THE FLOUTING OF MAXIMS IN JUST ALVIN TALK SHOW PROGRAM.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, the writer express her best gratitude to Allah SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, endless love and mercy, especially in the process of
accomplishing this thesis. In accomplishing this thesis, the writer was helped by
so many beloved people and the writer would like to express her gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. as the Rector of State University
of Medan
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. as the Head of English and Literature
Department and Dra. Meisuri, M.A. as the Head of Applied Linguistics
Program
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.,Ph.D as her thesis adviser, for the advice,
guidance, comment, and precious time in supervising the draft of writing
during the completion of this thesis, Dra. Sri Juriaty Ownie, M.A as her
academic adviser, and all her beloved lecturers in English and Literature
Department.
Mam Eis, Mam Enda and Mam Indri for their kind help in providing
academic administrations to the writer.
Her beloved family, her father, Ahmad Yusuf , her mother, Rahmayanti,
her dearest sister, Nadira , and also her brother Eko Syahputra. Thank
ii
you for the understanding and the big support in prayer, love, motivation
and financial while accomplished this thesis.
Her beloved man, Dani, thanks for your support, motivation, and
suggestion.
Her best friends, Nanda, Ayu, Desi, and her beloved friend , Dewi, thanks
for your love, happiness, and friendship that we have been through
together. And to all her friends in Applied Linguistics A and B 2010 And
2009 and many others that she cannot be mentioned one by one.
All others whose name cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and
support. Thanks for everything. May Allah bless us. Amin.
Finally, the writer admits that this thesis still far from being perfect.
Therefore, the writer would like to invite the readers to give suggestion for the
improvement of this thesis later on.
Medan,
Febuari 2014
The writer
Dewi Sartika W
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................ vii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
A. The Background of The Study .................................................. 4
B. The Problem of The Study ........................................................ 4
C. The Objective of The Study ...................................................... 4
D. The Scope of The Study ............................................................ 4
E. The Significance of The Study .................................................. 5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 6
A. Pragmatics ............................................................................... 6
B. Conversational Implicature ........................................................ 7
C. Maxim and Its Types ................................................................. 8
1. Maxim
..................................................................................8
a) Maxim of Quality .............................................................. ..9
b) Maxim of Quantity..........................................................9
c) Maxim of Relation ............................................................. 10
d) Maxim of Manner ............................................................11
D. Flouting of Maxim .................................................................. 11
a. Flouting of Maxim of Quantity ............................................ 13
b. Flouting of Maxim of Quality ............................................. 13
c. Flouting of Maxim of Relation ............................................ 14
d. Flouting of Maxim of Manner ............................................. 15
E. Television and Television Program ......................................... 15
F. Metro TV ................................................................................ 16
G. Talk Show....................................................................................18
H. Just Alvin and Alvin’s Biography...............................................18
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................... 20
A. Research Design ..................................................................... 20
B. The Source of Data ................................................................. 21
C. The Technique of Collecting Data ........................................... 21
D. The Technique of Analyzing Data ........................................... 22
iv
CHAPTER IV : DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ......................................... 23
A. Data ........................................................................................ 23
B. Data Analysis .......................................................................... 23
C. Research Findings ................................................................... 34
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................. 36
A. Conclusion .............................................................................. 36
B. Suggestion .............................................................................. 37
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 38
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. The episode of Just Alvin Talk Show ................................................................21
Table 4.1.The Percentage overview of flouting of maxims in Just Alvin Talk Show ...........34
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Identification of Flouting of Maxims in the speaker’s utterances in Just Alvin
Talk Show .............................................................................................................................40
Appendix B The Transcript of Mata Najwa Episodes ..........................................................61
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
In daily conversation, the conversation does not always run well. Some
times in our conversation there are so many implied meaning in our conversation
to make the conversation is more interesting than usual. Or another way,
sometimes the speakers always say something and mean either directly or
indirectly thing else. In conversation, the speaker(s) and the hearer(s) can
achieved an ideal communication when they have a good interaction and try to
cooperate to each other so that they understand and there is a correlation to the
current topic which they talk (Yule,1996:4). Pragmatics is study of how more gets
communicated than is said. Pragmatics discuss about not only the implied
meaning but also the implied atitude or the way we make the conversation to
other(Grice:1975). Pragmatics will discuss more detail about how the people
comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in conversation.
