Peran Polimorfisme Gen Reseptor Vitamin D Pada Kerentanan Terhadap Tuberkulosis Paru Suku Batak Di Medan
122
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Agranoff, D., Monahan, I.M., Mangan, J.A., Butcher, P.D., Krishna, S.,
1999. Mycobacterium tuberculosis express a novel phdependent divalent cation transposter belonging to the Nramp
family. J Exp Med 190 (5): 717-724.
Ahmad, S., 2011. Pathogenesis, immunology and diagnosis of latent
mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol : 1-17. Available
from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/814943. Accessed on
September 1, 2011.
Aktoğu, S., Yorgancioglu, A., Cirak, K., Köse, T., Dereli, Ş.M., 1996.
Clinical spectrum of pulmonary and pelural tuberculosis: a report
of 5,480 cases. Eur Respir J 9:2031-2035.
Andraos, C., Koorsen, G., Knight, J.C., Bornman, L., 2010. Vitamin D
receptor gene methylation is associated with ethnicity,
tuberculosis, and TaqI polymorphism. Hum Immunol 72:262268.
Andrews, C.A., 2010. The Hardy-Weinberg principle. The nature
education.
Available
from:
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-hardyweinberg-principle-13235724
Accessed on September 16,
2013.
Anonymous. Alcohol Alert. National Institute on alcohol abuse and
alcoholism no 22 PH 346, 1993. Available from:
http://www.pubs.niaaa.nih.gov Accessed on September 14,
2013.
Arai, H., Myamoto, K., Taketani, Y., Yamamoto, H., Iemoro, Y., Morita,
K., et al., 1997. A vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in the
tranlation initiation codon: effect on protein and relation to bone
mineral density in Japanese women. J Bone Miner Res 12:915921.
Ates, O., Dolek, B., Dalyan, L., Musellim, B., Ongen, G., TopalSarikaya, A., 2011. The association between BsmI variant of
vitamin D receptor gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Mol
Biol Rep 38:2633-2636.
Azad, A.K., Sadee, W., Schlesinger, L.S., 2012. Innate immunity gene
polymorphisms in tuberculosis. Infect Immun 80(10):3343-3359.
Banoei, M.M., Mirsaeidi, M.S., Houshmand, M., Tabarsi, P., Ebrahim,
G., Zargari, L., 2010. Vitamin D receptor homoxygote mutant tt
and bb are associated with susceptibility to pulmonar
tuberculosis in the Iranian population. Int J Infect Dis 14,e84e85.
Baratawidjaya, K.G., Rengganis, I., 2009. Imunologi Dasar, edisi 8.
Jakarta: Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia, 217-255.
Bates, M.N., Khalakdina, A., Pai, M., Chang, L., Lessa, F.,Smith, K.R.,
2007. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: A
122
123
systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 167:335342.
Bellamy, R., Ruwende, C., Corrag, T., Mc Adam, K.P.W.J., Whittle,
H.C., Hill, A.V.S., 1998. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and
susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med
338: 640-644.
Ben-Selma, W., Harizi, H., Boukadida, J., 2011. Association of TNF-α
and IL-10 polymorphisms with tuberculosis in Tunisian
populations. Microbes Infect. 13:837-843.
Berenson, C.S., Garlipp, M.A., Grove, L. J., Maloney J., Sethi, S.,
2006. Impaired phagocytosis of nontypeable Haemophilus
influenzae by human alveolar macrophages in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. JID 194: 1375-1384.
Bermudez, L.E., 1994. Effect of ethanol on the interaction between the
macrophage and Mycobacterium avium. Alcohol 11(2); 69-73
Bhatt, K.. Salgame, P., 2007. Host innate immunity response to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 27 (4): 347-362.
Bid, H.K., Mittal, R.D., 2003. Study of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene
start codon polymorphism (FokI) in healthy individuals from
North India. Indian J Hum Genet 9 issue 2: 51-54.
Bikle, D., 2009. Non classic actions of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 94 (1): 26-34.
Bornman, L., Campbell, S.J., Fielding, K., Bah, B., Sillah, J.,
Gustafson, P., 2004. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and
susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa: A case-control and
family study. J Infect Dis 190:1631-1641.
Bouillon, R., Carmeliet, G., Verlinden, L., van Etten, E., Annemieke,
V., Verstuyf, et al., 2008. Vitamin D and Human Health:
Lessons from Vitamin D Receptor Null Mice. Endocr Rev 29:
726–776.
Bozza, V.V., D’Attilio, L., Mahuad, C.V., Giri, A.A., del Rey, A.,
Besedovsky, H., et al., 2007. Altered cortisol/DHEA ratio in
tuberculosis patients and its relationship with abnormalities in
the mycobacterial-driven cytokine production by peripheral
blood mononuclear cells. Scand J Immunol 66:97-103.
Brot, C., Jørgensen, N.R., Sørensen, O.H., 1999. The influence of
smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism. Eur J Clin
Nutr 53(12):920-926.
Buschman, E., Skamene, E., Schurr, E., 2004. The role of the
NRAMP1 gene in mycobacterial infection. In: Rom, W.N., Garay,
S.M., ed. Tuberculosis. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott William &
Wilkins, 193-201.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for
HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, 2013. Latent
Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care
Providers.
Available
from:
http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/pdf/TargetedLTBI.pdf.
Accessed on September 14, 2013.
123
124
Chakrabarti, B., Calverley, P.M.A., Davies, P.D.O., 2007. Tuberculosis
and its incidence, special nature, and relationship with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J of COPD 2 (3): 263-272.
Chiba, N., Suldan, Z., Freedman, L.P., and Parvin, J.D., 2000. Binding
of liganded vitamin D receptor interacting protein coactivator
complex induces interaction with RNA polymerase II
holoenzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 10719-10722.
Chen, C., Liu, Q., Zhu, L., Yang, H., Lu, W. Vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphisms on the risk of tuberculosis, a meta-analysis of 29
case-control
studies.
PLoS
ONE
8(12):
e83843.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083843
Chiu, K.C., Chu, A., Go, V.L.W., Saad, M.F., 2004. Hypovitaminosis D
is associated with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. Am J
Clin Nutr 79:820-825.
Chun, R.F., Adams, J.S., Hewison, M., 2008. Back to the future: a new
look at ‘old’ vitamin D. J of Endocrinology 198: 261-269.
Davila, S., Hibberd, M.L., Dass, R.H., Wong, H.E.E., Sahiratmaja, E.,
Bonnard, C., et al., 2008. Genetic association and expression
studies indicate a role of Toll-like Receptor 8 in pulmonary
tuberculosis. Plos Genetics 4 issue 10, e1000218:1-8.
Delgado, J.C., Baena, A., Thim, S., Goldfeld, A.E., 2002. Ethnicspesific genetic associations with pulmonary tuberculosis. J
Infect Dis 186: 1463-1468.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2001. Survei Kesehatan
Rumah Tangga 2001. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2008. Profil Kesehatan
Indonesia 2007. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia.
de Wit, E., van der Merwe, L., van Helden, P.D., Hoal, E.G., 2011.
Gene-gene interaction between tuberculosis candidate genes in
a South African population. Mamm Genome 22:100 –110.
Diel, R., Scheneider, S., Meywald-Walter, K., Ruf, C., Rüsch-Gerdes,
S., Nieman, S., 2002. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Hamburg,
Germany: Long-term population-based analysis applying
classical and molecular epidemiological technique. J Clin
Microbiol 40:532-539.
Djaharuddin, I., 2012. Peran variasi genetik reseptor vitamin D
terhadap respons terapi penderita tuberkulosis paru. Disertasi.
Program Pasca Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
Donald, P.R., Marais, B.J., Barry, C.E., 2010. Age and the
epidemiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Lancet 375:
1852-1854.
Durrin, L.K., Haile, R.W., Ingles, S.A., Coetzee, G.A., 1999. Vitamin D
receptor 3’-untranslated region polymorphisms: lack of effect on
mRNA stability. Biochim Biophys Acta 1453: 311-320.
124
125
Dye, J.A., Adler, K.B., 1994. Effects of cigarette smoke on epithelial
cells of the respiratory tract. Thorax 49: 825-834.
Elkington, P.T.G, Friedland, J.S., 2006. Matrix metalloproteinases in
destructive pulmonary pathology. Thorax 61:259-266.
