  4. PT. S u r y a De r ma t o Me d i c a L a b o r a t o r i e s , PT. Ma r i o n Co s me t i c s d a n PT. Be r n o p h a r m y a n g t e l a h me mb a n t u me n y e d i a k a n b a h a n - b a h a n u n t u k p e n e l i t i a n i n i .

  5. Ba p a k d a n I b u Do s e n y a n g t e l a h me n g a j a r k a n i l mu n y a ₆ me l a l u i k u l i a h d a n p r a k t i k a .

  . Ke l u a r g a , t e ma n - t e ma n d a n r e k a n - r e k a n ma h a s i s wa y a n g t e l a h me mb e r i k a n d o r o n g a n ma u p u n b a n t u a n d a l a m me n g u mp u l k a n d a t a d a n me n y u s u n n a s k a h i n i .

  7. P i h a k - p i h a k l a i n y a n g t a k d a p a t s a y a s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r s a t u d i s i n i . S e mo g a TUHAN Ya n g Ma h a k u a s a me l i mp a h k a n r a h ma t Ny a a t a s s e g a l a b u d i b a i k y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i k a n .

  T u l i s a n i ni ma s i h j a u h d a r i s e mp u r n a . S e g a l a k r i t i k d a n s a r a n d a r i p e mb a c a y a n g b u d i ma n s a n g a t d i h a r a p k a n det ni k e ma j u a n I l mu F a r ma s i p a d a k h u s u s n y a d a n d a p a t me mb e r i k a n ma n f a a t k e p a d a ma s y a r a k a t l u a s p a d a u mu mn y a .

  S u r a b a y a , J u l i 1 9 8 9 P e n y u s u n

  Ha n a f i Ta n o j o i v 1 . \A N

  .'.i'CLAN CGA"

• * 2 .

  f 1 . 2 . S l f a t Kl ml a d a n F i s i o l o g l P i g me n t a s i .

  19 3 . 3 . F a k t o r y a n g p e r l u d i p e r t i mb a n g k a n d a l a m p e mi l i h a n d a s a r k r i m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 v

  19 3 . 2 . P e n g g o l o n g a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  19 3. 1 . De f i n l s i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  15 3. S e d i a a n Kr i m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  13 2 . 3 . Me t o d a P e n e l i t i a n Ab s o r p s i P e r k u t a n . .

  12 2 . 2 . F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n g a r u h i Ab s o r p s l P e r k u t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  11 2 . 1 . J a l u r Ab s o r p s i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  9 2, Ab s o r p s l P e r k u t a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  5

  DAF T AR I SI Ba b

  5 1 . 1 . An a t o ml d a n F i s i o l o g l Ku l i t . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  5 1 . Ku l I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  3 I I T I NJ AUAN P US T AKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

   Tu j u a n P e m i l l t l a n ...............................................................

  1

  I P E N D A H U L U A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. La t a r n e l a k a n g P e n e l i t i a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  DAF T AR G A M B A R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi i i DAF T AR T ABE L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i x DAF T AR L AMP I RAN . ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

  Ha l a ma n KAT A P E N G A N T A R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i DAF T AR I S I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  3 . 4 . P r e p a r a t P e mu t i h Ku l i t ( Bl e a c h i n g ) . . 2 4

  4. Hi d r o k i n o n . . f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 4 . 1 . S i f a t - s i f a t F i s i k a Ki mi a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 4 . 2 . S e b a g a i Bl e a c h i n g Ag e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  26 4 . 3 . Ef e k S &mp i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6

  5. T r i e t a n o l a mi n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 6 . S p a n d a n T w e e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

  7. Co c o - b c t a i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8

  I I I ALAT, BAHAN DAN Mf t TODA P E N E L I T I A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 1 . A L A T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0

  2. B A H A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0

  3. T AHAP AN K E R J A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3 . 1 . P e mb u a t a n S e d i a a n Kr i m Hi d r o k i n o n . . .

  31 3 . 2 . Ka r a k t e r i s a s i S e d l a a n Kr i m Hi d r o k i n o n . 3 4 3 . 3 . P e n e t a p a n Ab s o r p s i P e r k u t a n Hi d r o k i n o n 3 5 3 . 4 . P e n e t a p a n Ka d a r Cu p l i k a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6

  4. ANAL I S A DAT A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9

  I V HAS I L P E NE L I T I AN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0

  1. P e me r i k s a a n Ku a l i t a t l f Hl d r o k l n o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 2. Ka r a k t e r i s a s i S e d i a a n Kr i m Hi d r o k i n o n . . . .

  41

  3. P a n j a n g g e l o mb a n g ma k s i mu m . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2

  4. Ku r v a b a k u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

  5. P e n g u k u r a n s a mp e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 6 . Ku r v a p e r b a n d i n g a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 vi

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  V P E MBAHAS AN , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3

  1. Ab s o r p s i P e r k u t a n Hi d r o k i n o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6

  2. P e r b a n d i n g a n Ab s o r p s i P e r k u t a n Hi d r o k i n o n Da r i Tl g a Ba s i s Kr i m De n g a n E mu l g a t o r Ya n g B e r b e d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8

  VI KE S I MP UL AN DAN S A R A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 R I N G K A S A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4

  VI I DAF T AR P U S T A K A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 L A MP I R A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 v i i

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  BAB I P E NDAHUL UAN 1 . L a t a r Be l a k a n g P e n e l i t i a n S e t i a p ma n u s i a me n d a mb a k a n k u l l t y a n g s e h a t , y a n g me mb e r i k a n p e n a mp l l a n y a n g me n a r l k , k a r e n a b a g l a n I t u l a h y a n g l e b i h d a h u l u t e r l l h a t d a r i j a s ma n i ma n u s i a . S e h a t me n u r u t J e l l i n e k ( 1 ) me l i p u t i : wa r n a y a n g me r a t a , h a l u s me n g k i l a p ( l u s t e r ) d a n p e r mu k a a n n y a t a n p a . c a c a t ( r e l i e f y a n g b a l k ) . Ti d a k p e r d u l l a p a p u n wa r n a k u l i t n y a , o r a n g me n g l n g l n k a n k u l i t i t u b a g u s me r a t a d l s e l u r u h t u b u h . No d a a t a u b e r c a k ya ng, b e r wa r n a b e r b e d a d a n b e r s i f a t a b n o r ma l a t a u t i d a k s e h a r u s n y a a d a p a d a t u b u h n o r ma l , s a n g a t t i d a k d l h a r a p k a n .