Pragmatics has some aspects in studying, such as Deixis, Presupposition,
Performative, Implicature. According to Yule (1996) that Conversation
Implicature is one subtopic from Pragmatics which discuss about how the people
referring to indirect or implicit meaning of an utterance derived from context that
is not present from its conventional use. Grice's theory of conversational
implicatures is considered as one of the basic and most interesting theories in the
history of pragmatics(Levinson 97; Davies ; Soames). Some implicatures are
comes from the rule of language can be called as the maxim.
1
2
Most circumstances, the assumption of cooperation is so pervasive that it
can be stated as a cooperative principle of conversation and elaborated in four
sub-principles, called maxims (Yule, 1996: 37). Grice divided four conversational
maxim from further analysis the Cooperative Principle. There are Maxim of
Relation, Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Quality, and Maxim of Manner. Even
some rules have been accepted by people, but sometimes people still conciously
or unconciously to break those rules. This phenomenon makes the writer
interested to analyze the types of maxim are flouted by the speakers and then also
takes the dominant one are flouted by the speakers. Because the flouting of maxim
describe situations in which a maxim is being deribately disobeyed, with the
intention that the hearer still understand about the case. And the writer is
interesting for to do this research in talk show program. Because the writer wants
to know how the speakers in televisiom program can break the rules or flout the
maxim in their conversation. The writer choose Just Alvin Talk Show as the data.
Just Alvin Talk Show is a program on Metro TV. Just Alvin presents the
actress , actors , and also the most famous figures in Indonesia. The sides of their
life will be revealed through an exclusive and interesting interview. All the figures
as its guest will be comfortable being interviewed by the known-well host, named
Alvin. Alvin is the Host who has good relation with almost all the actresses,
actors, or other famous figures. It makes all the guest will enjoy to share
everything with him. And sometimes, it makes the speakers will make some
implicatures by flouting the maxim.
3
There are some previous studies of flouting the maxim which makes me
get the inspiration to do the analysis . One of the study , named Annisa(2013)
entitled “The Flouting of Grice’s Conversational Maxims by The Main Character
in The Dictator Movie“. That study discovers that the main character in the
movie flouts all types of conversational maxims; maxim of quantity, maxim of
quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner.
With those explanations above, The writer choose the episodes “ In
Memoriam Ustad Jefri Albuchory” and “ The Journalist”, which invited Ustad
Jefri ,Ustad Yusuf Mansyur, Desi Anwar, Rahmah Sarita,Tina Talisa,Meutya
Hafid. The writer is interested to make this research in those episode, because it is
interesting to know how the starguests and the host still make a good contribution
in their conversation, even any flouting maxims in their conversation . As the
people know the Host is Alvin who is the one of the good master of ceremony
and the starguests are Ustad and journalists who expert in their profession as a
good speaker.. It is impossible for the host and the starguests dont know about
conducting of the good conversation. So, Perhaps with this analyzing , the writer
will get some types of maxim they are flouted, and get also the dominant of
flouting maxim in their conversation. Sometimes, the speakers flout the maxim
conciously or unconciously, because they want to be more informative, making
sure, agreeing or making jokes depending on the purpose and the situation under
their conversation. And with this study also, the writer wants to conclude the
implication from flouting maxim by them in that talk show.
4
B. The Problem of Study
This study examines the following questions:
1. What types of maxim are flouted in Just Alvin Talk Show?
2. What type of maxim is dominantly flouted in the program?
3. In what contexts are the maxims flouted?
C. The Objectives of the Study
In the relation to the problems of study, the objectives of study are:
1. To describe types of maxim are flouted by the speakers in Just Alvin
Talk Show, episodes “ In Memoriam Ustad Jefri Albuchory” and “The
Journalist”.
2. To derive the dominant type of maxim is flouted by the speakers in that
Talk Show.
3. To describe the contexts of the maxims flouting in Just Alvin Talk show ,
episodes “ In Memoriam Ustad Jefri Albuchory” and “The Journalist”.
D. The Scope of the Study
In this research, the writer is limited on the flouting of maxims as found in
the utterances of the speakers in Just Alvin talk show based on Grice’s theory
(maxim of relation, maxim of quantity, maxim of quality and maxim of manner).
The data are taken from an episodes which are invited some ustad and journalists,
in episodes “ In Memoriam of Ustad Jefri Albuchory “(april,24th2013) and “The
Journalist” (October,14th 2013).