Fang, W., Gao, L., Liang, W., Xue, H., Bai, P., Lv, M., et al., 2009.
Association analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms
in Chinese population with asthma. Iran J Allergy Asthma
Immunol 8: 141-147.
Fazel, S., Bains, P., Doll, H., 2005. Substance abuse and dependence
in prisoners: a systematic review. Addiction 101:181-191.
Finlay, G.A., O’Driscoll, L.R., Russel, K.J., D’Arcy, E.M., Masterson,
J.B., Fitzgerald, M.X., et al., 1997. Matrix Metalloproteinase
expression and pruduction by alveolar macrophages in
emphysema. Am J respir Crit Care Med 156:240-247.
Fitness, J., Floyd, S., Wandorff, D.K., Sichali, L., Malema, S., Crampin,
A.C., et al., 2004. Large scale candidate gene study of
tuberculosis susceptibility in Karonga district of Northern Malawi.
Am J Trop Med Hyg 71:341-349.
French, S.W. Epigenetic events in liver cancer resulting from alcoholic
liver disease. Alcohol Research 35, issue number 1. Available at
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arcr351/57-67.htm.
Accessed on January 22, 2014.
Gamble, L., Mason, C.M., Nelson, S., 2006. The effect of alcohol on
immunity and bacterial infection in the lung. Méd Maladies Infect
36; 72-77.
Gao, L., Tao, Y., Zhang, L., Jin, Q., 2010. Vitamin D receptor genetic
polymorphisms and tuberculosis: updated systematic review and
meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14 (1): 15-23.
Ghulam, H., Kadri, S.M., Manzoor, A., Wassem, Q., Aatif, S., Khan,
G.Q., et al, 2009. Status of zinc in pulmonary tuberculosis. J
Infect Dev Ctries 3(5):365-368.
Glynn, J.R., Whiteley, J., Bifani, P.J., Kremer, K., van Soolingen D.,
2002. Worldwide occurrence of Beijing/W strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic Review. Emerg Infect
Dis 8:843-849.
Gross, C., Musiol, I.M., Eccleshall, T.R., Malloy, P.J., Feldman, D.,
1998. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms: analysis of
ligand binding and hormone responsiveness in cultured skin
fibroblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242 :467-473.
Gupta, K.B., Gupta, R., Atreja, A., Verma, M., Vishvkarma, S., 2009.
Tuberculosis and nutrition. Lung India 26(1):9-16.
Gyorffy, B., Vasarhelyi, B., Krikovszky, D., Madascy, L., Tordai, A.,
Tulassay, T., et al., 2002. Gender-specific association of vitamin
D receptor polymorphism combination with type 1 diabetes
mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 147: 803-808.
Haddad, M. B., Wilson, T.W., Ijaz, K., Moore, M., 2005. Tuberculosis
and Homelessness in the United States, 1994-2003. JAMA
293(22):2762-2766.
125
126
Hansdottir, S., 2011. Modulation of lung innate immunity by vitamin D
and cigarette smoking. Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae
Doctor. University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine School of
health Sciences, Spring.
Harriers, A., Maher, D., Uplekar, M., 1997. TB A clinical manual for
South East Asia. Geneva, WHO, 91-99.
Hasmiller, K.M., 2006. The association between smoking and
tuberculosis. Salud Publica Mex 48 supl I:S201-S216.
Haussler, M.R., Whitfield, G.K., Haussler, C.A., Hsieh, J., Thompson,
P.D., Selznick, S.H., et al., 1998. The nuclear vitamin D
receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties
revealed. J Bone Miner Res. 13: 325-349.
Haussler, M.R., Haussler, C.A., Bartik, L., Whitfield, G.K., Hsieh, J.,
Slater, S., et al., 2008. Vitamin D receptor: molecular signaling
and actions of nutritional ligands in disease prevention. Nutr Rev
66(Suppl. 2):S98–S112.
Hayes, C.E., Nashold, F.E., Spach, K.M., Pedersen, L.B., 2003.
Review. The immunological function of the vitamin D endocrine
system. Cell Mol Biol 49 (2): 1-2
Hernandez, R., Chacon, R., Serafin, J., Estrada, I., 2007. Immunology,
Pathogenesis,
Virulence. In: Palomino, J.C., Leao, S.C.,
Ritacco, V., ed. Tuberculosis 2007 From Basic science to
patient care. 1st ed. Brazil: BourcillierKamps.com; 2007; (1); 157206.
Hodge, S., Hodge, G., Ahern, J., Jersmann, H., Holmes, M., Reynolds,
P.N., 2007. Smoking alters alveolar macrophage recognition
and phagocytic ability: implications in chronic obstructice
pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 37: 748-755.
Holick, M.F., 2007. Medical progress. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J
Med 357: 266-281.
Hopewell, P.C., Bloom, B.R., 2000. Tuberculosis and other
mycobacterial diseases. In: Murray JF, Nadel Ja, Mason RJ,
Boushey Jr HA, eds. Text book of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1043-1105.
Imai, K., Dalal, S.S., Chen, E.S., Downey, R., Schulman, L.L.,
Ginsburg,
M.,
2001.
Human
collagenase
(Matrix
Metalloproteinase-1) expression in the lungs of patients with
emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:786-2001.
Jabado, N., Jankowski, A., Dougaparsad, S., Picard, V., Grinstein, S.,
Gros, P., 2000. Natural resistance to intracellular infections:
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1)
functions as a ph-dependent Manganese transporter at the
phagosomal membrane. J Exp Med 192 (9): 1237-1247.
Jiménez-Corona, M.E., Cruz-hervert, L.P., Garcia-Garcia, L., FerreyraReyes, L., Delgado-Sánchez, G., Bolbadilla-del-Valle, M., et al.,
2012. Association of diabetes and tuberculosis: impact on
treatment and post-treatment outcomes. Thorax 2012;0:1-7.
126
127
Jones, J.G., Lawler, P., Crawley, J.C.W., Minty, B.D., Hulands, G.,
Veall, N., 1980. Increased alveolar epithelial permeability in
cigarette smokers. Lancet, 1(8159), 66-68.
Jurutka, P.W., Remus, L.S., Whitfield, G.K., Thompson, P.D., Hsieh,
J.C., Zitzer, H., et al, 2000. The polymorphic N terminus in
human vitamin D receptor isoform influences transcriptional
activity by modulating interaction with transcription factor IIB.
Mol Endocrinol 14:401-420.
Kang, T.J., Jin, S.H., Chun, Yeum, C., Lee, S. B., Kim, C.H., et al.,
2011.Vitamin D Receptor Gene Taq I, Bsm I and Fok I
Polymorphisms in Korean Patients with Tuberculosis. Immune
Netw 11(5):253-257
Kobor, M.S., Weinberg, J., 2011. Focus on: epigenetics and fetal
alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Res Health 34 (1):29-37.
Kwiatkowski, D.,2000. Science, medicine and the future. Susceptibility
to infection. BMJ 321: 1061-1065.
Leandro, A.C.C.S., Rocha, M.A., Cardoso, C.S.A., Bonecini-Almeida,
M.G., 2009. Genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor,
vitamin D-binding protein, Toll-like receptor 2, nitric oxide
synthase 3, and interferon-γ genes and its association with
susceptibility to tuberculosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 42; 312-322.
Lee, J.H., O’Keefe, J.H., Bell, D., Hensrud, D.D., Holick, M.F., 2008.
Vitamin D deficiency: An important, common, and easily
treatable cardiovascular risk factor? J Am Coll Cardiol. 52; 19491956.
Lewis, S.J., Baker, I., Smith, G.D., 2005. Meta-analysis of vitamin D
polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis risk. Int J Tuberc
Lung Dis 9 (10): 1174-1177.
Li, D., Wang, T., Song, X., Qucuo, M., Yang, B., Zhang, J., 2011.
Genetic study of two single nucleotide polymorphisms within
corresponding microRNAs and susceptibility to tuberculosis in a
Chinese Tibetan and Han population. Hum Immunol 72:598602.
Li, Y.C., 2003. Vitamin D regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. J
Cell Biochem 88:327-331.
Liu, W., Cao., W., Zhang, C., Tian, L., Wu, X., Habbema, J.D.F., et al.,
2004. VDR and NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility
to pulmonary tuberculosis among the Chinese Han population: a
case-control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (4): 428-434.