  Na mu n k u l i t t i d a k s e l a ma n y a b i s a d i p e r t a h a n k a n d a l a m k e a d a a n b a l k . S e l r i n g d e n g a n b e r t a mb a h n y a u s l a , k u l l t ma n u s i a b i s a b e r u b a h . P a d a k u l i t o r a n g y a n g t u a u mu mn y a d l d a p a t i b e r c a k a t a u t i t i k - t l t i k b e r wa r n a l e b i h g e l a p d a r i a s a l n y a a t a u y a n g d i s e b u t p i g me n t a s i . Ha l I ni t e r j a d i k a r e n a p e n g a r u h h o r mo n t u b u h s e n d i r i d a n k e a d a a n a l a mi a h i ni t i d a k d i k e h e n d a k i o l e h b a n y a k o r a n g . Bu k a n s a j a k a r e n a s e b a b i n t e r n a l d i a t a s , t e t a p l o l e h s e b a b - s e b a b e k s t e r n a l s e p e r t i p e n g a r u h s i n a r ma t a h a r l , k e a d a a n l l n g k u n g a n d a n b a h a n - b a h a n k i mi a y a n g b e r s e n t u h a n d e n g a n k u l i t d a p a t p u l a me n i mb u l k a n p i g me n t a s i y a n g b e r l e b l h a n _i

  1 T T T T T u ”

  My r \ S U R A H A Y A___

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  a t a u h i p e r p i g me n t a s i .

  Un t u k me n g a t a s i p i g me n t a s i i ni ma n u s i a b e r u s a h a me r u b a h p e n a mp i l a n k u l i t n y a d e n g a n p e wa r n a a n b u a t a n , p e mu t i h a n k u l i t ( b l e a c h i n g ) a t a u c a r a - c a r a l a i n . Ha l - h a l i ni e r a t t e r k a i t d e n g a n k e b l a s a a n h i d u p , k e b u d a y a a n , a g a ma / k e p e r c a y a a n , s e r t a s i f a t i n g i n b e r s o l e k y a n g t a k h a b i s - h a b i s n y a . Ba n y a k o r a n g me n g i n g i n k a n wa r n a k u l i t n y a b e r u b a h d a r i g e l a p me n j a d i l e b i h t e r a n g , a t a u k u l i t y a n g p u t i h me n j a d i l e b i h g e l a p . S e mu a n y a i ni b e r t u j u a n u n t u k ₂ me n d a p a t k a n k u l i t y a n g b e r wa r n a u t u h d a n s e r b a s a ma ( ) . S e s u a i ma k s u d i ni d i g u n a k a n l a h b e r b a g a i b a h a n k i mi a y a n g d i a n t a r a n y a d a p a t me mu t i h k a n k u l i t ( d e p i g me n t i n g a g e n t / b l e a c h i n g a g e n t ) . S a l a h s a t u b a h a n d e p i g me n t a s i y a n g s a a t i ni s e r i n g d i g u n a k a n a d a l a h h i d r o k i n o n .

  Hi d r o k l n o n d i k e n a l a mp u h k a r e n a b e k e r j a l a n g s u n g p a d a p r o s e s p e mb e n t u k a n p i g me n k u l i t , s e h i n g g a e f e k n y a s e g e r a t e r a s a d a n s e k a l l g u s me mb a n t u t u b u h me n o r ma l k a n k e mb a l i p r o s e s p i g me n t a s i t e r s e b u t .

  Te r l e p a s d a r i k e a mp u h a n n y a u n t u k me n g h i l a n g k a n p e wa r n a a n / p l g me n t a s i y a n g t i d a k d i k e h e n d a k i d a r i k u l i t , h i d r o k l n o n me r u p a k a n s e n y a wa f e n o l , y a n g b e r s l f a t I r l t a n d a n t o k s i s b a g i t u b u h b i l a ma s u k k e d a l a m p e mb u l u h s i s t e mi k . S e b a g a i " b l e a c h i n g a g e n t " , h i d r o k i n o n d i g u n a k a n h a n y a p a d a p e r mu k a a n k u l i t . Me s k i p u n d e ml k i a n k i t a t a h u b a h wa k u l i t b u k a n l a h l a p i s a n y a n g i mp e r me a b e l s e mp u r n a . Ad a b a h a n - b a h a n y a n g s u d a h t e r b u k t i b i s a me n g a d a k a n p e n e t r a s i k e d a l a m k u l i t , s e p e r t l h o r mo n - h o r mo n k o r t i k o s t e r o i d ( 3 # 4 ) , a s a m n i k o t i n a t d a n e s t e r - e s t e r n y a ( 5 ) , a s a m s a l l s i l a t ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 ) , b e n z o c a i n e ( 1 1 ) , s u l f a d i a z i n e ( ^{1 2} ) , b a r b i t u r a t , l o k a l a n e s t e s l , a n t i b l o t l k a t e t r a s l k l l n , g o l o n g a n a mo n l u m k u a r t e r n e r

  ( 1 3 ) , i n d o me t h a c i n ( 1 4 ) , b a h a n - b a h a n k a r s i n o g e n l k ( 1 5 ) , d a n t e r u t a ma s e n y a wa - s e n y a wa f e n o l i k s e p e r t i : e u g e n o l d a n d e r i v a t n y a ( 1 0 ) , d a n f e n o l s e n d i r i ( 1 6 ) . Hi d r o k i n o n ma mp u p u l a me n g a d a k a n p e n e t r a s i s e r u p a , a p a l a g l d e n g a n p e ma k a l a n y a n g s e r i n g - Ab s o r p s i me l a l u i k u l i t d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h b a n y a k h a l .