5
E. Significance of Study
Findings of the
study are expected to be useful in theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, it is expected to be useful for expand the knowledge for
other students who are attracted in learning Cooperative Principle and Maxims,
especially on analyzing types of maxim in Conversational Implicature.
Pratically , the findings potentially clarify implicatures for student’s
learning language. Also potentially make the other reseracher want to find the
other problem that still related to cooperative principle , maxim , and especially in
analyzing the flouting the maxim in the conversation, whether in talk show, novel,
comic or the other interesting sources.
REFERENCES
C. Levinson, Presumtive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational
Implicature. Journal of Linguistics,,40(1) 181-186.
Cook, G. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Damayanti, Yuanita. 2011. Analysis The Flouting Maxims Found in Kungfu
Panda Movie Script Written By Jonathan Aibell and Glenn Berger.
Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Dawson, Catherine. Practical Research Methods. 2002 . United Kingdom : How
To Books.
Dornerus, Emma. 2005. Breaking Maxims in Conversation: A Comparative Study of
How Scriptwriters Break Maxims in “Desperate Housewives” and “That 70’s
Show”. English Journals, 1-37.
Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole, & J. Morgan (Eds.),
Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
Hutchby, Ian. 2006 . Media Talk : Conversation Analysis and The Study of
Broadcasting. Glasglow:Open University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peccei, Jean Stilwell. 1999. Pragmatics. New York: Routledge.
Pham, Dinh Trong.2010.Journal of Linguistic and Language Teaching.The
Cooperative Principle: Does Grice’s Framework Fit Vietnamese Language
Culture,1(2) 197-219.
Saragih, Mariana Desy E. 2010. Types of Cooperative Principles in Kick Andy
Talk Show. Medan: UniversitasNegeri Medan.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
Zulfa, Annisa. 2013. The flouting of Grice’s Conversational Maxims By The Main
Character in The Dictator Movie.Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
http://www.peoplehope.com/chat/metro-tv-just-alvin (retrieved on November 20,
2013)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wik/Television_program( retrieved on November 24,
2013)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show( retrieved on November 25, 2013)
38
39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroTV (retrieved on November 25, 2013)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue ( retrieved on November 27, 2013)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62906995/Research-Methodology-by-Ashish-Basnet
(retrieved on December 20, 2013)
Alhamdulillah, the writer express her best gratitude to Allah SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, endless love and mercy, especially in the process of
accomplishing this thesis. In accomplishing this thesis, the writer was helped by
so many beloved people and the writer would like to express her gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si. as the Rector of State University
of Medan
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum. as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd. as the Head of English and Literature
Department and Dra. Meisuri, M.A. as the Head of Applied Linguistics
Program
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.,Ph.D as her thesis adviser, for the advice,
guidance, comment, and precious time in supervising the draft of writing
during the completion of this thesis, Dra. Sri Juriaty Ownie, M.A as her
academic adviser, and all her beloved lecturers in English and Literature
Department.
Mam Eis, Mam Enda and Mam Indri for their kind help in providing
academic administrations to the writer.
Her beloved family, her father, Ahmad Yusuf , her mother, Rahmayanti,
her dearest sister, Nadira , and also her brother Eko Syahputra. Thank
ii
you for the understanding and the big support in prayer, love, motivation
and financial while accomplished this thesis.
Her beloved man, Dani, thanks for your support, motivation, and
suggestion.
Her best friends, Nanda, Ayu, Desi, and her beloved friend , Dewi, thanks
for your love, happiness, and friendship that we have been through
together. And to all her friends in Applied Linguistics A and B 2010 And
2009 and many others that she cannot be mentioned one by one.
All others whose name cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and
support. Thanks for everything. May Allah bless us. Amin.
Finally, the writer admits that this thesis still far from being perfect.
Therefore, the writer would like to invite the readers to give suggestion for the
improvement of this thesis later on.
