PENDAHULUAN PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME PERANAN MIKROORG
POKOK BAHASAN
1. PENDAHULUAN
2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME MIKROBIOLOGI
5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME
4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME MIKROBIOLOGI
POKOK BAHASAN
I. PENDAHULUAN
II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA
III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI
IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI
V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM
TAKSONOMI
X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
POKOK BAHASAN
A. ARCHAEA
B. BACTERIA
C. FUNGI
E. PROTOZOA
POKOK BAHASAN 1.
1. PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN 2.
2. DISTRIBUSI DISTRIBUSI 3.
3. NILAI PENTING NILAI PENTING 4.
4. MORFOLOGI MORFOLOGI
1. PENDAHULUAN
Protozoa are a polyphyletic group of organisms Protozoa are a polyphyletic group of organisms Protozoa are unicellular, eucaryotic protists that are usually motile Protozoa are unicellular, eucaryotic protists that are usually motile Protozoology is the study of protozoa Protozoology is the study of protozoa Some protozoa are anaerobic (e.g., Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites) Some protozoa are anaerobic (e.g., Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites) Most anaerobic protozoa do not have mitochondria or CYTOCHROMES, and have an INCOMPLETE TCA CYCLE Most anaerobic protozoa do not have mitochondria or CYTOCHROMES, and have an INCOMPLETE TCA CYCLE Some anaerobic protozoa contain Some anaerobic protozoa contain HYDROGENOSOMES HYDROGENOSOMES - small membrane-delimited organelles containing a unique ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM that uses protons as terminal electron - small membrane-delimited organelles containing a unique ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM that uses protons as terminal electron acceptors to form molecular hydrogen acceptors to form molecular hydrogen
2. DISTSRIBUSI
Primarily in moist habitats (because they lack a cell wall), including freshwater
Primarily in moist habitats (because they lack a cell wall), including freshwater
(ponds, streams, lakes) and marine (oceans)
(ponds, streams, lakes) and marine (oceans)
Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter
Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter
Most are free living, free-living, critical members of plankton drifting
Most are free living, free-living, critical members of plankton drifting
organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains
organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains
Some are parasitic in plants and animals
Some are parasitic in plants and animals
Very few are pathogens Very few are pathogens
3. NILAI PENTING
Serve as an important link in food chains and food webs (zooplankton)
Serve as an important link in food chains and food webs (zooplankton)
Food chain-series of organisms, each feeding on the preceding one Food chain-series of organisms, each feeding on the preceding one
Food web-complex interlocking series of food chains
Food web-complex interlocking series of food chains
Important in the study of biochemistry and molecular biology because they
Important in the study of biochemistry and molecular biology because they
use the same metabolic pathways as multicellular eucaryotes use the same metabolic pathways as multicellular eucaryotes
Causative agents of some important diseases in humans and other animals Causative agents of some important diseases in humans and other animals
4. MORFOLOGI
Protozoa have some unique features
Protozoa have some unique features
ECTOPLASM ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane; it is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane; it
provides some rigidity and shape
provides some rigidity and shape
PELLICLE consists of the plasma membrane and the structures immediately PELLICLE consists of the plasma membrane and the structures immediately
beneath it
beneath it
ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the interior of the cell ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the interior of the cell
Some have one nucleus, some have two or more identical nuclei, and some have
Some have one nucleus, some have two or more identical nuclei, and some have
two distinct types of nuclei
two distinct types of nuclei The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic activities and regenerative processes The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic activities and regenerative processes
5. NUTRISI
In holozoic nutrition, nutrients are acquired by PHAGOCYTOSIS; some ciliates have a
In holozoic nutrition, nutrients are acquired by PHAGOCYTOSIS; some ciliates have a
specialized structure, called a CYTOSOME, for phagocytosis
specialized structure, called a CYTOSOME, for phagocytosis
In SAPROZOIC NUTRITION, nutrients are acquired by PINOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION, or
In SAPROZOIC NUTRITION, nutrients are acquired by PINOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION, or
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT (facilitated diffusion or active transport)
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT (facilitated diffusion or active transport)
6. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT
ENCYSTATION is the development of a resting stage structure called a cyst ENCYSTATION is the development of a resting stage structure called a cyst
The cyst is a dormant form that has a wall and greatly reduced metabolic activity The cyst is a dormant form that has a wall and greatly reduced metabolic activity
Functions of cysts
Functions of cysts Protect against adverse changes in the environment Protect against adverse changes in the environment