  Ku l i t t i d a k d a p a t d i t e mb u s o l e h b a n y a k b a h a n , k a r e n a b a h a n - b a h a n i n i g a g a l me n e mb u s me l a l u i b e r b a g a i l a p i s a n k u l i t ( 1 3 ) . T e r n y a t a , d a l a m b e n t u k s e d i a a n t e r t e n t u b a h a n - b a h a n i ni b i s a me n g a l a ml a b s o r p s i ( ⁸ ) . Di s i n i l a h p e mb a wa d a l a m s e d i a a n ( a t a u u n t u k k r i m : b a s i s n y a ) me mp u n y a i p e r a n a n y a n g a ma t p e n t l n g d a l a m me n d o r o n g t e r j a d i n y a a b s o r p s l p e r k u t a n a t a u p u n me n g h a mb a t n y a

  ( 7 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7 ) . Ap a l a g i p e mb a wa - p e mb a wa t e r s e b u t me mp u n y a l mu a t a n I o n t e r t e n t . u , y a n g d e n g a n s a t u a t a u b e b e r a p a l a p i s a n k u l i t d a p a t b e r i n t e r a k s i , me n g l n g a t l a p i s a n - l a p l s a n k u l i t j u g a me mp u n y a l mu a t a n I o n y a n g t e r t e n t u p u l a ( ² ) . Me n g l n g a t d a mp a k n e g a t i f p e ma k a i a n h i d r o k i n o n i n i b l l a t e r a b s o r p s i k e d a l a m k u l i t s a mp a i ma s u k k e p e mb u l u h s l s t e mi k s e r t a p e n g a r u h y a n g d i t i mb u l k a n d e n g a n a d a n y a p e mb a wa y a n g b e r b e d a , y a i t u u n t u k s e d i a a n t o p i k a l b e r u p a b a s i s k r i m, ma k a k o n t e k s p e r ma s a l a h a n n y a a d a l a h

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  4 b a g a l ma n a k a h p e n g a r u h t i p e e mu l g a t o r s u a t u b a s i s k r i m t e r h a d a p a b s o r p s i p e r k u t a n h i d r o k i n o n .

  2. Tu i u a n P e n e l i t i a n Di h a r a p k a n d a r i p e n e l i t i a n y a n g a k a n d i l a k u k a n d a p a t d l k e t a h u l :

  P e n g a r u h b a s i s k r i m d e n g a n e mu l g a t o r - e mu l g a t o r : t r i e t a n o l a mi n s t e a r a t , t we e n - s p a n d a n c o c o b e t a i n e t e r h a d a p a b s o r p s i p e r k u t a n h i d r o k i n o n s e c a r a I n v i t r o .

  S e l a n j u t n y a d a r i h a s l l p e n e l i t i a n I n i d i c a p a i s a s a r a n d a p a t d i t e n t u k a n n y a l a n g k a h - l a n g k a h p e n g a wa s a n d a n p e r s y a r a t a n d a l a m p e ma k a i a n h i d r o k i n o n p a d a ma s y a r a k a t l u a s .

Hl p o t e s l s :

  Be r d a s a r k a n t u j u a n d a n t i n j a u a n p u s t a k a d a p a t d i s u s u n h l p o t e s l s u n t u k p e n e l i t i a n i n i , s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : Ab s o r p s i p e r k u t a n Hi d r o k i n o n d a l a m b e r b a g a i b a s i s k r i m b e r b e d a s e s u a l d e n g a n s i f a t i o n l k n y a , d i ma n a a b s o r p s i t e r b e s a r d i d a p a t k a n p a d a b a s i s d e n g a n e mu l g a t o r t we e n - s p a n , k e mu d i a n t r i e t a n o l a mi n s t e a r a t , d a n y a n g t e r k e c i l c o c o - b e t a i n e .

  BAB I I T I NJ AUAN P US T AKA

  l . K. uL Lt

  Ya n g d i ma k s u d k a n d e n g a n k u l i t a d a l a h l a p i s a n p e n u t u p y a n g b e r k e s i n a mb u n g a n d i s e p a n j a n g p e r mu k a a n l u a r t u b u h . P e r mu k a a n mu k o s a l , k o n j u n g t i v a a t a u k o r n e a ma t a t i d a k d l a n g g a p s e b a g a i b a g l a n d a r i k u l i t ( 1 8 )

  I d e a l n y a , k u l i t s e h a r u s n y a n a mp a k h a l u s d a n s e c a r a s e mp u r n a me n u t u p s e l u r u h p e r mu k a a n t u b u h . Wa r n a k u l i t y a n g me n a n d a i p e r b e d a a n r a s , me n u r u t p a r a a h l i , k h u s u s n y a p a k a r k o s me t i k a , h a n y a l a h s u a t u p e r b e d a a n d e r a j a t p i g me n t a s i , me s k i p u n o r a n g a wa m s e c a r a g a mp a n g b i a s a me n g q o l o n g k a n n y a d e n g a n i s t I l a h - 1 s t i l a h : Ka u k a s o i d ,

  Ne g r o i d d a n Mo n g o l o i d , u n t u k t i g a j e n i s r a s y a n g d i g a mb a r k a n me mp u n y a i wa r n a k u l i t , ma s i n g - ma s i n g : p u t i h , c o k l a t / h i t a m d a n k u n i n g .