Medan,
Febuari 2014
The writer
Dewi Sartika W
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................ vii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
A. The Background of The Study .................................................. 4
B. The Problem of The Study ........................................................ 4
C. The Objective of The Study ...................................................... 4
D. The Scope of The Study ............................................................ 4
E. The Significance of The Study .................................................. 5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 6
A. Pragmatics ............................................................................... 6
B. Conversational Implicature ........................................................ 7
C. Maxim and Its Types ................................................................. 8
1. Maxim
..................................................................................8
a) Maxim of Quality .............................................................. ..9
b) Maxim of Quantity..........................................................9
c) Maxim of Relation ............................................................. 10
d) Maxim of Manner ............................................................11
D. Flouting of Maxim .................................................................. 11
a. Flouting of Maxim of Quantity ............................................ 13
b. Flouting of Maxim of Quality ............................................. 13
c. Flouting of Maxim of Relation ............................................ 14
d. Flouting of Maxim of Manner ............................................. 15
E. Television and Television Program ......................................... 15
F. Metro TV ................................................................................ 16
G. Talk Show....................................................................................18
H. Just Alvin and Alvin’s Biography...............................................18
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................... 20
A. Research Design ..................................................................... 20
B. The Source of Data ................................................................. 21
C. The Technique of Collecting Data ........................................... 21
D. The Technique of Analyzing Data ........................................... 22
iv
CHAPTER IV : DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ......................................... 23
A. Data ........................................................................................ 23
B. Data Analysis .......................................................................... 23
C. Research Findings ................................................................... 34
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................. 36
A. Conclusion .............................................................................. 36
B. Suggestion .............................................................................. 37
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 38
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. The episode of Just Alvin Talk Show ................................................................21
Table 4.1.The Percentage overview of flouting of maxims in Just Alvin Talk Show ...........34
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Identification of Flouting of Maxims in the speaker’s utterances in Just Alvin
Talk Show .............................................................................................................................40
Appendix B The Transcript of Mata Najwa Episodes ..........................................................61
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
In daily conversation, the conversation does not always run well. Some
times in our conversation there are so many implied meaning in our conversation
to make the conversation is more interesting than usual. Or another way,
sometimes the speakers always say something and mean either directly or
indirectly thing else. In conversation, the speaker(s) and the hearer(s) can
achieved an ideal communication when they have a good interaction and try to
cooperate to each other so that they understand and there is a correlation to the
current topic which they talk (Yule,1996:4). Pragmatics is study of how more gets
communicated than is said. Pragmatics discuss about not only the implied
meaning but also the implied atitude or the way we make the conversation to
other(Grice:1975). Pragmatics will discuss more detail about how the people
comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in conversation.
Pragmatics has some aspects in studying, such as Deixis, Presupposition,
Performative, Implicature. According to Yule (1996) that Conversation
Implicature is one subtopic from Pragmatics which discuss about how the people
referring to indirect or implicit meaning of an utterance derived from context that
is not present from its conventional use. Grice's theory of conversational
implicatures is considered as one of the basic and most interesting theories in the
history of pragmatics(Levinson 97; Davies ; Soames). Some implicatures are
comes from the rule of language can be called as the maxim.
1
2
Most circumstances, the assumption of cooperation is so pervasive that it
can be stated as a cooperative principle of conversation and elaborated in four
sub-principles, called maxims (Yule, 1996: 37). Grice divided four conversational
maxim from further analysis the Cooperative Principle. There are Maxim of
Relation, Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Quality, and Maxim of Manner. Even
some rules have been accepted by people, but sometimes people still conciously
or unconciously to break those rules. This phenomenon makes the writer
interested to analyze the types of maxim are flouted by the speakers and then also
takes the dominant one are flouted by the speakers. Because the flouting of maxim
describe situations in which a maxim is being deribately disobeyed, with the
intention that the hearer still understand about the case. And the writer is
interesting for to do this research in talk show program. Because the writer wants
to know how the speakers in televisiom program can break the rules or flout the
maxim in their conversation. The writer choose Just Alvin Talk Show as the data.
Just Alvin Talk Show is a program on Metro TV. Just Alvin presents the
actress , actors , and also the most famous figures in Indonesia. The sides of their
life will be revealed through an exclusive and interesting interview. All the figures
as its guest will be comfortable being interviewed by the known-well host, named
Alvin. Alvin is the Host who has good relation with almost all the actresses,
actors, or other famous figures. It makes all the guest will enjoy to share
everything with him. And sometimes, it makes the speakers will make some
implicatures by flouting the maxim.
3
There are some previous studies of flouting the maxim which makes me
get the inspiration to do the analysis . One of the study , named Annisa(2013)
entitled “The Flouting of Grice’s Conversational Maxims by The Main Character
in The Dictator Movie“. That study discovers that the main character in the
movie flouts all types of conversational maxims; maxim of quantity, maxim of
quality, maxim of relation and maxim of manner.
