silesr2012 036.

®

Digital

Resources

_{Electronic Survey Report 2012-036}

A Sociolinguistic Survey of the

Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area

Eric M. Jackson

Emily H.S. Jackson

Shuh Huey Lau

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Contents

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Acknowledgements

6 " " " " < 1 # & 1 1 & " " " & # & & '

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Abstract

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+

1 Dejing Zhuang: An introduction

6 " - - F &

4 " < , " 1 ( # " "

"" % +/ )*** & 9 = ( 4 " < , " 1 ( +5 # $ %

, ( ?= ; )**.@

0 & $ % 1 &

1 " C $ F & $ & ( F & & &

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& & & 1 " & % 6 & " & % 1 # = &

= 1 & # = " 6 1

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& 1 & # ( " 6

1 # 1 = E G & 6K E FG L ? & & & +DDM1@

6 # " 1 & & & & &

" 6 -( - ?

)**93+).5 1 & # +DDD@ # # $ % & C

& ?M*N @ 1 # &

1 ; # 1 '

& 1 & &

0-/.D & ( #

& & " & EF G - &

, & 1 "" & %

1 & ( # # % "

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% & & & 1 # 6 "

# " & 1 #

" & " & 1 H& I " ? ( 6 @ &

& )

6 & " #

$ % , >= " ?那坡@ % ?靖西@ & 1 ?德保@ ( # ; ?百色@ " ? +DDD@

" " & " & 1

" & 1 L : ( '

- 4 C 4 ?

& ' )*+*@ & 1 ( C ? & ' +DDM@ ? "" & % 3 & 1 @

1.1 Piecing together the ethnolinguistic situation

: & -& & " "

( & & #

& # # 1 # 1 & ?+DD/@ & & & " % ( 1 # # &

& ( & " " = " % & 1

$ % )*** # " " #

DMN 1 & ?= ; )**.@ 6

? 1 O +DDB % O )*** = " O )**)@ & ?+DD/@ "

1 & "

1 # &

& # " 1 &

)_{6 ?+DDD@ # -" 1 &# 1 (} & +D9* & 1 # 6 1 # &

$ % & C & $ & 1 & &# & +D95 +D99 & 1 & 1 & "

# $ % A # 4

.

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# " & % #

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?+DDD@ # &

- " $ % & C A 1 # & & & " " " & & " & "

& & #

( & #

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& " F

& ( #

# & & & % " # & &农农

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# & & #

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& # " " & & & (

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5

" & " # # & " " 1 " F & 1 & &

# " H I 1 & & # " " & & &

: & "

& & && & & " & &

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" 1 & 1 & % & " & & " 1 #

& & # & "

" " > & & & " "

6 & " & " 1 #

" " "

" " " 1 - &

1.2 Demographics and non-linguistic background

1.2.1 Geography

6 # $ % B B)* 7 6

# "

$ % $ = " ( +/B+ 1

6 " & " " 1 " & " & & 1 "- & & " .* .** & & ' "

# $ % + 5

+ / " % # &

1 # F ( .M & ( ?$ % F F 7 )**.@ 6 " & # &

& " " " &-1 & " & 1 ( # # & &

9

1.2.2 Ethnicity

" 6 & "

& # " # 1

" & & & " # & 6

# 1 +D./ 1 : J ? +D5*

+D9/A +DMM@ & & & & ( 1 &

" & 6 &

" " 1 &> " 6 #

-6 1 ( & 6 -J &

" ' & >

? & & & +DDM1@ 6 - " " & ( 6 1 & & & &

# " & 6 & ( " & = L & & = " & = ; & ? +DMM & +D9/ &

& & & +DDM @._{6 " " 6} & # ( & & 1 1 " & ; & & "

" # & 1 #

& # "

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1 # & #

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1 # & &

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# & 1 & & 1 & & # 1 # 1 &

& & " "

._{6 4 " ?)**D@ " " & "} & "

/ & "

" & ;

4 ? & & )**M@

6 " & &

# " $ % #

1 " # ( " " & 1 $ %

H , I 0 # $ % &

# 1 " '

$ % >" 1 > 1

F & & & # " &

& 7

& # &

? % O )***@

1.2.3 Economy and commerce

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" " % 1 & = " + *)+ *** " " D/N " " + */B *** &

& & ?$ % F F 7

)**.@ & 1 > & " # " &&

> 6 "

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& ? % O )***@ 6 # 1

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-1 # # % & 1 (

M

1 # &&

< & "

"" " & & & #

1 #

1 ( " "

&& # 1 " & " " "

& - #

& F & ( 1 $ % 4 , $ & 4 $ % &

& ( < : #

" & # #

& 1 6 #

> & && & & & & & #

1 # # >

1 7 L # " & 1

-" & 1

1 " &

6 # " -"

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# " " & # 1 & # "

( $ &

# 1 1 #

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# & # #

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& ( & 6 #

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1 # 1 1

B

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1.2.4 Education

( # & & &

& % 1 & & & F &

5 _{a a a " " ( &}

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1 " & & ? 村委员会@ # # 1 a " "" & (