Liu, P.T., Stenger, S., Tang, D.H., Modlin, R.L., 2007. Cutting edge:
Vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of
cathelicidin. J Immunol 179: 2060-2063.
Lobue, P.A., Lademarco, M.F., Castro, K.G., 2008. The epidemiology,
prevention, and control of tuberculosis in the United States. In:
Fishman, A.P., Elias, J.A., Fishman, J.A., Grippi, M.A., Senior,
R.M., Pack, A.I.,eds. Fishman’s pulmonary diseases and
disorders. 4th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2447-2457.
127
128
Lombard, Z., Dalton, D.L., Venter, P.A., Williams, R.C., Bornman,
L.,2006. Association of HLA-DR, -DQ and vitamin D receptor
alleles and haplotypes with tuberculosis in the Venda of South
Africa. Hum Immunol 67:643-654.
Lönnroth, K., Williams, B.G., Stadlin, S., Jaramilo, E., Dye, C., 2008.
Alcohol use as a risk factor for tuberculosis – a systemic review.
BMC Public Health 8:289.
López, B., Aguilar, D., Orozco, H., Burger, M., Espitia, C., Ritacco, V.,
et al., 2003. A marked difference in pathogenesis and immune
response induced by different Mycobacterium tuberculosis
genotypes. Clin Exp Immunol 133:30-37.
Madiyono, B., Mz Moeslichan, S., Sastroasmoro, S., Budiman, I.,
Purwanto, S.H., 2002. Perkiraan besar sampel. Dalam:
Sastroasmoro, S., Ismael, S., eds. Dasar-dasar metodologi
penelitian klinis. Edisi ke 2. Jakarta: CV Sagung Seto, 259-287.
Malham, M., Jørgensen, S.P., Ott, P., Agnholt, J., Vilstrup, H., Borre,
M., et al., 2011. Vitamin D deficiency in cirrhosis relates to liver
dysfunction rather than aetiology. World J Gastroenterol
17(7):922-925.
Mandrekar, P., 2011. Epigenetic regulation in alcohol liver disease.
World J Gastroenterol 17(20):2456-2646.
Marashian, S.M., Farnia, P., Seyf, S., Anoosheh, S., Velayati, A.A.,
2010. Evaluating the role of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms
on susceptibility to tuberculosis among Iranian patients: a casecontrol study. Tüberküloz ve Toraks 58(2): 147-153
Martineau, A.R., Wilkinson, R.J., Wilkinson, K.A., 2007. A single dose
of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 176: 208-213.
Mason, C.M., Dobard, E., Zhang, P., Nelson, S., 2004. Alcohol
exacerbates murine pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 72(5):
2556-2563.
Merza, M., Farnia, P., Anoosheh, S., Varahram, M., Kazampour, M.,
Pajand, O., et al., 2009. The NRAMP1, VDR and TNF-α gene
polymorphisms in Iranian tuberculosis patients: the study on
host susceptibility. Braz J Infect Dis 13(4):252-256.
Mocharla, H., Butch, A.W., Pappas, A.A., Flick, J.T., Weinstein, R.S.,
De Togni, P., et al, 1997. Quantification of vitamin D receptor
mRNA by competing polymerase chain reaction in PBMC: lack
of correspondence with common allelic variants. J Bone Miner
Res 12: 726-733.
Möller, M., de Wit, E., Hoal, E.G., 2010. Past, prensent and future
directions in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. FEMS
Immunol Med Microbiol 58:3-26.
Mulyadi, Mudatsir, Nurlina, 2011. Hubungan tingkat kepositipan
pemeriksaan Basil Tahan Asam (BTA) dengan gambaran luas
lesi radiologi toraks pada penderita tuberkulosis paru yang
dirawat di SMF Pulmonologi RSUDZA Banda Aceh. J Respir
Indo 31(3):133-137.
128
129
Need, A.G., Kemp, A., Giles, N., Morris, H.A., Horowitz, M., Nordin,
B.E.C., 2002. Relationships between intestinal Calcium
absorption, serum vitamin D metabolites and smoking in
postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int 13:83-88.
Newman, S.C., 2001. Biostatistical Methods in Epidemiology. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-36914-4.
Nnoaham, K.E., Clarke, A., 2008. Low serum vitamin D levels and
tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J of
Epidemiology 37: 113-119.
Nugroho, A.C., 2004. Hubungan antara asupan kalori dan luas lesi
radiologis pada penderita tuberkulosis paru.(Abstract). Available
at http: //dglib.uns.ac.id/pengguna.php?min=detail&d_id=12222.
Accessed on September 16, 2013.
Olesen, R., Wejse, C., Velez, D.R., Bisseye, C., Sodemann, M., Aaby,
P.,et al., 2007. DC-SIGN (CD209), pentraxin 3 and vitamin D
receptor gene variants associate with pulmonary tuberculosis
risk in West Africans. Genes Immun 8:456-467.
Pennini, M.E., Pai, R.K., Schultz, D.C., Boom, W.H., Harding, C.V.,
2006. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa Lipoprotein inhibits
IFN-γ-induced chromatin Remodeling of MHC2TA by TLR2 and
MAPK signaling. J Immunol 176:4323-4330.
Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia, 2011. Tuberkulosis. Pedoman
diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. Jakarta, PDPI.
Pierson, T., Learmonth-Pierson, S., Pinto, D., van Hoek, M.L., 2013.
Cigarette smoke extract induces differential expression levels of
beta-defensin peptides in human alveolar epithelial cells. Tob
Induc Dis 11:10: 1-8.
Qian, S., Xiangyu, M., Hui, L., Ying, L., Daiyu, H., Xiong, H., et al.,
2011. Association between gene polymorphisms of vitamin D
receptor and pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility: a metaanalysis. Journal of medical colleges of PLA 26:67-75.
Raja, A., 2004. Immunology of tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res, 120:
213-232.
Rajaram, M.V.S., Ni, B., Morris, J.D., Brooks, M.N., Carlson, T.K.,
Bakthavachalu, B., et al., 2011. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
lipomannan blocks TNF biosynthesis by regulating macrophage
MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) and micro miR-125b.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA108:929-942.
Rehm, J., Samokhalov, A.V., Neuman, M.G., Room, R., Parry, C.,
Lönnroth, K., 2009. The association between alcohol use,
alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic
review. BMC Public Health 9:450.
Rivas-Santiago, B., Hernandez-Pando, R., Carranza, C., Juarez, E.,
Contreras, J.L., Aguilar_Leon, D., et al., 2008. Expression of
cathelicidin LL-37 during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in
human alveolar macrophage, monocytes, neutrophills, and
epithelial cells. Infect Immun 76(3): 935-941.
129
130
Rockett, K.A., Brookes, R., Udalova, I., Vidal, V., Hill, A.V.S.,
Kwiatkowski, D., 1998. 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nitric
oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line. Infect Immun
66: 5314-5321.
Rodriguez, S., Gaunt, T.R., Daylan, N.M. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
testing of biological ascertainment for Mendelian randomization
studies. Available at http://www.oege.org/software/hwe-mrcalc.html. Access on May 27, 2014.
Rook, G.A.W., 1998. The role of vitamin D in tuberculosis. Am Rev
Respir Dis 138: 768-770.
Roy, S., Frodsham, A., Saha, B., Hazra, S.K., Mascie, C.G.N., Hill,
A.V.S., 1999. Association of vitamin D receptor genotype with
Leprosy type. J Infect Dis 179: 187-191.
Salanti, G., Amountza, G., Ntzani, E.E., Ioannidis, J.P.A. Hardy–
Weinberg equilibrium in genetic association studies: an
empirical evaluation of reporting, deviations, and power, 2005.
Eur J Hum Genet 13, 840–848. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201410.
Sasidharan, P.K., Rajeev, E., 2002. Vijayakumari, Y. Tuberculosis and
vitamin D deficiency. J Assoc Physicians India 50: 552-558.
Selvaraj, P., Chandra, G., Kurian, S.M., Reetha, A.M., Narayanan, P.R.
Association of vitamin D receptor gene variants of BsmI, ApaI
and FokI polymorphisms with susceptibility or resistance to
pulmonary tuberculosis. Curr Sci. 2003; 84: 1564-8.