- Function as sites for nuclear reorganization and cell division
Function as sites for nuclear reorganization and cell division
- Serve as a means of transfer from one host to another for parasitic species
Serve as a means of transfer from one host to another for parasitic species
-
EXCYSTATION is the escape of vegetative forms, called trophozoites, from the EXCYSTATION is the escape of vegetative forms, called trophozoites, from the
cyst; it is usually triggered by a return to a favorable environment (e.g., such
cyst; it is usually triggered by a return to a favorable environment (e.g., such
as entry into a new host for parasitic species)
as entry into a new host for parasitic species)
7. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN
A few protozoa are nonmotile A few protozoa are nonmotile Most use one of three major types of locomotory organelles Most use one of three major types of locomotory organelles Pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions Pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions CILIA CILIA -filamentous extensions (short) -filamentous extensions (short)
FLAGELLA -filamentous extensions (long) FLAGELLA -filamentous extensions (long)
8. REPRODUKSI
The most common method of ASEXUAL reproduction is:
The most common method of ASEXUAL reproduction is:
BINARY FISSION, which involves mitosis followed by cytokinesis BINARY FISSION, which involves mitosis followed by cytokinesis
The most common type of SEXUAL reproduction is:
The most common type of SEXUAL reproduction is:
conjugation, an exchange of gametic nuclei between paired protozoa of
conjugation, an exchange of gametic nuclei between paired protozoa of
complementary mating types
complementary mating types
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
CAVALIER-SMITH has proposed elevating the protozoa to the status of a kingdom
evolutionary taxon, but rather that the protozoa are polyphyletic
evolutionary taxon, but rather that the protozoa are polyphyletic
Molecular classification schemes suggest that the protozoa do not exist as an
Molecular classification schemes suggest that the protozoa do not exist as an
with 18 phyla
with 18 phyla
CAVALIER-SMITH has proposed elevating the protozoa to the status of a kingdom
The most accepted scheme classifies protozoa as a subkingdom of protists,
The most accepted scheme classifies protozoa as a subkingdom of protists,
Recently, other schemes have been suggested
mode of reproduction, and mechanism of locomotion
mode of reproduction, and mechanism of locomotion
; classification is based primarily on types of nuclei,
SEVEN PHYLA SEVEN PHYLA ; classification is based primarily on types of nuclei,
containing
containing
Recently, other schemes have been suggested
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
1) 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA SARCOMASTIGOPHORA 2) 2) LABYRINTHOMORPHA LABYRINTHOMORPHA 3) 3) APICOMPLEXA APICOMPLEXA 4) 4) MICROSPORA MICROSPORA
PHYLUM:
1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
This phylum includes protists with: a single type of nucleus and flagella or pseudopodia; they reproduce asexually and sexually
1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan) (lanjutan)
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA contains both phytoflagellates (chloroplast-bearing flagellates) and zooflagellates;
ZOOFLAGELLATES have the following characteristics:
- Do not have chlorophyll; are holozoic or saprozoic
- Asexual reproduction occurs by LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION ;
sexual reproduction is known for a few species, and ENCYSTMENT
Subphylum SARCODINA
contains amoeboid organisms Found in aquatic and terrestrial habitats, where they take up nutrients by PHAGOCYTOSIS and PINOCYTOSIS
Reproduction is usually by simple ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION; some form CYSTS
1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan) (lanjutan)
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
2) LABYRINTHOMORPHA 2) LABYRINTHOMORPHA PROTISTS with:
spindle-shaped or spherical, nonamoeboid, vegetative cells; some move by gliding motion on mucous tracks Most members are marine organisms and are either
SAPROZOIC or PARASITIC on algae
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA 3) APICOMPLEXA
3) APICOMPLEXA
Often called SPOROZOANS because they have a spore-forming stage in their life cycle; lack locomotory organelles, except the male gametes and the zygotes (ookinetes);
are either intra- or intercellular parasites having a characteristic structure called the APICAL COMPLEX
APICAL COMPLEX - a unique arrangement of fibrils, tubules, vacuoles, and other organelles at one end of the cell
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA 3) APICOMPLEXA
3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan) (lanjutan)
Have complex life cycles involving two different hosts (usually mammal and often a mosquito)
Life cycle has both asexual and sexual phases and is characterized by an alternation of haploid and diploid generations
At some point in the life cycle, they undergo schizogony, a rapid series of mitotic events producing a large number of small infective organisms
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA 3) APICOMPLEXA
3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan) (lanjutan)
This group includes some very important pathogens Plasmodium-malaria Cryptosporidium-cryptosporidiosis Toxoplasma-toxoplasmosis Eimeria-coccidiosis
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA 4) MICROSPORA
4) MICROSPORA
Obligately intracellular parasites lacking mitochondria and transmitted by a RESISTANT SPORE
Several economically important pathogens of insects There has been increased interest in their use as BIOLOGICAL PEST