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& A " " o & & 6 # " & &

D

& ; & " & % & - $ &

1 # " " 1

& " &

& # % "

( & ? 4 E G C # & " 1 ( $ % @ &

& " & ? % O )***@

" & % ( # & % %" & " & 1 & & 7 & "

1 ( & - 1 1 " & +DB5 & # & & & :

1 ( H1 I - "" & % 1 # # & & > #

1 ' ( EF 1G =

" " 1 " & & " & " & "

+DD. )**) & " & & & & # &

& " 1

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( " " &

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# & 99 # &

= " & & # &

+*

( " #

& & # 1 - " & " "

1 # & # & 1

# 7 & & -1 & & #

& # & & & 1 &

1.3 Linguistic background

1.3.1 The language development situation

4 & " ?)**M@ " " &

< & # ( 3 &

# " " &

A " & &

" " & " & & A & " 1 # & &

" # " 1 & "

6 1 " &

" & 1 > " " & & & & 1 >1

& "" 1 " "

0 # 1 " & "

" # " " 1 1 &

- " 3 & - & & F & " 1 # & & & & ( & a a a a A &

" " & & # " # - "" & " % " 6

7 # & 1 & " & & " # & 1 # & " & & & % ?6 )**9@ 6 " #

++

& 1 & & 6 & & " # 1 & " C 1 EF 1G "

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# 9

6 1 & & " & & &

& " $ % # &

1 &

1 "

& & & # & ' " & " & & ? "3RRF # " & @ 0 & & & "

& 7 # >" ( 6

" >1 " & 1 # & & & % " " 1

" & & = &

" & & # " & 1 " & & " & " 1 6 & &

" & # & # " = " & & &

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# # & &

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& & # & & % & & & " # & & ' & &

" " 1 &

9_{6 & & & & ' ( A}

" & & 6 1 & # # " & 1 ?+DDD@ & & # & & 1 & & &

& & # & & " - % = # & & 1 " ' # = 6 "

+)

# $ % , '

-" C 1 & " # " +DB5 % & & " #

" < ? ( 6 @ &

)**9 $ % & " '

( 1 # # % ( & "

' 0 & " F & & & "

# C EF G # " " & " % (

% ( & & & " 1 1 & F & " , " & F # & " "

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= E农 侬G 1 # # # # & " 1 & " & "

F & " #

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+DB* " & & & " & & # & & ? % O )***@

# 1 & 1 & & 1 & % )**/ % ( 1 & & - # " C +DB* # 1 & #

& 1 ( 1 : S

-# & # & 1 %" & ? 1 O +DDB % O )*** = " O )**)@

1.3.2 Linguistic variation according to published accounts

# & " # & 1 (

# 1 +D9) & & &

& " & & & "

# # & +5/9 # & # - # # -- " $ % $ & & C 6 & & & " 1 ( ?原第二区 H & ?T@I@

+.

% ( ?新和乡 ! " HO 6 # "I@ & = " (

?平孟乡 # $ " H4 6 # "I@ ? +DDD $ %

& " ' ( , " +DD5@ 6 -( - & " &

" % & & =

& # & % M9N

# & #

M*N % ? )**93+).M@

&& 1 # & & #

# : & # &

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" & " ?R"R R R R R@ " & " ?R"UR R UR R UR@ & & " F & " ?RV1R RV&R@ C " &

& % ( # & " F & & # " " ?R R R R@ 6 &

" # & & % ( C ?+DD/@ # & % & " ?+DDD@ # # &

3村 H I 1 & 1 ? % # 1 @ E1 W XG # 1 E W XG/_? +DDD3/B/ +DD/3)M@ 6 " " 1 # 7

# 1 & & & 1 ? & +DD/@

1 & " # & "

" % = " & 1 " 1 &

& 1 & 1

" 1 # & " 1 &

/_{' ?+DDD@ & & " - F 1 - & "} " 1 & "

+5

# #

# & " ? & & @ && & &

" " & # & 6 # & " "

& 1 # & # & &

Jingxi County

F & % ( 1 " # % ( 6 # 1 # 1 "

# % & 1 # " ?" " & & # " )**5@

% ( & " " 1 # "

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# & % & 1 1 = " % & 6 & & 1 & L 6 %

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& & B_{? % O )***3M5.@}

%_{& ' \ " < " & 4 " < , " 1 (}

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# %

Debao County

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? 1 O +DDBA " 1 ( 0 @

6 1 & " 1

= & " 1 &

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& #

Napo County

6 = " # " #

> & > &

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1 " = " ?= "

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.DN +MN ]* .N B .N 5 +N 5 9N + /N ) )N + +N + /N * MN 5 /N ) *N

6 = " & 1- " C & C F ?央州 " ) ' @ " ( # & & 7 &

# " A = " ( & 5+ # " C F && C F = " (

" C " = " ( 3 C & ?央垌

" * @ +** A C ?央改 " +@ . A C # ?央伍 " @ #

C ?央鸟@ )5 A & C ?央台 " @ ))