  1 . i . An a t o mi d a n F i s i o l o a i Ku l i t Ku l i t d i s u s u n a t a s b a n y a k j a r i n g a n y a n g b e r b e d a , me l i p u t i : p e mb u l u h d a r a h , p e mb u l u h l i mf e , k e l e n j a r s e b a s e a , k e l e n j a r k e r i n g a t , u j u n g - u j u n g s y a r a f p e r a s a , j a r i n g a n i k a t , o t o t - o t o t l u n a k d a n l e ma k ( 1 9 ) . Di d a l a m s e b a g i a n b e s a r p u s t a k a - a n a t o mi - f i s i o l o g i , k u l i t d i b a g i me n j a d i ²

  5 ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  6 l a p i s a n u t a ma : e p i d e r mi s , y a i t u l a p i s a n s e b e l a h l u a r , d a n d e r mi s , l a p i s a n s e b e l a h d a l a m.

  Ep i d e r mi s , l a p i s a n t e r l u a r d a r i k u l i t , me mp u n y a i k e t e b a l a n y a n g b e r v a r i a s i d a r i 0 , 0 6 mm _{0 ,} p a d a k e l o p a k ma t a s a mp a i mm p a d a t e l a p a k t a n g a n d a n k a k l <1 0 ) . S e c a r a h l s t o l o g i e p i d e r mi s d i s u b d i v i s i k a n me n j a d i 5 l a p i s a n , mu l a i d a r i y a n g t e r l u a r , s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

  1. S t r a t u m c o r n e u m

  3. S t r a t u m g r a n u l o s u m

  4. S t r a t u m s p i n o s u m

  5. S t r a t u m g e r mi n a t i v u m ( S t r a t u m Ha l p i g h i i )

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  7 Ep i d e r mi s l nl b e r f u n g s l s e b a g a i b a r l e r p e l l n d u n g u n t u k me l a wa n b a k t e r l , z a t - z a t k l ml a y a n g me n g i r i t a s i , a l l e r g e n d a n s e b a g a i n y a .

  S t r a t u m c o r n e u i n t e r d i r i d a r i l a p i s a n d a t a r , b e r l a p I s ~ l a p i s d a n p e n u h d e n g a n s e l - s e l k e r a t i n y a n g s u d a h ma t i . S e l - s e l k e r a t i n i ni me mp u n y a i s l f a t h i d r o f l l i k y a n g k u a t d a n me n g e mb a n g b l l a d l c e l u p k a n d a l a m a i r . Ku l i t me n j a d i b e r s i s i k d a n k e r l n g b l l a j u ml a h a i r p a d a s t r a t u m c o r n e u m b e r k u - r a n g ( 1 9 ) . L a p i s a n i ni t e r l e t a k p a l i n g l u a r d a n _{0 , 0 2 0 , 8} me mp u n y a l k e t e b a l a n s a mp a i mm t e r g a n t u n g l o k a s i n y a . P a l i n g t e b a l t e r d a p a t d i t e l a p a k k a k 1 ( 1 8 ) .

  S t r a t u m l u c i d u m me n j a d i p e r a n t a r a s t r a t u m c o r n e u m d a n l a p i s a n g r a n u l a r . L a p i s a n i ni t e r l i h a t j e l a s p a d a I r i s a n me l l n t a n g k u l i t t a n g a n a t a u k a k i d a n me mp u n y a l k e t e b a l a n y a n g c u k u p . S t r a t u m I ni me n u n j u k k a n s i f a t s a n g a t a s i d o f i l i k ( me n y e r a p z a t wa r n a y a n g b e r s i f a t a s a m p a d a p e wa r n a a n k u l i t ) . S e l - s e l n y a t i d a k b e r i n t i d a n f u n g s l n y a d a l a m p r o s e s k e r a t l n i s a s i b e l u m j e l a s ( 1 8 )

  S t r a t u m g r a n u l o s u m s e c a r a a k t i f t u r u t me n g a mb l l b a g l a n d a l a m p r o s e s k e r a t l n i s a s i . L a p i s a n i n i t e r d i r i d a r i s e l - s e l y a n g d a t a r , s e l - s e l g r a n u l a r y a n g k a s a r , me n o n j o l d a l a m l a p i s a n g e r mi n a l s e b a g a i s e l - s e l b e r i n t i d a n b e r b e n t u k k o l o m ( 1 9 ) . L a p i s a n i ni me n g a n d u n g g r a n u 1 - g r a n u I

• CL- * — ■ J ... ' l . A^" CCA*

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  “ k e r a t o h y a l l n “ y a n g b c r s l f a t b a s o f l l l k ( me n g a b - s o r p s i z a t - z a t y a n g b e r s l f a t b a s a ) ( 1 8 ) .

  S t r a t u m s p l n o s u m me r u p a k a n l a p l s a n s e l - s e l b e r d u r i ( s e s u a i n a ma n y a ) d a n me r u p a k a n t i n g k a t d l f e r e n s i a s i p c r t a ma l a p i s a n e p i d e r ma l y a n g t a mp a k s e c a r a mo r f o l o g i s . Di a n t a r a s e l - s e l n y a t e r d a p a t j e mb a t a n - j e mb a t a n y a n g d i s e b u t " t o n o f I l a me n " ( 1 8 ) . T o n o f i l a me n d i y a k i n i s e b a g a i p r e k u r s o r y a n g mu l a - ₂ mu l a s e k a l i d a r i k e r a t i n ( ) . S t r a t u m Ma l p i g h i i a t a u S t r a t u m g e r mi n a t i v u m me r u p a k a n l a p i s a n s e l - s e l h i d u p y a n g me n g a l a mi p e mb e l a h a n mi t o s i s d a n a n a k - a n a k s e l n y a me n g a l a mi d l f e r e n s i a s i t a h a p p e r t a ma me mb e n t u k l a p i s a n s p i n o s u m ( 1 8 ) .