With those explanations above, The writer choose the episodes “ In
Memoriam Ustad Jefri Albuchory” and “ The Journalist”, which invited Ustad
Jefri ,Ustad Yusuf Mansyur, Desi Anwar, Rahmah Sarita,Tina Talisa,Meutya
Hafid. The writer is interested to make this research in those episode, because it is
interesting to know how the starguests and the host still make a good contribution
in their conversation, even any flouting maxims in their conversation . As the
people know the Host is Alvin who is the one of the good master of ceremony
and the starguests are Ustad and journalists who expert in their profession as a
good speaker.. It is impossible for the host and the starguests dont know about
conducting of the good conversation. So, Perhaps with this analyzing , the writer
will get some types of maxim they are flouted, and get also the dominant of
flouting maxim in their conversation. Sometimes, the speakers flout the maxim
conciously or unconciously, because they want to be more informative, making
sure, agreeing or making jokes depending on the purpose and the situation under
their conversation. And with this study also, the writer wants to conclude the
implication from flouting maxim by them in that talk show.
4
B. The Problem of Study
This study examines the following questions:
1. What types of maxim are flouted in Just Alvin Talk Show?
2. What type of maxim is dominantly flouted in the program?
3. In what contexts are the maxims flouted?
C. The Objectives of the Study
In the relation to the problems of study, the objectives of study are:
1. To describe types of maxim are flouted by the speakers in Just Alvin
Talk Show, episodes “ In Memoriam Ustad Jefri Albuchory” and “The
Journalist”.
2. To derive the dominant type of maxim is flouted by the speakers in that
Talk Show.
3. To describe the contexts of the maxims flouting in Just Alvin Talk show ,
episodes “ In Memoriam Ustad Jefri Albuchory” and “The Journalist”.
D. The Scope of the Study
In this research, the writer is limited on the flouting of maxims as found in
the utterances of the speakers in Just Alvin talk show based on Grice’s theory
(maxim of relation, maxim of quantity, maxim of quality and maxim of manner).
The data are taken from an episodes which are invited some ustad and journalists,
in episodes “ In Memoriam of Ustad Jefri Albuchory “(april,24th2013) and “The
Journalist” (October,14th 2013).
5
E. Significance of Study
Findings of the
study are expected to be useful in theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, it is expected to be useful for expand the knowledge for
other students who are attracted in learning Cooperative Principle and Maxims,
especially on analyzing types of maxim in Conversational Implicature.
Pratically , the findings potentially clarify implicatures for student’s
learning language. Also potentially make the other reseracher want to find the
other problem that still related to cooperative principle , maxim , and especially in
analyzing the flouting the maxim in the conversation, whether in talk show, novel,
comic or the other interesting sources.
REFERENCES
C. Levinson, Presumtive Meanings: The Theory of Generalized Conversational
Implicature. Journal of Linguistics,,40(1) 181-186.
Cook, G. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Damayanti, Yuanita. 2011. Analysis The Flouting Maxims Found in Kungfu
Panda Movie Script Written By Jonathan Aibell and Glenn Berger.
Semarang: Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Dawson, Catherine. Practical Research Methods. 2002 . United Kingdom : How
To Books.
Dornerus, Emma. 2005. Breaking Maxims in Conversation: A Comparative Study of
How Scriptwriters Break Maxims in “Desperate Housewives” and “That 70’s
Show”. English Journals, 1-37.
Grice, H. P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole, & J. Morgan (Eds.),
Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
Hutchby, Ian. 2006 . Media Talk : Conversation Analysis and The Study of
Broadcasting. Glasglow:Open University Press.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peccei, Jean Stilwell. 1999. Pragmatics. New York: Routledge.
Pham, Dinh Trong.2010.Journal of Linguistic and Language Teaching.The
Cooperative Principle: Does Grice’s Framework Fit Vietnamese Language
Culture,1(2) 197-219.
Saragih, Mariana Desy E. 2010. Types of Cooperative Principles in Kick Andy
Talk Show. Medan: UniversitasNegeri Medan.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
Zulfa, Annisa. 2013. The flouting of Grice’s Conversational Maxims By The Main
Character in The Dictator Movie.Malang: Universitas Brawijaya.
http://www.peoplehope.com/chat/metro-tv-just-alvin (retrieved on November 20,
2013)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wik/Television_program( retrieved on November 24,
2013)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show( retrieved on November 25, 2013)
38
39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroTV (retrieved on November 25, 2013)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue ( retrieved on November 27, 2013)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62906995/Research-Methodology-by-Ashish-Basnet
(retrieved on December 20, 2013)