Selvaraj, P., Kurian, S.M., Chandra, G., Reetha, A.M., Charkes, N.,
Narayanan, P.R., 2004. Vitamin D receptor gene variants of
BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphisms in spinal
tuberculosis. Clin Genet 65:73-76.
Selvaraj, P., Anand, S.P., Harishankar, M., Alagarasu, K., 2009.
Plasma 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 level and expression of
vitamin D receptor and cathelicidin in pulmonary tuberculosis. J
Clin Immunol 29: 470-478.
Setiabudiawan B., 2010. Peran defisiensi vitamin D dan polimorfisme
Fok I, Bsm I, Apa I serta Taq I gen reseptor vitamin D terhadap
tuberkulosis pada anak. Sari Pediatri 11(5): 317-325.
Shang, C.A.O., Peng-fei, L.U.O, Wei, L.I., Wan-qin, T, Xiao-na, C.,
Ping-min, W., 2012. Meta analysis. Vitamin D receptor genetic
polymorphisms and tuberculosis among Chinese Han ethnic
group. Chin Med J 125(5);920-925.
Shang, S., Ordway, D., Henao-Tamayo, M., Bai, X., Oberley-Deegan,
R., Shanley, C., 2011. Cigarette smoke increase susceptibility to
tuberculosis-evidenve from in vivo and in vitro models. J Infect
Dis 203(9): 1240-1248.
Shing, A., Gaughan, J.P., Kashyap, V.K., 2011. SLC11A1 and VDR
gene variants and susceptibility to tuberculosis and disease
progression in East India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15:1468-1474,i.
Sly, L.M., Lopez, M., Nauseef, W.M., Reiner, N.E., 2001. 1alpha, 25Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced monocyte antimycobacterial
130
131
activity is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and
mediated by NADPH-dependent phagocyte tyidase. J Biol
Chem 276 (354): 82-93.
Soetikno, R.D., Parwati, I., 2010. Gambaran foto toraks tuberkulosis
paru genotipe Beijing dan non-Beijing. MKB 42(3):92-95.
S∅rensen, O.E., 2005. The human cathelicidin hCAP-18. Dan Med
Bull 52: 1-10.
Stämpfli, M.R., Anderson, G.P., 2009. How cigarette smoke skews
immunw responses to promote infection, lung disease and
cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 378-384.
Stead, W.W., 2001. Variation in vulnerability to tuberculosis in America
today: random, or legacies or different ancestral epidemics? Int
J Tuberc Lung Dis 5(9): 807-814.
Stein, C.M., 2011. Genetic epidemiology of tuberculosis susceptibility:
impact of study design. PLoS Pathogens 7(1): e1001189.
doi:10.1371/jornal.ppat.1001189.
Suradi, R., Siahaan, C.M., Boedjang, R.F., Sudiyanto, Setyaningsih, I.,
Soedibjo, S., 2002. Penelitian kasus kontrol. Di: Sastroasmoro,
S., Ismael, S., eds. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis,
edisi ke 2. Jakarta: Sagung Seto,110-127.
Takiff, H.E., 2007. Host genetics and susceptibility. In: Palomino, J.C.,
Leao, S.C., Ritacco, V., ed. Tuberculosis 2007 From Basic
science to patient care. 1st ed. Brazil: BourcillierKamps.com;
2007; (1); 207-262.
Tavilani, H., Nadi, E., Karimi, J., Goodarzi, M.T., 2012. Oxidative stress
in COPD patients, smokers, and non-smokers. Respir Care
57(12):2090-2094.
Trikalinos, T.A., Salanti, G., Khoury, M.J., Ioannidis, J.P.A. Impact of
violations and deviations in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium on
postulated gene-disease association, 2006. Am J Epidemiol
163:300-309.
Uitterlinden, A.G., Fanf, Y., van Meurs, J.B.J., Pols, H.A.P., van
Leeuwen, J.P.T.M., 2004. Genetics and biology of vitamin D
receptor polymorphisms. Gene 338;143-156.
Van Etten, E., Verlinden, L., Giulietti, A., Ramos-Let al, 2007. Lopez,
E., Branisteanu, D.D., Ferreira, G.B., The vitamin D receptor
gene FokI polymorphism: Functional impact on the immune
system. Eur J Immunol 37:395-405.
Van der Eijk, E.A., van de Vosse, E., Vandenbroucke, J.P., van Dissel,
J.T., 2007. Heredity versus environment in tuberculosis in twins.
The 1950s United Kingdom Prophit Survey-Simonds and
Comstock Revisited. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:12811288.
Velez, D.R., Hulme, W.F., Myer,, J.L., Stryjemski, M.E., Abbate, E.,
Estevan, R.,et al.,
2009. Association of SLC11A1 with
tuberculosis and interaction with NOS2A and TLR2 in AfricanAmericans and Caucasians. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 13(9):10681076.
131
132
Velez, D.R., Hulme, W.F., Myers, J.L., Weinberg, J.B., Levesque, M.C.,
Stryjemski, M.E., et al., 2009. NOS2A, TLR4, and IFNGR1
interaction influence pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility in
African-Americans. Hum Genet.126(5): 643-653.
Vernooy, J.H.J., Lindeman, J.H.N., Jacobs, J.A., Hanemaaijer, R.,
Wouters, E.F.M., 2004. Increased activity of Matrix
Metalloproteinase-8 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in induced
sputum from patients with COPD. Chest 126:1802-1810.
Vitamin D Receptor. Genomos. Available at http://www.genomos.euimages-VDR_jpg_files/index.htm. Access on October 16, 2012.
Wang, J-Y., Lee, L-N., Hsueh, P-R., 2005. Factors changing the
manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc lung Dis
9(7):777-783.
Weidman, J.R., Dolinoy, D.C., Murphy, S.K., Jirtle, R.L., 2007. Cancer
susceptibility: Epigenetic manifestation of environmental
exposures. Cancer J 13:9-16.
WHO 2003. Global Tuberculosis Control. Surveillance, planning,
financing. WHO Report 2003. Geneva, 2003.
WHO 2009. Global Tuberculosis Control, 2009. Epidemiology Strategy
Financing. Geneva, 2009.
WHO 2012. Global Tuberculosis Report, 2012. WHO Report 2012.
Geneva, 2012.
Wilbur, A.K., Kubatko, L.S., Hurtado, A.M., Hill, K.R., Stone, A.C.,
2007. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility
M. tuberculosis in Native Paraguayans. Tuberculosis 87:329337.
Wilkinson, R.J., Liewelyn, M., Toossi, Z., Patel, P., Pasvol, G., Lalvani,
A., et al., 2000. Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D
receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians
in West London: a case-control study. Lancet 355: 618-621.
Wu, F., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Wu, J., Li, C., Meng, X., 2013. NRAMP1,
VDR, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 gene polymorphisms in
susceptibility to tuberculosis among the Chenese Kazakh
population: A case-control study. BioMed Res Int 2013, article
ID 484535, 8 pages.
Wu, Y., Yang, X., Wang, X., Qiu, M., You, Y., Zhang, Z., et al., 2010.
Association of vitamin D receptor Bsm I gene polymorphism with
risk of tuberculosis: A Meta-analysis of 15 studies. PloS ONE
8(6): e66944. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066944.
Yamagata, M., Nakajima, S., Tokita, A., Sakai, N., Yamagihara, I.,
Yabuta, K., et al., 1999. Analysis of the stable levels of
messenger RNA derived from different polymorphic alleles in the
vitamin D receptor gene. J Bone Miner Metab 17(3):164-70.
Yamshchikov, A.V., Kurbatova, E.V., Kumari, M., Blumberg, H.M.,
Ziegler, T.R., Ray, S.M., et al., 2010. Vitamin D status and
antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) concentrations in
132
133
patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Clin Nutr 92:
603-11.
Yang, I.V., Schwartz, D.A., 2011. Epigenetic control of gene
expression in the lung. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 183: 12951301.
Zmuda, J.M., Cauley, J.A., Ferrell, R.E., 2000. Molecular epidemiology
of vitamin D receptor gene variants. Epidemiol Rev 22 (2): 203217.
Zul, A.B. Nenek moyang bongso Batak dari suku Manyuria. Available
from:
http://indonesia.kini.co/2013/03/23/10/20/30/311/nenekmoyang-bonso-batak-dari-suku-mansyuria.html Accessed on
September 12, 2013.