  De r mi s a t a u c o r i u m, me mi l l k i t e b a l 3 * 5 mm, me mb e n t u k p e n d u k u n g me k a n i s b a g i e p i d e r mi s , t e r b e n t u k d a r i k o l a g e n d a n k a d a n g - k a d a n g j u g a e l a s t i n d a n r e t l k u l i n , Ba h a n - b a h a n i ni a d a l a h p r o t e i n f i b r o u s y a n g t o r i k a t p a d a b a h a n d a s a r mu k o p o l I s a k a r i d a , Ur a t s y a r a f d a n p e mb u l u h - p e mb u l u h t e r d a p a t d i l a p i s a n i n i . Uj u n g b u l u k u l i t d a n u j u n g k e l e n j a r - k e l e n j a r k u l i t j u g a t e r k a n d u n g _. d i s I n i

  Di b a wa h d e r mi s t e r d a p a t j a r i n g a n l e ma k s u b k u t a n y a n g b e r f u n g s l s e b a g a i p e n y e k a t d a n I n s u l a t o r p a n a s .

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  9 1 . 2 . SI f a t Kl f f l J a d a n P l s i o l o g j P l g mc n t d s L ( 1 8 ) T e r l e b i h d a h u l u d l p e r l u k a n p e n g e t a h u a n me n g e n a i f a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n g a r u h i wa r n a k u l i t , k h u s u s n y a p r o s e s p i g me n t a s i , s e b e l u m me ma - h a ml me k a n i s me b a h a n p e mu t l h k u l l t ( Bl e a c h i n g a g e n t ) . Mi s a l n y a , wa r n a k u l l t s a n g a t d l p e n g a r u h l o l e h k e a d a a n s l r k u l a s i d a r a h . P u l a , l a p l s a n t a n - d u k t e r l u a r , k e r a t i n y a n g me r u p a k a n b a h a n p r o t e i n y a n g ma t l , me mp u n y a l wa r n a t e r s e n d l r l d a n b l s a me r u b a h p e n a mp i l a n k u l i t t e r g a n t u n g d a r i k e t e b a l - a n n y a . Bi l a k u l l t t e r k e n a b a h a n t e r t e n t u , b i s a t e r j a d i p e n e b a l a n , s e h l n g g a wa r n a b e r u b a h .

  Wa r n a k u l i t d i s e b a b k a n o l e h a d a n y a p i g me n me l a n i n , s e p e r t i y a n g d i n y a t a k a n o l e h F i t z p a t r i c k d a n k a wa n - k a wa n ( 2 1 ) . Wa r n a i ni t e r g a n t u n g d a r i j u ml a h d a n d i s t r i b u s l d a r i p e mb e n t u k a n u n i t - u n i t s u b s e L u l a r me l a n i n , y a i t u me l a n o s o ma , s u a t u o r g a - n e l c o k l a t b e r s t r u k t u r s p e s l f i k , y a n g d i b e n t u k d a n d i k e l u a r k a n o l e h me l a n o s l t . Me l a n o s o ma me mp u n y a l e n z i m y a n g me n g a n d u n g Cu , ya i ' t u t i r o s i n a s e , y a n g me n g k a t a l i s a o k s i d a s l t i r o s i n me n j a d l i n d o l 5 , 6 - _t k i n o n . Kl n o n i ni b e r s a ma - s a ma d e n g a n i n t e r me d i a t t i r o s i n y a n g l a i n , me n g a d a k a n p o l l me r i s a s i me n j a d i b a h a n - b a h a n y a n g s u k a r l a r u t y a n g t e r i k a t k u a t d e n g a n p r o t e i n me l a l u i I k a t a n s u l f h l d r i l me mb e n t u k me 1 a n o p r o t e i n . Me l a n i n me n y e r a p s p e k t r u m u l t r a u n g u d a n s l n a r t a mp a k . Me l a n o p r o t ; e I n s a n g a t t e b a l ;

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  10 s t u d l d i f r a k s i s i n a r X me n u n j u k k a n t i d a k a d a n y a b e n t u k k r i s t a l .

  P i g me n t a s i me l a n i n b e r t e mp a t d i " u n i t me l a n i n e p i d e r ma l " y a n g d i t a k r l f k a n s e b a g a i me l a n o s i t y a n g d i k e l i l i n g i o l e h k o n s t e l a s l s e l - s e l ma l p l g h i . J u ml a h me l a n o s o ma y a n g d i h a s l l k a n d a n k e c e p a t a n p e r p l n d a h a n n y a k e s e l - s e l ma l p i g h i d l k e n d a l i k a n t e r u t a r a a o l e h f a k t o r g e n e t I k / h o r mo n , s i n a r u l t r a u n g u s o r t a s e l - s e l ma l p i g h i s e n d i r l .

  De r a j a t p i g me n t a s i t l d a k s a ma u n t u k s e t i a p i n d i v i d u , d a n y a n g me n o n j o l t a mp a k s e b a g a i p e r b e d a a n r a s . P e r b e d a a n I ni me l l p u t l wa r n a k u l i t , r a mb u t a t a u ma t a . S e l a l n k a r e n a p e r b e d a a n r a s , p i g me n t a s i I ni b i s a p u l a b e r u b a h d a l a m s a t u i n d i v l d u , b a i k b e r t a mb a h p e k a t ma u p u n b e r t a mb a h p u c a t ►

  Ku l i t d a p a t me n j a d i l e b i h mu d a wa r n a n y a j s e r l n g h a n y a d i b e b e r a p a d a e r a h t e r t e n t u k a r e n a - p e n y a k i t k u l i t y a n g d i s e b a b k a n o l e h j a mu r a t a u mi k r o b a l a i n ( mi s a l n y a p a n u )