& = " " +*. & C # ?央窝 " '@

C ?央龙," @ C ?央音 " @ C ?央介 " @ & C ?央南 " @

& && & " H I " & 1

洋 1 & & C ?仰 [ @ % ( 1_{6 = " = H % " I & = H 1 " I}

= & & # # & H= I

& _{?+DMM3+)@ & 6 # 4 < & " # 4 <}

: ( A " & & $ F 4 < & = 6 " 1 1 &

# # = " ( &

6 ++9D = " ( = " ( 6 1 & " 1 # "

1 & 1 & " 1 & +**N 6 = " 1 " # " 1 & & #

# " "

?= " O )**)A " = " ( & " ' 0 @

+D

6 = " = " (

% " " & > & C ?# &

( & ( & @ C &

C > & & A & " # # & " & $ 1

1 # " 1 1

# "" 1 & # & " & 1 " # " C "" 1 & &

= C C F ?央州 " ) ' @ #

" " & # #

" " "

C ?央 " @ " & # & & # # & C ?仰 + @ # & 1 & % (

6 & # - & & 1 = " ( = " # = > C > 7 # " % ?= " O )**)3+*+@

Comparison of Dejing dialect area varieties: tone

" # & " & 1 > & & " " > &

& & & " &

1 # ( " &

" F # 1 6 ' $ &

1 & & & 1 & ?$ & +DM)@ & " & "

&D_{( " & = " (}

C F % ( C ? @ &

1 ( & & C F = " ( & D _{" $ & < " " & "}

F 6 " 1 % 1

" 7 1 $ & : $ & +DM) 7 & . ) + % F & & 1 # &

)*

C % ( & # 1 ?6

+ # 9 @

?5@ ( " " 1 & & " &

& & = " % 1

6 1 ? & " @ ' ?= @ C F

?_央

州

话

@

C

?_仰

话

@

?_宗

话

@

<

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安

话

@

F

?_佐

州

话

@

,

RC

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@

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@

:

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话

@

?狼话@

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# 1

&

/ ?;)@ .. .+ )+5 5) 5) .+ .+ 5) .. .. M

? + @

99 99 99 55 .9. .. .+ 99 99 99

M ? + @

.9 )5 55 99 595 99 99 55 99 99

B ? ) @

.. 5) +. .+ 99 ++ )+ 95 .. .. .+1 1 # 1 & ? & 1 @ B ? ) @

.. 5) )+ 99 ++ ++ 5. .. .+ .. .+ 6 1 & ).). 1 & 1 & ?+DD/@A

" & & " 1 %" & " &- # #

1_{: 1 & &}

" F B 1 " & 1 & " " #

; & " F & 1

C F = " ( 1 , ? " &

)+

1 : % ( &

1 ( A & & % # :

% 1 " " 1 '

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2.2 Concepts, indicators, and instruments

6 " & % 7

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, & & 6 % 6 ?,66@ 1 & & &

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6 & # & # & " &

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3.1 Selection of datapoints

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6 # & #

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地点 地点 地点 地点

1 ;1

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8

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村 2 8 屯屯屯屯

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*.^ : 府 1 德保 < 马隘镇 < 马隘村 < 马隘街上

*5^ C F 央州 = " 那坡 ( % 城厢镇 ( 县城

*9 C 仰 % 靖西 湖润镇 = % 念祥村 = 念通屯

*/^ 敏 = " 那坡 4 坡荷乡 大果腊村 大果腊屯

*M^ = 农 % 靖西 8 渠洋镇 C 由利村 C 由屯

*B : 府 1 德保 ; 巴头乡 F 多作村 旧内屯

*D = 农农 = " 那坡 龙合乡 O 信合村 C 燕屯

+* = 农府 = " 那坡 龙合乡 , 仁合村 $ 果仁屯

++^ 宗 % 靖西 6 " 吞盘乡 灵光村 = & 弄底屯

+)^ = < 农安 % 靖西 & 安德镇 三鲁村 = 弄合屯

+. C & 洋垌 = " 那坡 ; 百合乡 = 那乐村 = 那乐屯

+5 , 锐 1 德保 & 敬德镇 = < 农安村 O 下农屯

+9^ F 炸州 % 靖西 ' " 武平乡 O 仙奉村 ; 巴怀屯

+/ 敏 = " 那坡 ; & 百都乡 = 弄化村 = 弄化屯

+M C 仰 % 靖西 F 地州乡 鲁利村 C 佑龙屯

+B = 农 1 德保 , 荣华乡 , 荣华村 = 内屯

+D 敏 = " 那坡 德隆乡 = 念头村 = 念头屯

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3.2.1 Wordlists

Selection and creation

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" & & 1 ? a a- & 1 & @ " & 7

" & 1 " & 1

& > " # > # " 1 "

5M

& " ' #

" & & #

A # & 1 & 1

& # "" & " # "

