T LIN 1202062 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ........................................................................
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................
DAFTAR BAGAN .........................................................................................
DAFTAR GAMBAR .....................................................................................
DAFTAR GRAFIK ........................................................................................
DAFTAR TABEL ..........................................................................................
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang Penelitian .......................................................................
1.2. Batasan Penelitian ..................................................................................
1.3. Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................
1.4. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................
1.5. Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................
1.6. Definisi Operasional .............................................................................
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BAB II KESULITAN ANAK DOWN SYNDROME DALAM BERTUTUR
2.1. Down Syndrome ......................................................................................
2.1.1 Penyebab Down Syndrome ............................................................
2.1.2 Karakteristik Fisik Anak Down Syndrome ....................................
2.1.3 Karakteristik Bahasa Anak Down Syndrome .................................
2.1.4 Kelainan Terkait Bahasa Anak Down Syndrome...........................
2.1.4.1 Alat Ucap ...............................................................................
2.1.4.2 Masalah Kognisi ...................................................................
2.1.5 Perkembangan Bahasa Anak Down Syndrome .............................
2.1.5.1 Perkembangan Pra-bahasa ....................................................
2.1.5.2 Perkembangan Vokal .............................................................
2.1.5.3 Perkembangan Konsonan.......................................................
2.1.5.4 Perkembangan Sosial dan Komunikasi ..................................
2.1.5.5 Perkembangan Semantik ........................................................
2.1.5.6 Perkembangan Fonologi ........................................................
2.1.5.7 Perkembangan Pragmatik ......................................................
2.2 Fonologi .................................................................................................
2.3 Fonetik ....................................................................................................
2.3.1 Proses Pembentukan Bunyi ..........................................................
2.3.1.1 Arus Udara .............................................................................
2.3.1.2 Pita Suara ..............................................................................
2.3.1.3 Alat Ucap ...............................................................................
2.3.2 Klasifikasi Bunyi Bahasa...............................................................
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Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.3.2.1 Vokal ......................................................................................
2.3.2.2 Konsonan ...............................................................................
2.3.2.2.1 Nama-nama Bunyi Konsonan ........................................
2.3.3 Distribusi Fonem ...........................................................................
2.3.3.1 Fonem Vokal ..........................................................................
2.3.3.2 Fonem Konsonan ...................................................................
Kata .........................................................................................................
2.4.1 Klasifikasi Kata .............................................................................
2.4.1.1 Kelas Kata Terbuka................................................................
2.4.1.2 Kelas Kata Tertutup ...............................................................
Silabel atau Suku Kata ............................................................................
2.5.1 Struktur Silabel ..............................................................................
2.5.2 Urutan Fonotaktik ..........................................................................
2.5.3 Urutan Sonoritas ............................................................................
2.5.4 Fitur Distingtif ...............................................................................
Perubahan Bunyi .....................................................................................
2.6.1 Pelemahan Bunyi ...........................................................................
2.6.1.1 Lenisi (Lenition) ....................................................................
2.6.1.2 Rotasi (Rhotacism) ................................................................
2.6.2 Pelesapan Bunyi.............................................................................
2.6.2.1 Aferesis (Aphaeresis) ............................................................
2.6.2.2 Apokop (Apocope) ................................................................
2.6.2.3 Sinkop (Syncope) ..................................................................
2.6.2.4 Reduksi Konsonan Rangkap (Kluster) ..................................
2.6.2.5 Kompresi ................................................................................
2.6.3 Penambahan Bunyi ........................................................................
2.6.3.1 Eksresins (Excrescence) ........................................................
2.6.3.2 Epentesis (Epenthesis) atau Anaptiksis (Anaptyxis) .............
2.6.3.3 Protesis (Prothesis) ...............................................................
2.6.3.4 Paragog ..................................................................................
2.6.3.5 Labialisasi ..............................................................................
2.6.3.6 Retrofleksi ..............................................................................
2.6.3.7 Palatalisasi..............................................................................
2.6.3.8 Aspirasi ..................................................................................
2.6.4 Metatesis (Metathesis) ..................................................................
2.6.5 Fusi (Fusion) .................................................................................
2.6.6 Asimilasi (Assimilation) ...............................................................
2.6.7 Dissimilasi (Dissimilation) ...........................................................
Penelitian Terkait ....................................................................................
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BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1 Metode Penelitian ...................................................................................
3.2. Sumber Data ...........................................................................................
3.2.1 Korpus............................................................................................
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2.5
2.6
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Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.3. Informan Penelitian ................................................................................
3.4. Prosedur Pengumpulan Data .................................................................
3.4.1 Observasi .......................................................................................
3.4.2 Wawancara ....................................................................................
3.4.3 Tes Pelafalan Kata .........................................................................
3.5. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...............................................................