133
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Agranoff, D., Monahan, I.M., Mangan, J.A., Butcher, P.D., Krishna, S.,
1999. Mycobacterium tuberculosis express a novel phdependent divalent cation transposter belonging to the Nramp
family. J Exp Med 190 (5): 717-724.
Ahmad, S., 2011. Pathogenesis, immunology and diagnosis of latent
mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Dev Immunol : 1-17. Available
from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/814943. Accessed on
September 1, 2011.
Aktoğu, S., Yorgancioglu, A., Cirak, K., Köse, T., Dereli, Ş.M., 1996.
Clinical spectrum of pulmonary and pelural tuberculosis: a report
of 5,480 cases. Eur Respir J 9:2031-2035.
Andraos, C., Koorsen, G., Knight, J.C., Bornman, L., 2010. Vitamin D
receptor gene methylation is associated with ethnicity,
tuberculosis, and TaqI polymorphism. Hum Immunol 72:262268.
Andrews, C.A., 2010. The Hardy-Weinberg principle. The nature
education.
Available
from:
http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-hardyweinberg-principle-13235724
Accessed on September 16,
2013.
Anonymous. Alcohol Alert. National Institute on alcohol abuse and
alcoholism no 22 PH 346, 1993. Available from:
http://www.pubs.niaaa.nih.gov Accessed on September 14,
2013.
Arai, H., Myamoto, K., Taketani, Y., Yamamoto, H., Iemoro, Y., Morita,
K., et al., 1997. A vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in the
tranlation initiation codon: effect on protein and relation to bone
mineral density in Japanese women. J Bone Miner Res 12:915921.
Ates, O., Dolek, B., Dalyan, L., Musellim, B., Ongen, G., TopalSarikaya, A., 2011. The association between BsmI variant of
vitamin D receptor gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Mol
Biol Rep 38:2633-2636.
Azad, A.K., Sadee, W., Schlesinger, L.S., 2012. Innate immunity gene
polymorphisms in tuberculosis. Infect Immun 80(10):3343-3359.
Banoei, M.M., Mirsaeidi, M.S., Houshmand, M., Tabarsi, P., Ebrahim,
G., Zargari, L., 2010. Vitamin D receptor homoxygote mutant tt
and bb are associated with susceptibility to pulmonar
tuberculosis in the Iranian population. Int J Infect Dis 14,e84e85.
Baratawidjaya, K.G., Rengganis, I., 2009. Imunologi Dasar, edisi 8.
Jakarta: Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Indonesia, 217-255.
Bates, M.N., Khalakdina, A., Pai, M., Chang, L., Lessa, F.,Smith, K.R.,
2007. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: A
122
123
systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 167:335342.
Bellamy, R., Ruwende, C., Corrag, T., Mc Adam, K.P.W.J., Whittle,
H.C., Hill, A.V.S., 1998. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and
susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med
338: 640-644.
Ben-Selma, W., Harizi, H., Boukadida, J., 2011. Association of TNF-α
and IL-10 polymorphisms with tuberculosis in Tunisian
populations. Microbes Infect. 13:837-843.
Berenson, C.S., Garlipp, M.A., Grove, L. J., Maloney J., Sethi, S.,
2006. Impaired phagocytosis of nontypeable Haemophilus
influenzae by human alveolar macrophages in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. JID 194: 1375-1384.
Bermudez, L.E., 1994. Effect of ethanol on the interaction between the
macrophage and Mycobacterium avium. Alcohol 11(2); 69-73
Bhatt, K.. Salgame, P., 2007. Host innate immunity response to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 27 (4): 347-362.
Bid, H.K., Mittal, R.D., 2003. Study of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene
start codon polymorphism (FokI) in healthy individuals from
North India. Indian J Hum Genet 9 issue 2: 51-54.
Bikle, D., 2009. Non classic actions of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 94 (1): 26-34.
Bornman, L., Campbell, S.J., Fielding, K., Bah, B., Sillah, J.,
Gustafson, P., 2004. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and
susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa: A case-control and
family study. J Infect Dis 190:1631-1641.
Bouillon, R., Carmeliet, G., Verlinden, L., van Etten, E., Annemieke,
V., Verstuyf, et al., 2008. Vitamin D and Human Health:
Lessons from Vitamin D Receptor Null Mice. Endocr Rev 29:
726–776.
Bozza, V.V., D’Attilio, L., Mahuad, C.V., Giri, A.A., del Rey, A.,
Besedovsky, H., et al., 2007. Altered cortisol/DHEA ratio in
tuberculosis patients and its relationship with abnormalities in
the mycobacterial-driven cytokine production by peripheral
blood mononuclear cells. Scand J Immunol 66:97-103.
Brot, C., Jørgensen, N.R., Sørensen, O.H., 1999. The influence of
smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism. Eur J Clin
Nutr 53(12):920-926.
Buschman, E., Skamene, E., Schurr, E., 2004. The role of the
NRAMP1 gene in mycobacterial infection. In: Rom, W.N., Garay,
S.M., ed. Tuberculosis. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott William &
Wilkins, 193-201.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for
HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, 2013. Latent
Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care
Providers.
Available
from:
http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/pdf/TargetedLTBI.pdf.
Accessed on September 14, 2013.
123
124
Chakrabarti, B., Calverley, P.M.A., Davies, P.D.O., 2007. Tuberculosis
and its incidence, special nature, and relationship with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J of COPD 2 (3): 263-272.
Chiba, N., Suldan, Z., Freedman, L.P., and Parvin, J.D., 2000. Binding
of liganded vitamin D receptor interacting protein coactivator
complex induces interaction with RNA polymerase II
holoenzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 10719-10722.
Chen, C., Liu, Q., Zhu, L., Yang, H., Lu, W. Vitamin D receptor gene
polymorphisms on the risk of tuberculosis, a meta-analysis of 29
case-control
studies.
PLoS
ONE
8(12):
e83843.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083843
Chiu, K.C., Chu, A., Go, V.L.W., Saad, M.F., 2004. Hypovitaminosis D
is associated with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. Am J
Clin Nutr 79:820-825.
Chun, R.F., Adams, J.S., Hewison, M., 2008. Back to the future: a new
look at ‘old’ vitamin D. J of Endocrinology 198: 261-269.
Davila, S., Hibberd, M.L., Dass, R.H., Wong, H.E.E., Sahiratmaja, E.,
Bonnard, C., et al., 2008. Genetic association and expression
studies indicate a role of Toll-like Receptor 8 in pulmonary
tuberculosis. Plos Genetics 4 issue 10, e1000218:1-8.
Delgado, J.C., Baena, A., Thim, S., Goldfeld, A.E., 2002. Ethnicspesific genetic associations with pulmonary tuberculosis. J
Infect Dis 186: 1463-1468.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2001. Survei Kesehatan
Rumah Tangga 2001. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2008. Profil Kesehatan
Indonesia 2007. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia.
de Wit, E., van der Merwe, L., van Helden, P.D., Hoal, E.G., 2011.
Gene-gene interaction between tuberculosis candidate genes in
a South African population. Mamm Genome 22:100 –110.
Diel, R., Scheneider, S., Meywald-Walter, K., Ruf, C., Rüsch-Gerdes,
S., Nieman, S., 2002. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Hamburg,
Germany: Long-term population-based analysis applying
classical and molecular epidemiological technique. J Clin
Microbiol 40:532-539.
Djaharuddin, I., 2012. Peran variasi genetik reseptor vitamin D
terhadap respons terapi penderita tuberkulosis paru. Disertasi.
Program Pasca Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
Donald, P.R., Marais, B.J., Barry, C.E., 2010. Age and the
epidemiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Lancet 375:
1852-1854.
Durrin, L.K., Haile, R.W., Ingles, S.A., Coetzee, G.A., 1999. Vitamin D
receptor 3’-untranslated region polymorphisms: lack of effect on
mRNA stability. Biochim Biophys Acta 1453: 311-320.
124
125
Dye, J.A., Adler, K.B., 1994. Effects of cigarette smoke on epithelial
cells of the respiratory tract. Thorax 49: 825-834.
Elkington, P.T.G, Friedland, J.S., 2006. Matrix metalloproteinases in
destructive pulmonary pathology. Thorax 61:259-266.
Fang, W., Gao, L., Liang, W., Xue, H., Bai, P., Lv, M., et al., 2009.