& " " " F &-" & # 1 & " 1 # & # & & # 6 & # " " & & " " " & 1 #

& # & < #

" & " & & & a a- " & 1 & & & > & " & # 1 & & # " & " & & &

# & # " #

" " & # " 1 &

3.2.2 Recorded Text Tests

Selection, creation, and pilot testing

: 7 ,+ & ,. ? ?M@ " )D@ # "" 7 ,/ ? ?D@ " .*@

" & & 1 #

# , & & 6 % 6 ,66 6 1 &

& 1 & 1 ; ?+DD*@ 1 ,66 # +D/* & 1 & 1 ( & ?+DM5@ & & &

" ' " # = ?)**/1@ & 1

8 a a 9 $ o ,66

& & ,66 & # " 7 1 & "

# # ,66 # &

5B

" > " #

" " " 6 # & # & & & & " < #

1 # 6 " & 1 # 1 A & & # # " & 1 # & # & & ' & & # & 1 # & 1 # & ( 6 # & & & "

& # & # & ?& 1 & 1 @ # 1 & & " 1

1 & & ,66 &

? # & 1 % (

C @ # & # " < 1 4 & & ; & " & & & &

1 &

A &

; & & & ,66 # & " & & " & ?)**B@ " "

& & 6 & & & " " # & 1 -1 - " #

& && & 1 # ? F @

& & & 1 & # & " & ? 4 $-. 5B F +)B "1 @ " 1 &

; ,66 & 1 & # 1

" # 7 &A 1 1 # o ? o$ o @ ,66 " &

< & ,66 & - " # & & 6 - & # " & & ? & 1 " & " @ - #

" ' ,66 #

5D

- & )._{: 1 ,66 #} 1 & # # " " ,66 A

# # # # #

& & & # & ,66

Data sources

0 ,66 & 1 " & # & & # & 1 & & &

7 ,+ & ,. " &

& & 1 % C & 1

,66 " >

" ># & ,66

? # & & &

. + @ && ,66 "

& & " 1 & & " # & & 1 & ? & " @ 1 ,66 # &

" &# A # & " & &# " "" 7 ,/ & #

& # "

' & # " " # & " " # &

1 ' # &

& " # # & " # &

& " " " ,66 & 0 & ,66 " " # 1 # +B & /* & "

# & # & 1 1 & # "

)._{S " " & 1}

1 & & # & 1 & & &

1 - & 1 1 # < & & 1 1

# " - & #

-& " 1 7 & 1 1 " & &

& 1 # # & # - & & " & & <

-9*

& & & # &

# # &

" ' & 1 1 & & & " # # & & # &

& 1 1 & & & & 1 # #

" # & & # & 1 & & & # " &# & ( ; & && - & & # & #

# # 1 & &# ,66

" " # & # " & & # & & & ,66 " " 1 "

%" # " 6

" )* .9 # & - " & ,66 " "

: 1 # "

& & & > # & # # ># & & %" % C

1 # " 1 ' # &

& # # %" ,66

# " 1 & " "

" " # & & %" 1 & ' & ,66 # 1 & &

# A & & &

Procedures

"" " ,66 " " # & " # &

& " & # %" & # & " &

& # " & 1

& # & ? . 5 &

& & " & & "" & % ; " # & @

# # & & ,66 #

9+

" > "

# # 1 & 1 <

" " # & 7 " " # " "" " & " " <

%" % " 1

& ,66 ? # # & @ & "" & %

" ,66 & " " "

# & 1 # ,66 & & 1 # .* & D* 6 " " & ,66 &" # > # & " 1 "" > & & &"

' " " < " # & & & ? # " " # " # " @ & &

7 " & & & & & ? # @ " " < " 6 " " # " &

# " " " 1 &

,66 # & " " & " & 1 # 7 & " " 6 " &

" " # " & & & & " & # # & # # & # &

" " & &

" # & & "

" 1 " " & & " A = ?)**/1@ ,66 " 1 & # ,66

& # & & " ,66 # & 1 & "

# & & " - & ,66 # #

,66 1 # & A

# " # & # &

& " # ?1 & " 1 & & # & @ % C # & & % C # " & 1

" " 1 # & ,66 1 & # ,66 # 1

9)

4 & ,66 # & " & 6 " " & # " " # &

7 1 A % " H & & & TI & H " TI 6 7 & "

" -,66 8 & 1 & & . 5 .

6 " " # # & & & - 6 - & & & 1

& # 6 " " < " #

" & & & # " & " # " " " &

" " # & # # & " " " "

& & & 1 - & 6 # & 1 " " " " # # 6 # " &

# & " " - &

" " & & & 1 & 6 # # 1 " & & # & " & #

6 " 1 ,66 & & & & % 1 & # 1

# ' & # " " # & # & " > "

> & 6 " & # %" & # & " 1 # " " ' & #

% # & 1 " & 1 " "

,66 # & " " 1 > # & > " " " # & &

' & " " &

,66 # # &

& & # & 1 & &

9.