• k e l a l n a n f i s l o l o g i s ( mi s a l n y a p e n y a k i t a l b i n o ) y a n g j u g a me r u p a k a n p e n y a k i t g e n c t l k .
• p e n g g u n a a n b a h a n - b a h a n t e r t e n t u y a n g d a p a t me r u s a k p i g me n , mi s a l n y a : h l d r o g e n p e r o k s i d a , d a n b a h a n - b a h a n o k s i d a t o r l a i n n y a ,
_{2 2} t e r ma s u k p u l a : h i d r o k l n o n ( )

  Ku l i t d a p a t p u l a me n j a d i l e b i h p e k a t k a r e n a :

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  i l

• F a k t o r e n d o g e n : mi s a l n y a p a d a p e n y a k i t h e p a t i t i s ( i c t e r u s ) , b i s a p u l a k a r e n a p e n g a r u h h o r mo n a l , s e p e r t i p a d a k e h a mi l a n .
• F a k t o r e k s o g e n : a n t a r a l a i n s l n a r ma t a h a r l , p e n g a r u h b a h a n - b a h a n k i mi a s e p e r t i a s a m s u l f a t , a s a m t r i k l o r a s e t a t d a n l a i n - l a i n .

  S e b a b - s e b a b p e n u a a n wa r n a k u l l t k a r e n a f a k t o r e k s o g e n s e c a r a f l s i s d a p a t d l c e g a h d a n d l a t a s l . Mi s a l n y a s l n a r ma t a h a r l d a p a t d l c e g a h p e n g a r u h n y a d e n g a n me ma k a l p a y u n g a t a u mc n g g u n a k a n p r e p a r a t t a b l r ma t a h a r l . Bi l a k u l i t s u d a h t e r l a n j u r me n u a wa r n a n y a a t a u t l mb u l h l p e r p i g me n t a s i , y a l t u p l g me n t a s i y a n g b e r l e b l h - l e b l h a n , ma k a u n t u k me n g a t a s l n y a d i g u n a k a n p r e p a r a t " b l e a c h i n g ' , y a n g a n t a r a l a i n me n g a n d u n g b a h a n a k t i f h i d r o k i n o n . 2* Ab s o r p s l P e r k u t a n

  Ku l l t me r u p a k a n me mb r a n y a n g t e b a l d a n b e r s t r u k t u r k o mp l e k s . Mo l e k u l y a n g b e r g e r a k d a r i l i n g k u n g a n d l l u a r t u b u h me n e mb u s l a p i s a n k u l i t d a r i ma n u s i a h i d u p mu l a - mu l a h a r u s me l e wa t l s t r a t u m c o r n e u m d a n b e r b a g a l b a h a n - b a h a n e n d o g e n d a n e k s o g e n y a n g a d a d i p e r mu k a a n n y a . S e l a n j u t n y a me n g a d a k a n p e n e t r a s l k e d a l a m e p i d e r mi s , d e r mi s p a p l i a r d a n d l n d l n g k a p i l e r k e d a l a m p e mb u l u h d a r a h a t a u s a l u r a n l l mf e , s e r t a d i p i n d a h k a n d a r i k u l i t o l e h a l l r a n d a r a h d a n l l mf e . J a d l u n t u k t e r j a d i n y a p e r i s t i wa a b s o r p s i , mo l e k u l h a r u s me n g a t a s i b e r b a g a i k e n d a l a y a n g b e r b e d a d l t l a p

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  12 j a r I n g a n ( 1 3 ) .

  2 . 1 . J a l u r Ab s o r p s l Ad a t i g a j a l u r y a n g p o t e n s l a l u n t u k t e r j a d l - n y a p e n e t r a s l me l e wa t i s t r a t u m c o r a e u m ( 4 1 ) : ₁

  ( ) j a l u r t r a n s - d o r ma l d l ma n a b a h a n d l a b s o r p s l me l a l u l l a p i s a n e p i d e r ma l ( s t r a t u m c o r n e u m) y a n g u t u h , b a i k s e c a r a i n t r a s e l u l a r ma u p u n _{1 2} I n t e r s e u l a r . ( ) k e l e n j a r k c r l n g a t e k r l n d a n s a l u r a n n y a

  ( 3 ) j a l u r p l l o s e b a s e u s : f o l l k e l r a mb u t d a n k e l e n j a r s e b a s e u s Ad a p u l a a h l i y a n g me n y a t a k a n b a h wa j a l u r a b s o r p s l p e r k u t a n k e e mp a t a d a l a h me l a l u l k e l e n j a r a p o k r i n y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n d e n g a n p a n g k a l f o l I k u l a r ( 1 5 ) .

  Te t a p i y a n g ma n a y a n g me r u p a k a n j a l u r u t a ma ? Ha n y a a d a a e d i k l t b u k t l y a n g me y a k l n k a n b a h wa s a l u r a n k e r l n g a t b e r p e r a n a n p e n t l n g d a l a m p e r me a - b l l i t a s k u t a n ( 2 3 , 2 4 ) . Ba h a n d a p a t me ma s u k l s a l u r ­ a n b a h k a n k e l e n j a r k e r l n g a t , t e t a p i t i d a k n a mp a k a d a n y a p e n e t r a s l y a n g n y a t a k e d a l a m d e r mi s

  ( 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 7 ) . Ab s o r p s l d a r i a l l e r g e n d a n h l s t a ml n me l e wa t i t e l a p a k t a n g a n a t a u k a k l h a n y a s e d l k l t ( 2 8 , 2 9 ) . Ad a d a e r a h d l ma n a b l l a d i t i n j a u d a r i k e r a t l n n y a , a b s o r p s i t r a n s e p i d e r ma l mi n i m s e k a l i ; a b s o r p s i y a n g t e r j a d i t i d a k b i s a l a i n s e l a l n me l e -

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  13 wa t l k e l e n j a r k e r l n g a t k a r e n a k e l e n j a r p i l o s e b a s e - u s h a mp i r t i d a k a d a .

