chapmanpp.ppt 125KB Jun 23 2011 10:24:46 AM
Importance of
Paralanguage in
Multicultural Education
Tara Chapman
Spring 2008
Important because…
the diversity in today’s classrooms
educator’s need to understand differences
in order to address the needs of all
students
Overview
Background Information
Paralanguage
• Verbal aspects that express emotions
• Body language – the unspoken word
Difference in cultures
Difference between genders
What is Paralanguage?
Paralanguage is the non-verbal aspects of
communication and is used to express
emotion such as hand gestures, eye
contact, touching, and many others.
The study of paralanguage, also known as
paralinguistic’s, has opened up avenues to
understand aspects of cultures that some
may have not understood in the past.
How often is paralanguage used?
Communication is essential in our
classrooms yesterday, today, and
tomorrow and consists of much more than
speech and/or writing.
According to O’Neill, up to 70% of
communication, face to face with others, is
done through paralanguage.
Paralanguage is said to be so important
because people are less likely to lie or try
to cover up emotions due to the difficulty
in doing so.
Importance of Paralanguage
Expression carries more importance than what is
actually being said.
• For example, the tone of voice a person is using.
Non-verbal communication is very important;
however, there is a cultural attitude where we
only listen to what is being said and not to how it
is being delivered, meaning “hear what I say, and
don’t notice the way I say it”.
Verbal Aspects of Paralanguage
Inflection
• the rising, falling or flatness of the voice
Pacing
• the speed of the voice whether it is rapid, slow or changing
Intensity
• the strength in which something is because expressed
whether it is loud, soft or breathy (which means powerfully
stated)
Tone
• whether is the voice is nasally, whining, growling, etc.
Pitch
• the changes in the voice from high, medium or low
Pauses
• means if one is disorganized, shy, hesitant, etc.
Body Language – The Unspoken
Word
Kinesics
• gestures and other movements of the body, including facial
expressions, movements of the eyes, and posture
Proxemics
• social distance
Haptics
• arm and hand movements
Paraverbal features
• nonlexical aspects of verbal communication, such as pitch,
variation, the use of silence, how space is filled in a
conversation (e.g., uh in English, este for many Spanish
speakers)
Chronism
• monochromic use of time in a linear mode in Western cultures,
with sequential scheduling and tasks completed one at a time;
polychronistic use of time in a cyclical mode in non-Western
cultures, with less precise time commitments
Kinesics
most important characteristic of paralanguage
better known as body language
body movements tend to speak louder than
words
interpreted different across cultures
Kinesics & African Americans
Use eye contact more when speaking than when
listening
Tend to use simple and concise wording
• African American Vernacular English
Regard manners to be affective, emotional and
interpersonal
Will interrupt or take a turn at speaking when
they can
Kinesics & American-Indians
Feel that silence is sacred
• Needed to reflect on their world
Use an abundance of words
Manners of expression to be understated and
indirect
Place a greater emphasis on community fabric
and kinship rather than the individual
Cherish their individual place in the entire natural
world
• Needed in order to be validated
Express themselves through humor
Seldom provide cues to encourage the speaker
Kinesics & Asians
View silence as a show of respect
Use abundance of words
Manners of expression to be understated and
indirect
Seldom provide cue to encourage the speaker
Listen with significant nonverbal engagement
Place a greater emphasis on community fabric
and kinship rather than the individual
Kinesics & White Americans
Tend to use more eye contact when spoken to
then when they are speaking
Tend to feel uncomfortable with silence
Use fewer words for expression
Are objective and task-oriented
Nod to indicate listening or agreement
Some emphasize individualism, competition,
taking actions, rational linear thinking, Christian
principles and a Protestant work ethic
Kinesics & Hispanics
Manners of expression to be understated and
indirect
Place a greater emphasis on community fabric
and kinship rather than the individual
Less competitive not to overshadow another
Stand close to others, touch a lot more than other
cultures
Make less eye-contact
Differences between Genders
interruptions in conversations
vocabulary and language
patterns of inequality in speech and conversation
cultural images of men and women
differences in movement and kinesics
communication changes are needed by
individuals who undergo a change from one
gender to another
communication patterns
Social Distance
Gender
• same sex tend to have less social distance
• opposite sex tend to have more social distance
Race
• same race tend to have less social distance
• opposite race tend to have more social
distance
Useful Websites
About Nonverbal Communications Part 1: General
Considerations.