Association analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms
in Chinese population with asthma. Iran J Allergy Asthma
Immunol 8: 141-147.
Fazel, S., Bains, P., Doll, H., 2005. Substance abuse and dependence
in prisoners: a systematic review. Addiction 101:181-191.
Finlay, G.A., O’Driscoll, L.R., Russel, K.J., D’Arcy, E.M., Masterson,
J.B., Fitzgerald, M.X., et al., 1997. Matrix Metalloproteinase
expression and pruduction by alveolar macrophages in
emphysema. Am J respir Crit Care Med 156:240-247.
Fitness, J., Floyd, S., Wandorff, D.K., Sichali, L., Malema, S., Crampin,
A.C., et al., 2004. Large scale candidate gene study of
tuberculosis susceptibility in Karonga district of Northern Malawi.
Am J Trop Med Hyg 71:341-349.
French, S.W. Epigenetic events in liver cancer resulting from alcoholic
liver disease. Alcohol Research 35, issue number 1. Available at
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arcr351/57-67.htm.
Accessed on January 22, 2014.
Gamble, L., Mason, C.M., Nelson, S., 2006. The effect of alcohol on
immunity and bacterial infection in the lung. Méd Maladies Infect
36; 72-77.
Gao, L., Tao, Y., Zhang, L., Jin, Q., 2010. Vitamin D receptor genetic
polymorphisms and tuberculosis: updated systematic review and
meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14 (1): 15-23.
Ghulam, H., Kadri, S.M., Manzoor, A., Wassem, Q., Aatif, S., Khan,
G.Q., et al, 2009. Status of zinc in pulmonary tuberculosis. J
Infect Dev Ctries 3(5):365-368.
Glynn, J.R., Whiteley, J., Bifani, P.J., Kremer, K., van Soolingen D.,
2002. Worldwide occurrence of Beijing/W strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic Review. Emerg Infect
Dis 8:843-849.
Gross, C., Musiol, I.M., Eccleshall, T.R., Malloy, P.J., Feldman, D.,
1998. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms: analysis of
ligand binding and hormone responsiveness in cultured skin
fibroblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242 :467-473.
Gupta, K.B., Gupta, R., Atreja, A., Verma, M., Vishvkarma, S., 2009.
Tuberculosis and nutrition. Lung India 26(1):9-16.
Gyorffy, B., Vasarhelyi, B., Krikovszky, D., Madascy, L., Tordai, A.,
Tulassay, T., et al., 2002. Gender-specific association of vitamin
D receptor polymorphism combination with type 1 diabetes
mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 147: 803-808.
Haddad, M. B., Wilson, T.W., Ijaz, K., Moore, M., 2005. Tuberculosis
and Homelessness in the United States, 1994-2003. JAMA
293(22):2762-2766.
125
126
Hansdottir, S., 2011. Modulation of lung innate immunity by vitamin D
and cigarette smoking. Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae
Doctor. University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine School of
health Sciences, Spring.
Harriers, A., Maher, D., Uplekar, M., 1997. TB A clinical manual for
South East Asia. Geneva, WHO, 91-99.
Hasmiller, K.M., 2006. The association between smoking and
tuberculosis. Salud Publica Mex 48 supl I:S201-S216.
Haussler, M.R., Whitfield, G.K., Haussler, C.A., Hsieh, J., Thompson,
P.D., Selznick, S.H., et al., 1998. The nuclear vitamin D
receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties
revealed. J Bone Miner Res. 13: 325-349.
Haussler, M.R., Haussler, C.A., Bartik, L., Whitfield, G.K., Hsieh, J.,
Slater, S., et al., 2008. Vitamin D receptor: molecular signaling
and actions of nutritional ligands in disease prevention. Nutr Rev
66(Suppl. 2):S98–S112.
Hayes, C.E., Nashold, F.E., Spach, K.M., Pedersen, L.B., 2003.
Review. The immunological function of the vitamin D endocrine
system. Cell Mol Biol 49 (2): 1-2
Hernandez, R., Chacon, R., Serafin, J., Estrada, I., 2007. Immunology,
Pathogenesis,
Virulence. In: Palomino, J.C., Leao, S.C.,
Ritacco, V., ed. Tuberculosis 2007 From Basic science to
patient care. 1st ed. Brazil: BourcillierKamps.com; 2007; (1); 157206.
Hodge, S., Hodge, G., Ahern, J., Jersmann, H., Holmes, M., Reynolds,
P.N., 2007. Smoking alters alveolar macrophage recognition
and phagocytic ability: implications in chronic obstructice
pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 37: 748-755.
Holick, M.F., 2007. Medical progress. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J
Med 357: 266-281.
Hopewell, P.C., Bloom, B.R., 2000. Tuberculosis and other
mycobacterial diseases. In: Murray JF, Nadel Ja, Mason RJ,
Boushey Jr HA, eds. Text book of Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1043-1105.
Imai, K., Dalal, S.S., Chen, E.S., Downey, R., Schulman, L.L.,
Ginsburg,
M.,
2001.
Human
collagenase
(Matrix
Metalloproteinase-1) expression in the lungs of patients with
emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:786-2001.
Jabado, N., Jankowski, A., Dougaparsad, S., Picard, V., Grinstein, S.,
Gros, P., 2000. Natural resistance to intracellular infections:
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1)
functions as a ph-dependent Manganese transporter at the
phagosomal membrane. J Exp Med 192 (9): 1237-1247.
Jiménez-Corona, M.E., Cruz-hervert, L.P., Garcia-Garcia, L., FerreyraReyes, L., Delgado-Sánchez, G., Bolbadilla-del-Valle, M., et al.,
2012. Association of diabetes and tuberculosis: impact on
treatment and post-treatment outcomes. Thorax 2012;0:1-7.
126
127
Jones, J.G., Lawler, P., Crawley, J.C.W., Minty, B.D., Hulands, G.,
Veall, N., 1980. Increased alveolar epithelial permeability in
cigarette smokers. Lancet, 1(8159), 66-68.
Jurutka, P.W., Remus, L.S., Whitfield, G.K., Thompson, P.D., Hsieh,
J.C., Zitzer, H., et al, 2000. The polymorphic N terminus in
human vitamin D receptor isoform influences transcriptional
activity by modulating interaction with transcription factor IIB.
Mol Endocrinol 14:401-420.
Kang, T.J., Jin, S.H., Chun, Yeum, C., Lee, S. B., Kim, C.H., et al.,
2011.Vitamin D Receptor Gene Taq I, Bsm I and Fok I
Polymorphisms in Korean Patients with Tuberculosis. Immune
Netw 11(5):253-257
Kobor, M.S., Weinberg, J., 2011. Focus on: epigenetics and fetal
alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Res Health 34 (1):29-37.
Kwiatkowski, D.,2000. Science, medicine and the future. Susceptibility
to infection. BMJ 321: 1061-1065.
Leandro, A.C.C.S., Rocha, M.A., Cardoso, C.S.A., Bonecini-Almeida,
M.G., 2009. Genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor,
vitamin D-binding protein, Toll-like receptor 2, nitric oxide
synthase 3, and interferon-γ genes and its association with
susceptibility to tuberculosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 42; 312-322.
Lee, J.H., O’Keefe, J.H., Bell, D., Hensrud, D.D., Holick, M.F., 2008.
Vitamin D deficiency: An important, common, and easily
treatable cardiovascular risk factor? J Am Coll Cardiol. 52; 19491956.
Lewis, S.J., Baker, I., Smith, G.D., 2005. Meta-analysis of vitamin D
polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis risk. Int J Tuberc
Lung Dis 9 (10): 1174-1177.
Li, D., Wang, T., Song, X., Qucuo, M., Yang, B., Zhang, J., 2011.
Genetic study of two single nucleotide polymorphisms within
corresponding microRNAs and susceptibility to tuberculosis in a
Chinese Tibetan and Han population. Hum Immunol 72:598602.
Li, Y.C., 2003. Vitamin D regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. J
Cell Biochem 88:327-331.
Liu, W., Cao., W., Zhang, C., Tian, L., Wu, X., Habbema, J.D.F., et al.,
2004. VDR and NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility
to pulmonary tuberculosis among the Chinese Han population: a
case-control study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 8 (4): 428-434.