  J a d i , a b s o r p s i p e r k u t a n t e r j a d l me l a l u i s e l - s e l s t r a t u m c o r n e u m, d l a n t a r a s e l - s e l a t a u me l e wa t i f o l i k e l - f o l i k e l p l l o s e b a s e u s ( 1 3 ) . 2 . 2 . F a k t o r - f a k t o r va nc i me mp e n g a r u h i Ab s o r n s i P e r k u t a n

  ( 1 3 , 4 1 ) 2 . 2 , 1 , F a k t o r ' f i s i o l o g i k u l i t

• Ko n d i s i k u 1 i t

  Ad a n y a l u k a ( s e p e r t i k u l i t . y a n g me n g e l u p a s ) , l u k a k a r e n a z a t - z a t k i mi a ₁ ( s e p e r t i k e r a t o l I s s ) d a n k e a d a a n a b n o r ma l ( s e p e r t i k u l l t y a n g s a k l t a t a u k u l l t y a n g t a k s e mp u r n a ) y a n g a k a n me n y e b a b k a n v a r i a s i d a l a m k e t a h a n a n / k e p e k a a n k u l l t t e r h a d a p p e n e t r a s l o b a t

• Umu r k u l i t

  P e r me a b i 1 i t a s k u l i t me n u r u n d e n g a n b e r t a mb a h t u a n y a e p i d e r mi s s e c a r a h l s t o l o g l . Ad a h u b u n g a n y a n g b e r ma k n a a n t a r a p e n e t r a s l o b a t d e n g a n u mu r k u l i t .

• S p e s l e s _{\ »}

  Wa l a u p u n a d a p e r s a ma a n a n t a r a k u l i t ma n u s i a ’ d a n h e wa n , a d a p u l a b e d a y a n g n y a t a a n t a r s p e s i e s , s e h i n g g a d i p e r l u k a n p e mi l i h a n k u l i t h e wa n p e r c o b a a n y a n g c e r ma t .

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  14

• Lo k a s i k u l i t

  Di t e mu k a n a d a n y a v a r i a s i p e n e t r a s i p a d a l o k a s i k u l i t y a n g b e r b e d a d a r i s a t u i n d i v i d u . P e r b e d a a n i n d i v i d u j u g a me n y e b a b k a n p e r b e d a a n p e n e t r a s i .

• A1 i r a n d a r a h

  Kl i r e n s p e n e t r a n me n i n g k a t b i l a a l i r a n d a r a h me l a l u i p e mb u l u h d e r ma l me n i n g k a t

• Hi d r a s i

  Hl d r a s l s t r a t u m c o r n e u m me n i n g k a t k a n k e - c e p a t a n p e n e t r a n me l a l u i me mb r a n k u l i t

• T e mp e r a t u r

  Ke t a h a n a n k u l i t t e r h a d a p p e n e t r a s i me n u - r u n d e n g a n me n i n g k a t n y a t e mp e r a t u r 2 . 2 . 2 . F a k t o r f i s i k a k i mi a o b a t

• Ko n s e n t r a s i o b a t

  Ke c e p a t a n d i f u s i p a s i f o b a t me l a l u i k u ­ l i t s e b a n d i n g d e n g a n k o n s e n t r a s i o b a t y a n g d i b e r i k a n ( s e s u a i d e n g a n h u k u m d i f u s i d a r i F i c k )

• Ke l a r u t a n o b a t

  Ke c e p a t a n p e n e t r a s l me r u p a k a n f u n g s l d a r i k e l a r u t a n o b a t d a n k e mu d a h a n mo l e k u l o b a t b e r d i f u s i d a l a m s t r a t u m c o r n e u m.

• S i f a t mo l e k u l a r o b a t

  Ab s o r p s i o b a t s e c a r a p e r k u t a n b e r b a n d i n g t e r b a l i k d e n g a n b e r a t mo l e k u l o b a t t e r s e b u t .

• P e mb a wa d a l a m s e d i a a n n y a

  P e n e l i t i a n me mb u k t l k a n b a h wa p e mb a wa d a l a m s e d i a a n o b a t d a p a t me n I n g k a t k a n a t a u me n g h a mb a t a b s o r p s i p e r k u t a n d a r i b e r b a g a i o b a t ( 7 , 14, 16, 1 7 ) .

  Me t o d a P e n e l i t i a n Ab s o r p s i P e r k u t a n ( 1 3 ) Ab s o r p s i p e r k u t a n t e l a h d i t e l l t l d e n g a n b e r b a g a i c a r a , t e t a p i k a r e n a b e l u m d i t e mu k a n n y a me t o d o l o g i y a n g b e n a r - b e n a r b a i k , ma k a h a s i l n y a k u r a n g d a p a t d i p e r b a n d i n g k a n s a t u s a ma l a i n .

  S e c a r a g a r i s b e s a r , p r o s e d u r p e n e 1 i t i a n - p e n e 1 i t I a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n d a p a t d i b a g i me n j a d i me t o d a i n v i t r o d a n i n v i v o . 3 . 1 . Me t o d a I n Vi t r o ( 1 3 . 4 1 , 4 2 ) '

  Me t o d a I n i p a l i n g s e r i n g d i l a k u k a n k a r e n a l e b i h mu d a h d i l a k u k a n d a n s e b a g l a n b e s a r v a r l a b e l d a p a t d l t e t a p k a r u Me t o d a I n

  Vi t r o p a d a d a s a r n y a me n g g u n a k a n p r i n s i p d i f u s i b a h a n o b a t me l a l u i me mb r a n y a n g b e r s i f a t s e b a g a i p e n e n t u k e c e p a t a n . Me mb r a n y a n g d l g u n a k a n me l l p u t i ² j e n l s , y a i t u : a . Me mb r a n k u l i t a l a ml

  Ti d a k d i r a g u k a n l a g i , k u l l t y a n g p a l i n g s e s u a i u n t u k p e n e l i t i a n a b s o r p s i p e r k u t a n a d a l a h k u l i t ma n u s i a y a n g d i a mb l l d e n g a n o p e -

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA r a s i ( a mp u t a s i ) a t a u d a r i j e n a z a h ( " c a d a v e r s " me l a l u i o t o p s i ) . Te t a p i b i l a t i d a k a t a u s u k a r t e r s e d i a , p a r a a h l i me n g g u n a k a n me mb r a n k u l i t d a r i b l n a t a n g .

  Me mb r a n Ku l i t u t u h ( e x c i s e d s k i n ) d a r i b e r b a g a i h e wa n : t i k u s p u t i h k e c i l ( n o r ma l ma u p u n y a n g t a k b e r a mb u t ) , t i k u s b e s a r , k e - l l n c i , ma r mu t , " g u i n e a p i g s " , " h a r ms t e r s " , b a b i , a n j l n g y a n g t a k b e r a mb u t d a n k e r a , p e r - n a h d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n . Ba g a i ma n a p u n j u g a k u l i t ma ma l i a b e r v a r i a s l l u a s a n t a r a s a t u h e wa n d e n g a n y a n g l a i n , me l l p u t l k e t e - b a l a n s t r a t u m c o r n e u m, j u ml a h k e l e n j a r k e r l - n g a t d a n f o l i k e l r a mb u t .

  He wa n y a n g p a l i n g b a n y a k d i g u n a k a n u n t u k p e - n e l l t l a n a d a l a h t i k u s d a n k e l l n c l . Te t a p i h e wa n - h e wa n i ni me mp u n y a l k e k u r a n g a n y a n g me n y o l o k , y a i t u : l e b i h b a n y a k r a mb u t d a n t e r l a l u s e d i k i t k e l e n j a r k e r i n g a t . d i b a n d i n g - k a n d e n g a n ma n u s l a . P a d a i k h t l s a r p e r c o b a a n - p e ’r c o b a a n y a n g d i k u t i p o l e h Ba r r y ( 4 1 ) d i d a - p a t k a n b a h wa d a r i p e n e l i t i a n b e r b a g a i b a h a n o b a t y a n g d l b e r l k a n s e c a r a t o p l k a l , p e n e t r a s l p a d a k u l i t k e l i n c l p a l i n g c e p a t , d l s u s u l o l e h k u l i t t i k u s ( r a t ) . Va n g mo n y e r u p a i a b s o r p s i p e r k u t a n b a h a n - b a h a n i t u p a d a k u l i t ma n u s l a a d a l a h k u l i t b a b i d a n k e r a Rh e s u s .

  16 ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  

ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

  17 b . Me mb r a n s i mu l a s i k u l l t Ka r e n a s u l i t n y a me n d a p a t k a n k u l l t ma n u - s l a s e r t a a d a n y a v a r i a s i y a n g me n y o l o k p a d a b e r b a g a i k u l l t ma n u s i a ma u p u n h e wa n p e r c o b a - a n , b e b e r a p a p e n e l l t l me n g g u n a k a n b a h a n - b a h a n s i n t e t i s u n t u k me n s i mu l a s i k u l i t . Be b e r a p a me mb r a n y a n g d i p a k a i a n t a r a l a i n d a r i b a h a n : s e l u l o s a a s e t a t , " c o ( p o l y e t h e r ) p o l y u r e t h a n e " # _{1 1 1} p o l i d i me t i s o k s a n ( k a r e t s i l i k o n ) , f i l t e r

  Ml l l i p o r e y a n g d i j e n u h k a n d e n g a n ml n y a k , z e o - ₁ l i t s i n t e t i s Ca l u mi n o s i i k a t d e n g a n s t r u k t u r 3 d i me n s i y a n g ma p a n ) d i k o mb l n a s i k a n k e d a l a m ma t r i k s p o l i s t i r e n a , s e r t a d a r i b a h a n - b a h a n b i o l o g i s s e p e r t i : k o l a g e n , d a n me mb r a n c a n g - k a n g t e l u r .

  2 . 3 . 2 . Me t o d a I n Vi v o ( 1 3 . 4 1 . 4 2 ) Me t o d a i ni a d a l a h y a n g p a l i n g v i t a l k a r e n a p a l i n g d e k a t d e n g a n k e n y a t a a n s e s u n g - g u h n y a , n a mu n j u g a k o mp l e k s , s e b a b d i p e n g a r u h i v a r i a b e l - v a r i a b e l mo d e r a t o r y a n g t i d a k a t a u s u k a r d i k o n t r o l . Ad a 4 t e k n l k u t a ma me t o d a i n v i v o , me l i p u t i : a . S t u d i Hi s t o l o g i s

  P e r u b a h a n j a r i n g a n d a l a m k u l i t a k i b a t p e ma k a i a n s u a t u b a h a n p a d a p e r mu k a a n k u l i t d a p a t me n u n j u k k a n j a r i n g a n - j a r i n g a n s p e s i f i k y a n g d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h p e n e t r a n , s e h l n g g a t i d a k h a n y a a b s o r p s i p e r k u t a n p e r s e y a n g t a mp a k t e t a p i j u g a j a l u r p e n e t r a s i n y a . Me t o d a i ni t e r b ' a t a s p a d a z a t - z a t wa r n a d a n b e b e r a p a b a h a n y a n g n e n g h a s i l k a n e n d a p a n b e r wa r n a d a r i r e a k s l k l ml a s p e s l f l k . b . Tr a c e r