• http://www.blatner.com/adam/level2/nverbal1.htm
• This website gives examples of the types of nonverbal
communication, including cultural differences.
• The information is useful for any profession that deals with
people on a daily basis.
Gender and Communication: Male-Female Differences in
Language and Nonverbal Behavior
• http://www.berkleymedia.com/resources/app/top/pdf/comm05.p
df
• This website is a summary of an online video that shows the
differences in male and female interaction.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
Useful Websites (cont’d)
Hidden Aspects of Communication
• http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm
• This website reported on the different verbal aspects of
paralanguage. It gives statistics concerning the usage of
paralanguage. There are also examples for the workplace.
• The information from this source can be used by parents,
teachers, psychologists, employers and other community
leaders.
Paralanguage
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguage
• This website defines paralanguage, its different components
and paralinguistics.
• This site could be informative for everyone, including the
general public.
Useful Websites (cont’d)
Potential Cross-Cultural Pitfalls and Dangers
• http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/publications/inforces/restorative_j
ustice/96522-multicultural/multi6.html
• This website informs about the different communication styles
and how to deal with cross-cultural issues.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
Useful Articles
Understanding and Counseling Hispanic American Children\
• Baruth, L. & Manning, M.
• The article discusses the cultural differences between
Hispanics and others.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
The use of humor as a counselor strategy with Native
American Indian children
• Herring, R. & Meggert, S.
• The article discusses the cultural differences between Native
American Indian children and others.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
Useful Articles (cont’d)
Children’s use of social distance: The effects of race and
gender
• Holmes, R.
• This article informs about the social distance used by children
of different genders and different races.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
All Children Read, Teaching For Literacy In Today’s
Classroom (2nd edition)
• Temple, C., Ogle, D., Crawford, A., & Freppon, P.
• This graduate level textbook charts the different types of
paralanguage and explains its importance in today’s schools.
• The information could be used by educators, psychologists and
youth leaders.
Conclusion
An educator must recognize…
• all culture represented in their classroom
• comprehend and grasp the fundamentals of a
multicultural education
• understand the significance of paralanguage in
today’s society and classrooms
References
Baruth, L., & Manning, M. (1992, December). Understanding and
counseling Hispanic American children. Elementary School Guidance &
Counseling, 27(2), 113. Retrieved February 19, 2008, from Education
Research Complete database.
Blatner, A. M.D. (2002). About Nonverbal Communications Part 1:
General Considerations. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from
http://www.blatner.com/adam/level2/nverbal1.htm
Gender and Communication: Male-Female Differences in Language and
Nonverbal Behavior. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2008, from
http://www.berkleymedia.com/resources/app/top/pdf/comm05.pdf
Herring, R., & Meggert, S. (1994, October). The use of humor as a
counselor strategy with Native American Indian children. Elementary
School Guidance & Counseling, 29(1), 67. Retrieved February 19, 2008,
from Education Research Complete database.
References (cont’d)
Holmes, R. (1997). Children's use of social distance: The effects of race
and gender. Child Study Journal, 27(2), 129. Retrieved February 19,
2008, from Education Research Complete database.
O’Neill, D. (2007). Hidden Aspects of Communication. Retrieved
February 10, 2008, from
http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm
Paralanguage. (2008). Retrieved February 15, 2008, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguage
Potential Cross-Cultural Pitfalls and Dangers. (2007). Retrieved
February 15, 2008, from
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/publications/inforces/restorative_justice/96
522-multicultural/multi6.html
Temple, C., Ogle, D., Crawford, A., & Freppon, P. (2008). All Children
Read, Teaching For Literacy In Today’s Classroom (2nd ed.). Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.
Paralanguage in
Multicultural Education
Tara Chapman
Spring 2008
Important because…
the diversity in today’s classrooms
educator’s need to understand differences
in order to address the needs of all
students
Overview
Background Information
Paralanguage
• Verbal aspects that express emotions
• Body language – the unspoken word
Difference in cultures
Difference between genders
What is Paralanguage?
Paralanguage is the non-verbal aspects of
communication and is used to express
emotion such as hand gestures, eye
contact, touching, and many others.
The study of paralanguage, also known as
paralinguistic’s, has opened up avenues to
understand aspects of cultures that some
may have not understood in the past.
How often is paralanguage used?
Communication is essential in our
classrooms yesterday, today, and
tomorrow and consists of much more than
speech and/or writing.
According to O’Neill, up to 70% of
communication, face to face with others, is
done through paralanguage.
Paralanguage is said to be so important
because people are less likely to lie or try
to cover up emotions due to the difficulty
in doing so.
Importance of Paralanguage
Expression carries more importance than what is
actually being said.
• For example, the tone of voice a person is using.
Non-verbal communication is very important;
however, there is a cultural attitude where we
only listen to what is being said and not to how it
is being delivered, meaning “hear what I say, and
don’t notice the way I say it”.
Verbal Aspects of Paralanguage
Inflection
• the rising, falling or flatness of the voice
Pacing
• the speed of the voice whether it is rapid, slow or changing
Intensity
• the strength in which something is because expressed
whether it is loud, soft or breathy (which means powerfully
stated)
Tone
• whether is the voice is nasally, whining, growling, etc.
Pitch
• the changes in the voice from high, medium or low
Pauses
• means if one is disorganized, shy, hesitant, etc.
Body Language – The Unspoken
Word
Kinesics
• gestures and other movements of the body, including facial
expressions, movements of the eyes, and posture
Proxemics
• social distance
Haptics
• arm and hand movements
Paraverbal features
• nonlexical aspects of verbal communication, such as pitch,
variation, the use of silence, how space is filled in a
conversation (e.g., uh in English, este for many Spanish
speakers)
Chronism
• monochromic use of time in a linear mode in Western cultures,
with sequential scheduling and tasks completed one at a time;
polychronistic use of time in a cyclical mode in non-Western
cultures, with less precise time commitments
Kinesics
most important characteristic of paralanguage
better known as body language
body movements tend to speak louder than
words
interpreted different across cultures
Kinesics & African Americans
Use eye contact more when speaking than when
listening
Tend to use simple and concise wording
• African American Vernacular English
Regard manners to be affective, emotional and
interpersonal
Will interrupt or take a turn at speaking when
they can
Kinesics & American-Indians
Feel that silence is sacred
• Needed to reflect on their world
Use an abundance of words
Manners of expression to be understated and
indirect
Place a greater emphasis on community fabric
and kinship rather than the individual
Cherish their individual place in the entire natural
world
• Needed in order to be validated
Express themselves through humor
Seldom provide cues to encourage the speaker
Kinesics & Asians
View silence as a show of respect
Use abundance of words
Manners of expression to be understated and
indirect
Seldom provide cue to encourage the speaker
Listen with significant nonverbal engagement
Place a greater emphasis on community fabric
and kinship rather than the individual
Kinesics & White Americans
Tend to use more eye contact when spoken to
then when they are speaking
Tend to feel uncomfortable with silence
Use fewer words for expression
Are objective and task-oriented
Nod to indicate listening or agreement
Some emphasize individualism, competition,
taking actions, rational linear thinking, Christian
principles and a Protestant work ethic
Kinesics & Hispanics
Manners of expression to be understated and
indirect
Place a greater emphasis on community fabric
and kinship rather than the individual
Less competitive not to overshadow another
Stand close to others, touch a lot more than other
cultures
Make less eye-contact
Differences between Genders
interruptions in conversations
vocabulary and language
patterns of inequality in speech and conversation
cultural images of men and women
differences in movement and kinesics
communication changes are needed by
individuals who undergo a change from one
gender to another
communication patterns
Social Distance
Gender
• same sex tend to have less social distance
• opposite sex tend to have more social distance
Race
• same race tend to have less social distance
• opposite race tend to have more social
distance
Useful Websites
About Nonverbal Communications Part 1: General
Considerations.
• http://www.blatner.com/adam/level2/nverbal1.htm
• This website gives examples of the types of nonverbal
communication, including cultural differences.
• The information is useful for any profession that deals with
people on a daily basis.
Gender and Communication: Male-Female Differences in
Language and Nonverbal Behavior
• http://www.berkleymedia.com/resources/app/top/pdf/comm05.p
df
• This website is a summary of an online video that shows the
differences in male and female interaction.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
Useful Websites (cont’d)
Hidden Aspects of Communication
• http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm
• This website reported on the different verbal aspects of
paralanguage. It gives statistics concerning the usage of
paralanguage. There are also examples for the workplace.
• The information from this source can be used by parents,
teachers, psychologists, employers and other community
leaders.
Paralanguage
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguage
• This website defines paralanguage, its different components
and paralinguistics.
• This site could be informative for everyone, including the
general public.
Useful Websites (cont’d)
Potential Cross-Cultural Pitfalls and Dangers
• http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/publications/inforces/restorative_j
ustice/96522-multicultural/multi6.html
• This website informs about the different communication styles
and how to deal with cross-cultural issues.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
Useful Articles
Understanding and Counseling Hispanic American Children\
• Baruth, L. & Manning, M.
• The article discusses the cultural differences between
Hispanics and others.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
The use of humor as a counselor strategy with Native
American Indian children
• Herring, R. & Meggert, S.
• The article discusses the cultural differences between Native
American Indian children and others.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
Useful Articles (cont’d)
Children’s use of social distance: The effects of race and
gender
• Holmes, R.
• This article informs about the social distance used by children
of different genders and different races.
• The information could be used by parents, teachers,
psychologists and youth leaders.
All Children Read, Teaching For Literacy In Today’s
Classroom (2nd edition)
• Temple, C., Ogle, D., Crawford, A., & Freppon, P.
• This graduate level textbook charts the different types of
paralanguage and explains its importance in today’s schools.
• The information could be used by educators, psychologists and
youth leaders.
Conclusion
An educator must recognize…
• all culture represented in their classroom
• comprehend and grasp the fundamentals of a
multicultural education
• understand the significance of paralanguage in
today’s society and classrooms
References
Baruth, L., & Manning, M. (1992, December). Understanding and
counseling Hispanic American children. Elementary School Guidance &
Counseling, 27(2), 113. Retrieved February 19, 2008, from Education
Research Complete database.
Blatner, A. M.D. (2002). About Nonverbal Communications Part 1:
General Considerations. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from
http://www.blatner.com/adam/level2/nverbal1.htm
Gender and Communication: Male-Female Differences in Language and
Nonverbal Behavior. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2008, from
http://www.berkleymedia.com/resources/app/top/pdf/comm05.pdf
Herring, R., & Meggert, S. (1994, October). The use of humor as a
counselor strategy with Native American Indian children. Elementary
School Guidance & Counseling, 29(1), 67. Retrieved February 19, 2008,
from Education Research Complete database.
References (cont’d)
Holmes, R. (1997). Children's use of social distance: The effects of race
and gender. Child Study Journal, 27(2), 129. Retrieved February 19,
2008, from Education Research Complete database.
O’Neill, D. (2007). Hidden Aspects of Communication. Retrieved
February 10, 2008, from
http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm
Paralanguage. (2008). Retrieved February 15, 2008, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguage
Potential Cross-Cultural Pitfalls and Dangers. (2007). Retrieved
February 15, 2008, from
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/publications/inforces/restorative_justice/96
522-multicultural/multi6.html
Temple, C., Ogle, D., Crawford, A., & Freppon, P. (2008). All Children
Read, Teaching For Literacy In Today’s Classroom (2nd ed.). Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.