Liu, P.T., Stenger, S., Tang, D.H., Modlin, R.L., 2007. Cutting edge:
Vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of
cathelicidin. J Immunol 179: 2060-2063.
Lobue, P.A., Lademarco, M.F., Castro, K.G., 2008. The epidemiology,
prevention, and control of tuberculosis in the United States. In:
Fishman, A.P., Elias, J.A., Fishman, J.A., Grippi, M.A., Senior,
R.M., Pack, A.I.,eds. Fishman’s pulmonary diseases and
disorders. 4th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2447-2457.
127
128
Lombard, Z., Dalton, D.L., Venter, P.A., Williams, R.C., Bornman,
L.,2006. Association of HLA-DR, -DQ and vitamin D receptor
alleles and haplotypes with tuberculosis in the Venda of South
Africa. Hum Immunol 67:643-654.
Lönnroth, K., Williams, B.G., Stadlin, S., Jaramilo, E., Dye, C., 2008.
Alcohol use as a risk factor for tuberculosis – a systemic review.
BMC Public Health 8:289.
López, B., Aguilar, D., Orozco, H., Burger, M., Espitia, C., Ritacco, V.,
et al., 2003. A marked difference in pathogenesis and immune
response induced by different Mycobacterium tuberculosis
genotypes. Clin Exp Immunol 133:30-37.
Madiyono, B., Mz Moeslichan, S., Sastroasmoro, S., Budiman, I.,
Purwanto, S.H., 2002. Perkiraan besar sampel. Dalam:
Sastroasmoro, S., Ismael, S., eds. Dasar-dasar metodologi
penelitian klinis. Edisi ke 2. Jakarta: CV Sagung Seto, 259-287.
Malham, M., Jørgensen, S.P., Ott, P., Agnholt, J., Vilstrup, H., Borre,
M., et al., 2011. Vitamin D deficiency in cirrhosis relates to liver
dysfunction rather than aetiology. World J Gastroenterol
17(7):922-925.
Mandrekar, P., 2011. Epigenetic regulation in alcohol liver disease.
World J Gastroenterol 17(20):2456-2646.
Marashian, S.M., Farnia, P., Seyf, S., Anoosheh, S., Velayati, A.A.,
2010. Evaluating the role of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms
on susceptibility to tuberculosis among Iranian patients: a casecontrol study. Tüberküloz ve Toraks 58(2): 147-153
Martineau, A.R., Wilkinson, R.J., Wilkinson, K.A., 2007. A single dose
of vitamin D enhances immunity to mycobacteria. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 176: 208-213.
Mason, C.M., Dobard, E., Zhang, P., Nelson, S., 2004. Alcohol
exacerbates murine pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 72(5):
2556-2563.
Merza, M., Farnia, P., Anoosheh, S., Varahram, M., Kazampour, M.,
Pajand, O., et al., 2009. The NRAMP1, VDR and TNF-α gene
polymorphisms in Iranian tuberculosis patients: the study on
host susceptibility. Braz J Infect Dis 13(4):252-256.
Mocharla, H., Butch, A.W., Pappas, A.A., Flick, J.T., Weinstein, R.S.,
De Togni, P., et al, 1997. Quantification of vitamin D receptor
mRNA by competing polymerase chain reaction in PBMC: lack
of correspondence with common allelic variants. J Bone Miner
Res 12: 726-733.
Möller, M., de Wit, E., Hoal, E.G., 2010. Past, prensent and future
directions in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. FEMS
Immunol Med Microbiol 58:3-26.
Mulyadi, Mudatsir, Nurlina, 2011. Hubungan tingkat kepositipan
pemeriksaan Basil Tahan Asam (BTA) dengan gambaran luas
lesi radiologi toraks pada penderita tuberkulosis paru yang
dirawat di SMF Pulmonologi RSUDZA Banda Aceh. J Respir
Indo 31(3):133-137.
128
129
Need, A.G., Kemp, A., Giles, N., Morris, H.A., Horowitz, M., Nordin,
B.E.C., 2002. Relationships between intestinal Calcium
absorption, serum vitamin D metabolites and smoking in
postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int 13:83-88.
Newman, S.C., 2001. Biostatistical Methods in Epidemiology. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 0-471-36914-4.
Nnoaham, K.E., Clarke, A., 2008. Low serum vitamin D levels and
tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J of
Epidemiology 37: 113-119.
Nugroho, A.C., 2004. Hubungan antara asupan kalori dan luas lesi
radiologis pada penderita tuberkulosis paru.(Abstract). Available
at http: //dglib.uns.ac.id/pengguna.php?min=detail&d_id=12222.
Accessed on September 16, 2013.
Olesen, R., Wejse, C., Velez, D.R., Bisseye, C., Sodemann, M., Aaby,
P.,et al., 2007. DC-SIGN (CD209), pentraxin 3 and vitamin D
receptor gene variants associate with pulmonary tuberculosis
risk in West Africans. Genes Immun 8:456-467.
Pennini, M.E., Pai, R.K., Schultz, D.C., Boom, W.H., Harding, C.V.,
2006. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa Lipoprotein inhibits
IFN-γ-induced chromatin Remodeling of MHC2TA by TLR2 and
MAPK signaling. J Immunol 176:4323-4330.
Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia, 2011. Tuberkulosis. Pedoman
diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. Jakarta, PDPI.
Pierson, T., Learmonth-Pierson, S., Pinto, D., van Hoek, M.L., 2013.
Cigarette smoke extract induces differential expression levels of
beta-defensin peptides in human alveolar epithelial cells. Tob
Induc Dis 11:10: 1-8.
Qian, S., Xiangyu, M., Hui, L., Ying, L., Daiyu, H., Xiong, H., et al.,
2011. Association between gene polymorphisms of vitamin D
receptor and pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility: a metaanalysis. Journal of medical colleges of PLA 26:67-75.
Raja, A., 2004. Immunology of tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res, 120:
213-232.
Rajaram, M.V.S., Ni, B., Morris, J.D., Brooks, M.N., Carlson, T.K.,
Bakthavachalu, B., et al., 2011. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
lipomannan blocks TNF biosynthesis by regulating macrophage
MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) and micro miR-125b.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA108:929-942.
Rehm, J., Samokhalov, A.V., Neuman, M.G., Room, R., Parry, C.,
Lönnroth, K., 2009. The association between alcohol use,
alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic
review. BMC Public Health 9:450.
Rivas-Santiago, B., Hernandez-Pando, R., Carranza, C., Juarez, E.,
Contreras, J.L., Aguilar_Leon, D., et al., 2008. Expression of
cathelicidin LL-37 during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in
human alveolar macrophage, monocytes, neutrophills, and
epithelial cells. Infect Immun 76(3): 935-941.
129
130
Rockett, K.A., Brookes, R., Udalova, I., Vidal, V., Hill, A.V.S.,
Kwiatkowski, D., 1998. 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nitric
oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line. Infect Immun
66: 5314-5321.
Rodriguez, S., Gaunt, T.R., Daylan, N.M. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
testing of biological ascertainment for Mendelian randomization
studies. Available at http://www.oege.org/software/hwe-mrcalc.html. Access on May 27, 2014.
Rook, G.A.W., 1998. The role of vitamin D in tuberculosis. Am Rev
Respir Dis 138: 768-770.
Roy, S., Frodsham, A., Saha, B., Hazra, S.K., Mascie, C.G.N., Hill,
A.V.S., 1999. Association of vitamin D receptor genotype with
Leprosy type. J Infect Dis 179: 187-191.
Salanti, G., Amountza, G., Ntzani, E.E., Ioannidis, J.P.A. Hardy–
Weinberg equilibrium in genetic association studies: an
empirical evaluation of reporting, deviations, and power, 2005.
Eur J Hum Genet 13, 840–848. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201410.
Sasidharan, P.K., Rajeev, E., 2002. Vijayakumari, Y. Tuberculosis and
vitamin D deficiency. J Assoc Physicians India 50: 552-558.
Selvaraj, P., Chandra, G., Kurian, S.M., Reetha, A.M., Narayanan, P.R.
Association of vitamin D receptor gene variants of BsmI, ApaI
and FokI polymorphisms with susceptibility or resistance to
pulmonary tuberculosis. Curr Sci. 2003; 84: 1564-8.