3.6 Prosedur Analisis Data ..........................................................................
3.6.1Analisis Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Bilabial
dan Apikoalveolar ..........................................................................
3.6.2 Analisis Pola Perubahan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan
Bilabial dan Apikoalveolar Berdasarkan Tipe Perubahan Bunyi
BAB IV TEMUAN PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Analisis Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Bilabial .........
4.1.1 Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] .......
4.1.1.1 Posisi Awal Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] .......................................
4.1.1.2 Posisi Tengah Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] .................................
4.1.1.3 Posisi Akhir Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] ......................................
4.1.1.4 Pola Kemampuan dan Ketidakmampuan Anak DS
dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Bilabial ...................................
4.1.1.4.1 Pola Kemampuan Pelafalan ..........................................
4.1.1.4.2 Pola Ketidakmampuan Pelafalan ..................................
4.2 Analisis Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Apikoalveolar
4.2.1 Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l],
dan [r] ..........................................................................................
4.2.1.1 Posisi Awal Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l], dan [r] .............................
4.2.1.2 Posisi Tengah Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l], dan [r]..........................
4.2.1.3 Posisi Akhir Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l], dan [r] ............................
4.2.1.4 Pola Kemampuan dan Ketidakmampuan Anak DS
dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Apikoalveolar .........................
4.2.1.4.1 Pola Kemampuan Pelafalan ..........................................
4.2.1.4.2 Pola Ketidakmampuan Pelafalan ..................................
4.3 Analisis Pola Perubahan Fonologis Anak DS dalam Melafalkan
Konsonan Bilabial dan Apikoalveolar Berdasarkan Tipe Perubahan
Bunyi ......................................................................................................
4.3.1 Lenisi (Lenition) ...........................................................................
4.3.2 Rotasi (Rhotacism) ........................................................................
4.3.3 Aferesis (Aphaeresis) ....................................................................
4.3.4 Apokop (Apocope) ........................................................................
4.3.5 Sinkop (Syncope) ..........................................................................
4.3.6 Reduksi Konsonan Rangkap (Kluster) .........................................
4.3.7 Kompresi........................................................................................
4.3.8 Aspirasi ..........................................................................................
Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan .................................................................................................
5.2. Saran ..........................................................................................................
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................
LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................
Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ........................................................................
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................
DAFTAR BAGAN .........................................................................................
DAFTAR GAMBAR .....................................................................................
DAFTAR GRAFIK ........................................................................................
DAFTAR TABEL ..........................................................................................
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x
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xii
xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang Penelitian .......................................................................
1.2. Batasan Penelitian ..................................................................................
1.3. Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................
1.4. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................
1.5. Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................
1.6. Definisi Operasional .............................................................................
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BAB II KESULITAN ANAK DOWN SYNDROME DALAM BERTUTUR
2.1. Down Syndrome ......................................................................................
2.1.1 Penyebab Down Syndrome ............................................................
2.1.2 Karakteristik Fisik Anak Down Syndrome ....................................
2.1.3 Karakteristik Bahasa Anak Down Syndrome .................................
2.1.4 Kelainan Terkait Bahasa Anak Down Syndrome...........................
2.1.4.1 Alat Ucap ...............................................................................
2.1.4.2 Masalah Kognisi ...................................................................
2.1.5 Perkembangan Bahasa Anak Down Syndrome .............................
2.1.5.1 Perkembangan Pra-bahasa ....................................................
2.1.5.2 Perkembangan Vokal .............................................................
2.1.5.3 Perkembangan Konsonan.......................................................
2.1.5.4 Perkembangan Sosial dan Komunikasi ..................................
2.1.5.5 Perkembangan Semantik ........................................................
2.1.5.6 Perkembangan Fonologi ........................................................
2.1.5.7 Perkembangan Pragmatik ......................................................
2.2 Fonologi .................................................................................................
2.3 Fonetik ....................................................................................................
2.3.1 Proses Pembentukan Bunyi ..........................................................
2.3.1.1 Arus Udara .............................................................................
2.3.1.2 Pita Suara ..............................................................................
2.3.1.3 Alat Ucap ...............................................................................
2.3.2 Klasifikasi Bunyi Bahasa...............................................................
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Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.3.2.1 Vokal ......................................................................................
2.3.2.2 Konsonan ...............................................................................
2.3.2.2.1 Nama-nama Bunyi Konsonan ........................................
2.3.3 Distribusi Fonem ...........................................................................
2.3.3.1 Fonem Vokal ..........................................................................
2.3.3.2 Fonem Konsonan ...................................................................
Kata .........................................................................................................
2.4.1 Klasifikasi Kata .............................................................................
2.4.1.1 Kelas Kata Terbuka................................................................
2.4.1.2 Kelas Kata Tertutup ...............................................................
Silabel atau Suku Kata ............................................................................