Analysis

6 ,66 # & & # &

,66 6 # & " && & # # & ,66 & 1

& & & " ,66 & & " # & & < # &

1 & & " & & &

A & & < & & & % & & & %" ,66

6 ,66 &

& & & & ,66 " "

1 " 1 & ' ,66

" " " & # # " & &

1 " # 1 "

#

,66 ? & " " @ &

& & & & & 1 & " & & " > " < & 7 & " 1 & & < ,66

& # &

& & " "

1 & H I 1 1 & 1

& " " & 1 & " "

, 1 1

& &

& 1 & F & " ' & & & ,66 & & &

& " F ,66

% # # &

6 " 1 ,66 H - " & & I # # 1 & D*e+**N H - "

95

& & I # # 1 & 1 #

9*N> # # 1 # # 1 & '

& B*eB9N & 1 1 #

& 1 " " & " # 1 = ?)**/1@ 1 # # & 1

& 7 && 1 & & " " " " & & " 6 " " " " # %"

& " %"

,66 3 " " # & " & 1 & & # 1 & #

" # " ? - @ &

& # 1 %" & " 1 ?a - @ 6 % 1 "

7 & " 1 &

1 & 1

& & 1 & %"

& " # 7 & 1

& 1 " &

# 1 & 1 " & # & " & "

" # & # "

1 & 1 & # 7 & 1 7 & 1 " & & 1 " " # & %" & #

7 & 1 & 1

& 1 # # 1 &

" " " " # & & %"

# " F & " ,66

# & & # & # ,66

1 1 "

# & & 7 & 1 ># " " <

99

& " # & & # "

0 7 & 1 " " ,66

L %"

& & & # " & & " " < ,66 A " %" & " # &

1 # 1 %" &

# & & & " " & %" # : # = ?)**/1@ # & & & 1 +*N 1

& " 1 & %"

" " " " 6 # & " &

" %" ,66 1 " "

# & ?; $ & )**B C & ( )**B C )*+*@ & 1 # 1

& " ,66 & # & " 6 # # & " & "" %

%" & ,66 1 & 1 > "

# # & # 1 &

# # & # # 1 '

"" % " 3 #

" # 1 %" & 1

# # 1 # # & & 1 " # & # %" -' # 1 # " & & 1

# & & 1 & 1 ,66 #

& # %" " & # " 1 " %" ,66

# - % #

# & " %" # & 1 " 1 & # # & " & %"

9/

1 7 " %"

" ' " & " " 1 "

1 1 & 1 #

,66 # " && # "

7 # # # " # 7 H'

? @ & " TI " " < # 7

1 & # " " & 1 " " " 7 & #

-& 1 " " 7 & &

H " I ' & & 1 1 && & " & " " # & & &

' & " " #

" 3 " " < # 7

&& " 1 & - " > "

" " 1 > " & %" " & #

& 1 # &

& ,66 ? " 7 & 1 @ # & & & 1 " " # 7 "

& " 7 & 1 " & # & %"

7 & 1

& 1 # " %" " & ,66 # & & 1 # 1 # & " & 1 #

1 & # & " & " # # & 1 # & & " & %"

& ,66 & " & 1 & " " # & %"

& & " & 1 & 1 # # # & " ' # & "

# & 1 "

9M

1 ,66 # %" ?

" @

% " & # &

; & ( ' & & & ,66 & & ; & ( "" & & & & ;

& ( ; & # & # # & %"

" " ; 1 ,66

( ,66 #

# &3 1 1 " ;

" (

# ,66 " "" # 3 ,66 " " ( & 1

" " ; 6 " " (

& 1 1 >

7 & 1 1 & " %" ' " # & & # & " " & " 1 7 & 1 ,66

3.2.3 Post-RTT Individual Sociolinguistic Questionnaire

, 7 ,) & ,5 ? ?M@ " )D@ # "

"" 7 ,/ ? ?D@ " .*@ & & " # & & & & # " A

# & & " #

8 8 & # # & # #

# & & # & 1 & % C # " & # " ,66 # & & & &

8 # & ,66

Selection and creation, data sources and procedures

6 7 " & " -,66 8 # & # # # # " & 6 " & 1

9B

1 " " " < & # & " " 7 # & " " < & 4 " 1 # & & # &

& 1 1 %" > " 1

1 & # "

& & # 1 # &

# " 7 # & & & 7 1 " " < & 6 & " " & 1 , & ?)**/@ # -& & " -,66

7 1 & # ,66

" " < & # & " & 1 ,66 : " " # # ,66

# & & # 1 " & 1 ,66 & # >" 1

& 1 " " # ,66 & & &

# & " & 1 ,66A " " " "

& & 1 " "

6 & 8 # ,66 " " 8 # & & " ,66 6 7 # & "