Selvaraj, P., Kurian, S.M., Chandra, G., Reetha, A.M., Charkes, N.,
Narayanan, P.R., 2004. Vitamin D receptor gene variants of
BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and FokI polymorphisms in spinal
tuberculosis. Clin Genet 65:73-76.
Selvaraj, P., Anand, S.P., Harishankar, M., Alagarasu, K., 2009.
Plasma 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 level and expression of
vitamin D receptor and cathelicidin in pulmonary tuberculosis. J
Clin Immunol 29: 470-478.
Setiabudiawan B., 2010. Peran defisiensi vitamin D dan polimorfisme
Fok I, Bsm I, Apa I serta Taq I gen reseptor vitamin D terhadap
tuberkulosis pada anak. Sari Pediatri 11(5): 317-325.
Shang, C.A.O., Peng-fei, L.U.O, Wei, L.I., Wan-qin, T, Xiao-na, C.,
Ping-min, W., 2012. Meta analysis. Vitamin D receptor genetic
polymorphisms and tuberculosis among Chinese Han ethnic
group. Chin Med J 125(5);920-925.
Shang, S., Ordway, D., Henao-Tamayo, M., Bai, X., Oberley-Deegan,
R., Shanley, C., 2011. Cigarette smoke increase susceptibility to
tuberculosis-evidenve from in vivo and in vitro models. J Infect
Dis 203(9): 1240-1248.
Shing, A., Gaughan, J.P., Kashyap, V.K., 2011. SLC11A1 and VDR
gene variants and susceptibility to tuberculosis and disease
progression in East India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15:1468-1474,i.
Sly, L.M., Lopez, M., Nauseef, W.M., Reiner, N.E., 2001. 1alpha, 25Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced monocyte antimycobacterial
130
131
activity is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and
mediated by NADPH-dependent phagocyte tyidase. J Biol
Chem 276 (354): 82-93.
Soetikno, R.D., Parwati, I., 2010. Gambaran foto toraks tuberkulosis
paru genotipe Beijing dan non-Beijing. MKB 42(3):92-95.
S∅rensen, O.E., 2005. The human cathelicidin hCAP-18. Dan Med
Bull 52: 1-10.
Stämpfli, M.R., Anderson, G.P., 2009. How cigarette smoke skews
immunw responses to promote infection, lung disease and
cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 378-384.
Stead, W.W., 2001. Variation in vulnerability to tuberculosis in America
today: random, or legacies or different ancestral epidemics? Int
J Tuberc Lung Dis 5(9): 807-814.
Stein, C.M., 2011. Genetic epidemiology of tuberculosis susceptibility:
impact of study design. PLoS Pathogens 7(1): e1001189.
doi:10.1371/jornal.ppat.1001189.
Suradi, R., Siahaan, C.M., Boedjang, R.F., Sudiyanto, Setyaningsih, I.,
Soedibjo, S., 2002. Penelitian kasus kontrol. Di: Sastroasmoro,
S., Ismael, S., eds. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis,
edisi ke 2. Jakarta: Sagung Seto,110-127.
Takiff, H.E., 2007. Host genetics and susceptibility. In: Palomino, J.C.,
Leao, S.C., Ritacco, V., ed. Tuberculosis 2007 From Basic
science to patient care. 1st ed. Brazil: BourcillierKamps.com;
2007; (1); 207-262.
Tavilani, H., Nadi, E., Karimi, J., Goodarzi, M.T., 2012. Oxidative stress
in COPD patients, smokers, and non-smokers. Respir Care
57(12):2090-2094.
Trikalinos, T.A., Salanti, G., Khoury, M.J., Ioannidis, J.P.A. Impact of
violations and deviations in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium on
postulated gene-disease association, 2006. Am J Epidemiol
163:300-309.
Uitterlinden, A.G., Fanf, Y., van Meurs, J.B.J., Pols, H.A.P., van
Leeuwen, J.P.T.M., 2004. Genetics and biology of vitamin D
receptor polymorphisms. Gene 338;143-156.
Van Etten, E., Verlinden, L., Giulietti, A., Ramos-Let al, 2007. Lopez,
E., Branisteanu, D.D., Ferreira, G.B., The vitamin D receptor
gene FokI polymorphism: Functional impact on the immune
system. Eur J Immunol 37:395-405.
Van der Eijk, E.A., van de Vosse, E., Vandenbroucke, J.P., van Dissel,
J.T., 2007. Heredity versus environment in tuberculosis in twins.
The 1950s United Kingdom Prophit Survey-Simonds and
Comstock Revisited. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:12811288.
Velez, D.R., Hulme, W.F., Myer,, J.L., Stryjemski, M.E., Abbate, E.,
Estevan, R.,et al.,
2009. Association of SLC11A1 with
tuberculosis and interaction with NOS2A and TLR2 in AfricanAmericans and Caucasians. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 13(9):10681076.
131
132
Velez, D.R., Hulme, W.F., Myers, J.L., Weinberg, J.B., Levesque, M.C.,
Stryjemski, M.E., et al., 2009. NOS2A, TLR4, and IFNGR1
interaction influence pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility in
African-Americans. Hum Genet.126(5): 643-653.
Vernooy, J.H.J., Lindeman, J.H.N., Jacobs, J.A., Hanemaaijer, R.,
Wouters, E.F.M., 2004. Increased activity of Matrix
Metalloproteinase-8 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in induced
sputum from patients with COPD. Chest 126:1802-1810.
Vitamin D Receptor. Genomos. Available at http://www.genomos.euimages-VDR_jpg_files/index.htm. Access on October 16, 2012.
Wang, J-Y., Lee, L-N., Hsueh, P-R., 2005. Factors changing the
manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc lung Dis
9(7):777-783.
Weidman, J.R., Dolinoy, D.C., Murphy, S.K., Jirtle, R.L., 2007. Cancer
susceptibility: Epigenetic manifestation of environmental
exposures. Cancer J 13:9-16.
WHO 2003. Global Tuberculosis Control. Surveillance, planning,
financing. WHO Report 2003. Geneva, 2003.
WHO 2009. Global Tuberculosis Control, 2009. Epidemiology Strategy
Financing. Geneva, 2009.
WHO 2012. Global Tuberculosis Report, 2012. WHO Report 2012.
Geneva, 2012.
Wilbur, A.K., Kubatko, L.S., Hurtado, A.M., Hill, K.R., Stone, A.C.,
2007. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility
M. tuberculosis in Native Paraguayans. Tuberculosis 87:329337.
Wilkinson, R.J., Liewelyn, M., Toossi, Z., Patel, P., Pasvol, G., Lalvani,
A., et al., 2000. Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D
receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians
in West London: a case-control study. Lancet 355: 618-621.
Wu, F., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Wu, J., Li, C., Meng, X., 2013. NRAMP1,
VDR, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 gene polymorphisms in
susceptibility to tuberculosis among the Chenese Kazakh
population: A case-control study. BioMed Res Int 2013, article
ID 484535, 8 pages.
Wu, Y., Yang, X., Wang, X., Qiu, M., You, Y., Zhang, Z., et al., 2010.
Association of vitamin D receptor Bsm I gene polymorphism with
risk of tuberculosis: A Meta-analysis of 15 studies. PloS ONE
8(6): e66944. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066944.
Yamagata, M., Nakajima, S., Tokita, A., Sakai, N., Yamagihara, I.,
Yabuta, K., et al., 1999. Analysis of the stable levels of
messenger RNA derived from different polymorphic alleles in the
vitamin D receptor gene. J Bone Miner Metab 17(3):164-70.
Yamshchikov, A.V., Kurbatova, E.V., Kumari, M., Blumberg, H.M.,
Ziegler, T.R., Ray, S.M., et al., 2010. Vitamin D status and
antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) concentrations in
132
133
patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Clin Nutr 92:
603-11.
Yang, I.V., Schwartz, D.A., 2011. Epigenetic control of gene
expression in the lung. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 183: 12951301.
Zmuda, J.M., Cauley, J.A., Ferrell, R.E., 2000. Molecular epidemiology
of vitamin D receptor gene variants. Epidemiol Rev 22 (2): 203217.
Zul, A.B. Nenek moyang bongso Batak dari suku Manyuria. Available
from:
http://indonesia.kini.co/2013/03/23/10/20/30/311/nenekmoyang-bonso-batak-dari-suku-mansyuria.html Accessed on
September 12, 2013.
133