2.5.1 Struktur Silabel ..............................................................................
2.5.2 Urutan Fonotaktik ..........................................................................
2.5.3 Urutan Sonoritas ............................................................................
2.5.4 Fitur Distingtif ...............................................................................
Perubahan Bunyi .....................................................................................
2.6.1 Pelemahan Bunyi ...........................................................................
2.6.1.1 Lenisi (Lenition) ....................................................................
2.6.1.2 Rotasi (Rhotacism) ................................................................
2.6.2 Pelesapan Bunyi.............................................................................
2.6.2.1 Aferesis (Aphaeresis) ............................................................
2.6.2.2 Apokop (Apocope) ................................................................
2.6.2.3 Sinkop (Syncope) ..................................................................
2.6.2.4 Reduksi Konsonan Rangkap (Kluster) ..................................
2.6.2.5 Kompresi ................................................................................
2.6.3 Penambahan Bunyi ........................................................................
2.6.3.1 Eksresins (Excrescence) ........................................................
2.6.3.2 Epentesis (Epenthesis) atau Anaptiksis (Anaptyxis) .............
2.6.3.3 Protesis (Prothesis) ...............................................................
2.6.3.4 Paragog ..................................................................................
2.6.3.5 Labialisasi ..............................................................................
2.6.3.6 Retrofleksi ..............................................................................
2.6.3.7 Palatalisasi..............................................................................
2.6.3.8 Aspirasi ..................................................................................
2.6.4 Metatesis (Metathesis) ..................................................................
2.6.5 Fusi (Fusion) .................................................................................
2.6.6 Asimilasi (Assimilation) ...............................................................
2.6.7 Dissimilasi (Dissimilation) ...........................................................
Penelitian Terkait ....................................................................................
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BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1 Metode Penelitian ...................................................................................
3.2. Sumber Data ...........................................................................................
3.2.1 Korpus............................................................................................
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2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.3. Informan Penelitian ................................................................................
3.4. Prosedur Pengumpulan Data .................................................................
3.4.1 Observasi .......................................................................................
3.4.2 Wawancara ....................................................................................
3.4.3 Tes Pelafalan Kata .........................................................................
3.5. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...............................................................
3.6 Prosedur Analisis Data ..........................................................................
3.6.1Analisis Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Bilabial
dan Apikoalveolar ..........................................................................
3.6.2 Analisis Pola Perubahan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan
Bilabial dan Apikoalveolar Berdasarkan Tipe Perubahan Bunyi
BAB IV TEMUAN PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Analisis Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Bilabial .........
4.1.1 Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] .......
4.1.1.1 Posisi Awal Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] .......................................
4.1.1.2 Posisi Tengah Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] .................................
4.1.1.3 Posisi Akhir Bunyi [b], [p], dan [m] ......................................
4.1.1.4 Pola Kemampuan dan Ketidakmampuan Anak DS
dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Bilabial ...................................
4.1.1.4.1 Pola Kemampuan Pelafalan ..........................................
4.1.1.4.2 Pola Ketidakmampuan Pelafalan ..................................
4.2 Analisis Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Apikoalveolar
4.2.1 Tuturan Anak DS dalam Melafalkan Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l],
dan [r] ..........................................................................................
4.2.1.1 Posisi Awal Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l], dan [r] .............................
4.2.1.2 Posisi Tengah Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l], dan [r]..........................
4.2.1.3 Posisi Akhir Bunyi [d], [t], [n], [l], dan [r] ............................
4.2.1.4 Pola Kemampuan dan Ketidakmampuan Anak DS
dalam Melafalkan Konsonan Apikoalveolar .........................
4.2.1.4.1 Pola Kemampuan Pelafalan ..........................................
4.2.1.4.2 Pola Ketidakmampuan Pelafalan ..................................
4.3 Analisis Pola Perubahan Fonologis Anak DS dalam Melafalkan
Konsonan Bilabial dan Apikoalveolar Berdasarkan Tipe Perubahan
Bunyi ......................................................................................................
4.3.1 Lenisi (Lenition) ...........................................................................
4.3.2 Rotasi (Rhotacism) ........................................................................
4.3.3 Aferesis (Aphaeresis) ....................................................................
4.3.4 Apokop (Apocope) ........................................................................
4.3.5 Sinkop (Syncope) ..........................................................................
4.3.6 Reduksi Konsonan Rangkap (Kluster) .........................................
4.3.7 Kompresi........................................................................................
4.3.8 Aspirasi ..........................................................................................
Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan .................................................................................................
5.2. Saran ..........................................................................................................
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................
LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................
Laili Rahmatul Fajri, 2014
PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS KONSONAN BILABIAL DAN APIKOALVEOLAR PADA ANAK DOWN
SYNDROME
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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