" -,66 8 # & & & 1 , & 1 " & & & 0 7 # & 1

,66 & " " & & 1

1 -1 - & - &

6 7 # #

?++@ ( " & & T

? H I3@ , # & & &T " T

( # T # T

6 " " < # # 1 & 1 ,66

9D

7 # & " " & & ,66 # 1 & : 7 " " # &

& " & 1 &

& & # 7 1 & 1 " 1 " # & &

?+)@ C < # & = & ' & & # " T

' & & # T

' & & " & H & &I T

# ,66 & 1 & ? & " @ " " # & & & "

# # 7

; 1 &# 7

# " & " # & & " " & & & & # # 1 H " I ?( 3

听起来最舒服或者柔软 H 1 I@ H

I ?( 3听起来最刺耳或者粗 H -"

I@ 6 1 " 1

? " " # " &

@ " & "" & & & 7

# & # # 7 &

Analysis

6 8 ,66 & " &

" 6 "

" 3 & & " " ,66 # & %" " & 1 ,66 1 " " " "

" 1 1 " " # 1

%" & ,66 & " # &

& %" ,66 &

/*

' & & 8

)5

6 & " & 1 8 & ,66 F 1 " 3 " " # " F # & & 1 " &

1 &# # # " #

& " # " " # & & 1 " " " " "

" " -,66 8 # & # # &3 " " # " & 1 "

" # # %" &

# A " " & # " 1 " " # " " &

& 1 & # 1 & " " " "

; # &

8 & # & # 7 & & # F " 4 1 # "

-,66 7 # ?+)@ # " &

& 1 F & ' " " < " # ,66 & " " >

H < & I H & < #I H < 7 &I> # # & 6 # " -,66 7 # ?++@

# F 1 3 # 7 # 1 &

& & " # # F & H I> B*N > H #I A 7

# F & H I H& I H I ?

" # # H I H& I@ $ 1

)5_{0 & & " # % & & " " #} %" & > & 7 ,66

1 # " %" 1

" " " # 1 & & " 1 %"

& " " " # - " " " # A & " " " 1 "

/+

# ,66 # # % & & F

" H I H # I & & 1 A # 7 # F & "

" # F & # % & & " 1 & " " " " # & # ,66

& - " & & & " A & - " & & & & & # &

& 1 # # & - " & & & & & # &

& & 1 : # , & ?)**/@ # " & # & " " & & 1 " " # & 3 ?+@ ,66 # #

- " & & & & " 1 & # & > # & & # & &

" 1 " " & " 1 # & # " A ?)@ # ,66 # - " &

& & & " 1 " & # & > # & & # & "

" " 1 " " & " 1 # & # "

" 6 & & H R" I H& R I 1 " & & " " " # & #

# " " < # & $ & # %" " %"

" " < & 1 1 & 1 & & # " " # & & #

# " & 6 & 1 " & " # " F & # ,66 # & B*N & & 1 # H I & H #I 1 " # 1

A # # ,66 " & & & 1 " # F " 1

" " < & - " & && A " " # # & &

/)

& & M*N # & B)N ; # & & 1 " & & " & 1 &

& ' & &

1 1 ? @ " "

& "

&& " -,66 7 " -,66 7 ?+)@ # & & " & " # &

S " -,66 7 # " " -,66 7 # # & ' " "

7 ?H' # " TI@ & " & # & A # " " & 7

?H' # TI@ & # &

' " & 7 ?H' # & &TI@ & " & # & "

" # &

1 &

# & & " & # && 7 & > " #

# " & " F " " : " & ,66*+ " &

# " # " & ,66*) # & & " " " ,66*+ ,66*)T 6

# & #

& # & :

# & " "

" " " & & # # ' & # " " ? % @ %" & & # & %

6 " # # " 1 & 8 #

& " & # & ,66 # & &> H I H& I H % &R I> & # #

/.

# & " R " 6 & # 1 " & &

1 " & 1 ,66

3.2.4 Group Sociolinguistic Questionnaire

, 7 ,) & ,5 ? ?M@ " )D@ # " "" 7 ,/ ? ?D@ " .*@ &

& " # & & & & # " A && " # & & 8 # & &

" 8 1 & & & & % # # ,66 6 " & & "" 1

& & # & & "

Selection and creation

6 7 # & 8 #

$ " & & & & 1 & ( 6 7 # & & & 1 & " 3 " ?1

& @ 1 & " & & " "

1 & 1 &

" & " " 8

& 7 1 " " 1 & # 1 & " A " # 1 &

" 1 & " " < " " 1 8 # " & 1 # > & # ">

% " 1 "" & %

1 &# # " &

Data sources

" 7 8 7 & " & F > & & " 1 # & 1 & & &

/5

" 1 1 & & ' " 1 # " & & - " & " & 7

' - " " " & 1 & # # & # " " & & " 1

Procedures

" & 1 & & 8 & & " & & 1 & 1 " "

)9_{' " & & & & &} & "

& & 1 : # &

8 7 1 7 F & # & # "< # # & ' 7 " 7 &

" # & '

1 " 1 # "

# & " " = ?)**/ @ & " 8 " & & & 8

" & 7 1

& & 1 & "< " " & & " 1 # # #

" & & & " # 7 " & 1 "

" # & & " # 1 8 & 1 " & & " # & " & # " # " & & 8

1 & & " & " & , " 8 # & 1 & " # 1 &

)9_{0 " " # " " & " 8 #}

" #A " " # & & & # " " & " ' & & - & # 1 # & 1 #

" " " & # 1 1 & # < 7 <

/9

Analysis

# " -,66 8 " 8 # 7

7 1 " ? "" & " -& -& & & "@ 1 1 F "

8 7 # & & " & "

& & 6 & & " & & 1 7 # F & 1 A F & 1 #

1 & " & & " & " "

3.2.5 Leader sociolinguistic questionnaire

, 7 ,) & ,5 ? ?M@ " )D@ # " "" 7 ,/ ? ?D@ " .*@ &

& " # & & & & # " 6 & 8 " & & 1 & " "

& & 1 & 1 & & " -,66 8 & " 8 6 8 " & & & "

& " & & &

Selection and creation

6 7 # & 8 #

$ " & & & & 1 & ( 6 7 # & & & 1 & " 3 4 ?1

& @ 1 & " & " & 1 &

% " 1 "" & %

1 &# # " &

Data sources

# & 1 & # & 8 6 & " " 8 # & " # # 7

- & %" & & " F 1 A # & " 1

//

& ( 4 6 # "

" " # # & 8 # 1 & &

Procedures

6 8 8 # " & & 1 & " & & < 1 # & 8 1 6

& 7 8 1 & #

& # & # & # & &

Analysis

" " 8 # " & 1 &

" # 7

7 6 1 & & " #

& " # # A

" F & &

& # 1 & 1

" # 1 & " 8

3.3 Official partnership

&# 1 " & # "

# & &

1 " &

1 &

& " & " & " " # # # 1

6 $ % & " ' ( " & # - $ & & 1

& = ?( & )*+*@ ' & " " " " # 6

& - $ 1 # 1 # #

/M

& " ' 0 & 1 ( 0

- $ 1 # " 1 " & & & # " " " " & & >

& & 7 " # & & > & " " F & " 1 # 6

& & 7 - $ &

( $ % ( " #

" 1 & &

# & & & # # & 4 " < , " 1 ( ( - # " 1 " & " "" " "

# 1 # & & & "

& &# 4 " ,66 & ,66 & # & # & 1 - $ &

# 6 " & & & - $ &

" & & 1 # " & 1 - $

3.4 Research ethics

1 " " " & 1 " & 1 # & " - &

1 & 3 +M/ " " ,66 95 " " # & +B " " &

7 & +/ " " " & "

" ,66 # 1

" " " 7

" & & " " " " & " & " " & " "

" & & 1 >

& & & 1 1 " 1 1

, 7 & & & " " # & && 1 & A

/B

" & " " " ># & & # &

" " # 7 & T 6

" " & " & # # " & " "

6 1 " " 1 ,66

# 7 & # & &

" & & & # & " "

& & & & " 1 " &

6 ( % & #

1 & "" & % ; 6 " & & & & " " " " "

& & & & # 1 " & 3 # # & " 1 & & " " A # & 7 & % #

1 & 1 # & " A & # 1 " & " # # & 1 " 1 &A % & # & # & 1 & & 1 " & < " " & # & 1 & "

4 Results and interpretation

6 # & & 1 " & # & 3 1 ,66 # " " F & & & & A & % & & & # & A

1 F & " "

7 ; & 1 # &

7 1 & # & # 7 & 1 & 7 " 6 &

1 ,66 & 1

# & " < 1

& % :

< # 1 " & " # "

/D

" & # & " # -" > # & & ,66 & > & # &

1 " &

" # & # & 1

& " : &

1 1 & & " 1

1 ? @ # 1

0" ( # 1"

4.1 Wordlist results: String edit distance analysis

; # # & 7 - 1 " 1 # & " & & &

,66 # " & " -1 & & & & # & # & & 1 & " 6 & & " 1 #

# " & # " & " 1 7 & &

" & 1 & " & & 1 1 & "

6 1 " & # ?+.@ 1 # 6 ? ' &< &@ " # & & 1 3 % C & ? &@ % " A 1 : & ? @ " A 1 = " & % ? & 1 @ " A &

" " & # 1 1 C & : & & & ? 1 @ " A & "

% = < ? " " @

" , $R *5 " & & & # & " 1

# & "

" & & : & & #

M*

% 3 C ?& " *+ *) *9 & +M@ : ?& " *. *B & +*@ C -= ?& " *+ *) *. *9 *M *B *D +* & +M@ - ?& " */ ++ & +/@ C & -C F ?& " *5 & +.@ & - F ?& " +9 & +B@)/_'

1 & & & # & & A

& 1 &

" & & " & 1 & 4 & & " & &

" ?+5@A & " " & 1 & " 1 & & &

?+.@ & F & # & & +B & "

)/_{6 & & ' &< & ?# # &}

" " @ & " & # & " " & & # & " " &

M+

?+5@ 6 F & # & & # &

157 Test location

and variety

RTT Test Number

1 2 3 4 6

07 Jingxi Youli (Quyang) Nong

86% 98% 81%

(8.7%,10) (2.0%,10) (undef.,1)

08 Debao Jiunei (Batou) Fu

67% 90% 91%

(13.2%,10) (9.2%,10) (9.6%,3)

09 Napo Yan (Longhe) Nongshun

80% 92% 90%

(9.6%,10) (7.0%,10) (6.4%,10)

10 Napo Guoren (Longhe) Nongfu

90% 96% 99%

(5.5%, 10) (2.7%, 10) (2.3%, 10)

11 Jingxi Nongdi (Tunpan) Zong

86% 96% 98%

(11.3%,10) (3.4%,10) (1.5%, 3

12 Jingxi Nonghe (Ande) Nong’an

90% 98%

(11.3%,10) (2.4%,10) 13 Napo Bale

(Baihe) Yangdong

79% 91% 96%

(12.7%,9) (6.6%,9) (5.3%,9)

14 Debao Xianong (Jingde) Rui

79% 98% 92%

(10.5%,10) (3.6%,10) (7.4%,10) 15 Jingxi Bahuai

(Wuping) Zhazhou

88% 97%

(8.0%,10) (3.6%,10) 16 Napo Nonghua

(Baidu) Min

67% 75% 96%

(9.6%,9) (14.3%,9) (2.7%10)

17 Jingxi Youlong (Dizhou) Yang

94% 88% 76%

(2.7%,2) (5.7%,2) (undef., 1) 18 Debao Nei

(Ronghua) Mjang

66% 100% 81%

(undef.,1) (undef.,1) (15.9%,2) 19 Napo Niantou

(Delong) Min

79% 70%

+9B

References

& )**B ?L + . 5 ; @ E( " " G , &

"3RR R 1 ? & )**B@

; J ( $ & ' 1 )**B 4 &

1 & " & & 1

J "" & ; ; ? & @ 7

: a NOO( +.e)5 & 3 ; 4 1 ( "

; : +DD* > o a o 3

; 4 & & ' )**M 4 3 " 1 "

?L 9 * )-+@ E( " " G , &

"3RR R 1 ? & )**B@

; # +D/9 : 6 & 4 ; o$ M

1 a o 3o a A a L = o P o a 1 a 7 A/De

)95 ; 3 '

( & +DM5 a - ?

4 1 & , & : & .B@ = 3

S 0

( & & ; )*+* & 1

? , " )*+*-*)9@ "3RR### R

R 1 "T f)*+*-*)9 ? " 1 )*+*@

-ao Q a +DDB E 1 ( G = $ % 3 6 4 " < 4

& & & )**M 6 " # " 3 6 &

6 ( & L $

; " & ? & @ > 1a a >o a M a

7 A.De/5 ; 3 4 6 1

+9D

& & & & & ? & @ +DDM @o$ a a Ra a S 1 1a

- a 3 6 & S

6 %

& & & & & +DDM1 & & & & +DDM +e.)

$ & ' +DM) & 6 &

? & @ > o o o2 6 o 74 1 a 5).e5.B 6 3

$ % & " ' ( , "

+DD5 a ;a a 1 , E & & &

G = $ % 3 = 4

6 a a ) ) )**. E$ % , G

; 3 O 7 " 4 1

& & Z-$ +D9/ & &

1 7 3 " 1 P & H a >o ! ! 7 &a 9)?+@3.*Me.))

& , & 1 +DBB M o $ 2o @ a a # &

( = 3 4

< Q a )*** E % ( G = $ % 3 6 4 " <

4

% & " " (

6 ' 4 ( ? ' 4 " @

& ' )*+* & (

6 ' 4 ( ? , "

)*+*-*)M@ "3RR### R R 1 "T f)*+*-*)M ? " 1 )*+*@

= +DD+ & o o >o 1a 1 =C3 S = # C &

+/*

J # 4 )**B , $R *5 ? )**BR+*R+9@ E " " G

, & "3RR### Rm # R *5R ? & 0 1

)**B 0 1 )*+*@

J # 4 )*+* , $R *5 E & G , &

"3RR### Rm # R *5R R ? & 0 1 )**B

0 1 )*+*@

: -J +D5* 1 1a a o2 7 o S 1 A a a o A a o a

? & & 4 " =

+/@ 6 " 3 &

: -J +D9/ 1 1a a o2 = 53 S 1 A a a o A a o a

? & & 4 " =

+D@ 6 " 3 &

: -J +DMM M a -ooD o2 o$ a a 1a 3 6 S

# 4

+DDM H a ,a E; , G ; 3 (

= S 4

+DD* 6 ; 4 " " & J & 3

J & & 0 +DD* F & 1 &

& &

1 )**B 6 F F 1 F C ? @ %

" < % E # & (

6 C -= ? @ & & " "

" G

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