CONTROL Recently, five genera have been implicated in human diseases in immunosuppressed patients (e.g., AIDS patients)
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
5) ACETOSPORA 5) ACETOSPORA
PARASITIC PROTISTS: Spores that lack polar caps or polar filaments, parasitic in mollusks
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA 6) MYXOZOA
6) MYXOZOA
parasitic protists with resistant spores having one to six coiled polar filaments;
parasitic on freshwater and marine fish; can cause a major economic problem in cultured salmon
7) CILIOPHORA
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA 7) CILIOPHORA
The largest of the seven phyla; these organisms are distinguished by the use of cilia as locomotory organelles
Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals Oblique stroke of cilia causes ciliates to rotate as they swim Can move forward or backward
Numerous interesting morphological characteristics are observed: slipper-
7) CILIOPHORA
9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA 7) CILIOPHORA
Feeding behavior Food is captured by action of cilia around the buccal cavity; food enters the cytostome and passes to phagocytic vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes, where digestion occurs
After digestion the vacuoles fuse with a special region of the pellicle, called the cytoproct, which empties the cell's waste material to the outside4. Most have two types of nuclei
9
4. MORFOLOGI
8
7
a)
a) ECTOPLASM ECTOPLASM
b)
b) PELLICLE PELLICLE
6
c)
c) ENDOPLASM ENDOPLASM
5
1
d)
d) MACRONUCLEUS MACRONUCLEUS
e)
e) MICRONUCLEUS MICRONUCLEUS
f) CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
f) CONTRACTILE VACUOLES
g) PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES
g)
2 PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES
h)
h) SECRETORY VACUOLES SECRETORY VACUOLES
Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)
Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)
Typically occurs simultaneously with Typically occurs simultaneously with telophase of mitosis telophase of mitosis
In some algae and fungi, may be In some algae and fungi, may be postponed or not occur at all postponed or not occur at all
Results in multinucleated cells called
Results in multinucleated cells called coenocytes coenocytes
Plasmodium
Plasmodium
, which causes malaria, , which causes malaria, reproduces asexually within red blood reproduces asexually within red blood cells and liver cells by a special type of cells and liver cells by a special type of reproduction called reproduction called
schizogony schizogony
Multiple mitoses form multinucleate Multiple mitoses form multinucleate
schizont schizont
Cytokinesis occurs releasing numerous Cytokinesis occurs releasing numerous
Trouble classifying
Trouble classifying
For us: For us:
Diverse group defined by three Diverse group defined by three characteristics characteristics
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Unicellular Unicellular
Lack a cell wall
Lack a cell wall
With exception of With exception of
apicomplexans apicomplexans
, they , they
Require moist environments because Require moist environments because they lack a cell wall they lack a cell wall
Most live worldwide in ponds, streams, Most live worldwide in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans; critical members of lakes, and oceans; critical members of plankton – free-living, drifting plankton – free-living, drifting organisms that form the basis of organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains aquatic food chains
Characterized by great morphologic Characterized by great morphologic diversity diversity
Some have two nuclei ( Some have two nuclei (
Paramecium Paramecium
) )
Macronucleus (50n) contains many copies
Macronucleus (50n) contains many copies of genome – controls metabolism, growth, of genome – controls metabolism, growth, and sexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria
Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria
Some have contractile vacuoles Some have contractile vacuoles
All produce trophozoites – motile feeding
All produce trophozoites – motile feeding
stage; some produce cysts – resting stage
stage; some produce cysts – resting stage
One trophozoite forms one cyst; to allow
One trophozoite forms one cyst; to allow
Most are chemoheterotrophic Most are chemoheterotrophic
Obtain nutrients by phagocytizing Obtain nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria, decaying organic matter, other bacteria, decaying organic matter, other protozoa, or the tissues of host protozoa, or the tissues of host
Few absorb nutrients from surrounding Few absorb nutrients from surrounding water water
Most reproduce asexually only (binary Most reproduce asexually only (binary fission or schizogony) fission or schizogony)
Few also have sexual reproduction Few also have sexual reproduction
Some become
Some become gametocytes gametocytes that fuse to that fuse to form diploid zygote form diploid zygote
Plasmodium – malaria
Plasmodium – malaria
Babesia – anemia Babesia – anemia
Toxoplasma - toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma - toxoplasmosis
Pfiesteria
Pfiesteria
- – neurotoxin, most potent;
- – neurotoxin, most potent;
poison when handled can cause poison when handled can cause memory loss, confusion, headache, memory loss, confusion, headache, respiratory difficulties, skin rash, muscle respiratory difficulties, skin rash, muscle cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
Pseudopodia for movement Pseudopodia for movement
Naegleria
Naegleria
– primary amoebic
– primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis meningoencephalitis
Acanthamoeba spp.
- – amoebic encephalitis
- – amoebic encephalitis
Acanthamoeba spp.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica