Efek Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia Amygdalina Del.) Terhadap Sel Hela Dan Sel Vero
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anonim, (2013). Cervical Cancer. Diambil dari: http://comprehensivewomen
shealthservice.com . Diakses pada tanggal 17 September 2013.
Andriyani, R., dan Udin, Z. (2010). Studi Potensi Ekstrak Brucea javanica
Sebagai Bioaktif Antikanker Payudara Terhadap Sel T47D. JKTI. 12(1):
8-14.
Atangwho, I.J., Ebong, P.E., Egbung, G.E., dan Obi, A.U. (2010). Extract of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. (African Bitter Leaf) Can Reverse Pancreatic
Cellular Lesion after Alloxan Damage in the Rat. Australian Journal of
Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(5): 711-716.
ATCC. (2011). HeLa Cell. Diambil dari: http://www.attc.org. Diakses pada
tanggal 24 April 2011.
Baguley B.C. (2010). Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Cancer. Molecular
Biotechnology.vol.46 (3): 308-316.
Borutto, F., and Comparetto C. (2012). Human Papiloma Virus: Natural history of
a viral infection in the genesis of a cancer. In F Baruto and MD Ridder
(Eds). HPV and Cervical Cancer: Achievements in Prevention and
Future Prospect. New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Hal. 78.
Cree, I.A. (2011). Cancer Cell Culture: Methods and Protocols. Edisi Kedua.
New York: Springer Humana Press. Hal 237-244.
Desen, W. (2008). Buku Ajar Onkologi Klinis. Edisi 2. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit
FKUI. Hal 1-6, 473-476.
Dewi, N.R.K., Kuncoro, H., dan Rijai, L. (2015). Potensi Sitotoksik Ekstrak Air
Daun Sirih Hitam (Piper sp.). Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan. 1(1): 11.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal 744.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia. Jilid VI. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Hal 300-304,306.
Ditjen POM. (2000).Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Hal 1, 10-11.
53
Doyle, A., Griffiths, J.B. dan Newell, D.G. (2000). Cell and Tissue Culture:
Laboratory Procedures, Edisi ke III. New York: Jhon Wiley & Son. Hal
12-16, 23-24, 48-49.
Ejoh, R.A., Nkonga. D.V., Inocent, G., dan Moses, M.C. (2007). Nutritional
Componens of Some Non-Conventional Leafy Vegetables Counsumed in
Cameroon. Pak. J. Nutr. 6(1): 712-717.
Erasto, P., Grierson, D.S., dan Afolayan, A.J. (2008). Bioactive Sesquiterpene
Lactones from The Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Int. J. Environ. Res.
Public Health. 5(5): 342-348.
Freshney, I.A. (2000). Culture Of Animal Cells. A Manual of Basic Technique.
Edisi ke IV. Toronto: Willey-Liss. Hal 329-344.
Ginting, R.A. (2012). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Skrining Fitokimia Serta Uji
Antimutagenik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile)
Pada Mencit Jantan Menggunakan Metode Mikronukleus. Skripsi. Medan:
Fakultas Farmasi USU.
Goodwin, E.C., DiMaio, D. (2000). Repression of Human Papillomavirus
Oncogenes in HeLa Cervical Carcinoma Cells Causes the Orderly
Reactivication of Dormant Tumor Suppressor Pathways. Biochemistry.
(97): 23.
Hanahan, D., and Weinberg, R.A. (2000). The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell. 100:
57-70.
Handayani, R., Sugiyanto, dan Salmah, N. (2001). Uji Sitotoksisitas Senyawa
Aktif Komponen Daun Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr Terhadap
Beberapa Cell Line. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia. 12(3): 140-151.
Ibrahim, G., Abdurahman, E.M., dan Katayal, U.A. (2004). Pharmacognostic
Studies On The Leaves Of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae). Nig. J.
Nat. Orid. And Med. 08(1): 8-10.
Ijeh, I.I., dan Ejike, E.C. (2010). Current Perspectives on the Medical Potentials
of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Medical Plants Research. 57:
1051-1061.
Igile, G.O., Oleszek, W., Jurzysta, M., Burd, S., Fafunso, M., dan Fasanmade,
A.A. (1994). Flavoniods, from Vernonia amygdalina and Their
Antioxidant Activities. J Agric Food Chem. 42: 2445-2448.
Kanadaswami, C., Lung, T.L., Ping-Ping H.L., Jiuan, J.H., Ferng, C.K., Ying,
T.H., et all. (2005). The Antitumor Activities of Flavonoids. In Vivo
Journal. 19(3): 895-897.
54
Kamuhabwa, A., Nshimo, C., dan de Witte, P. (2000). Cytotoxicity of Some
Medicinal Plant Extracts Used in Tanzanian Tradisional Medicine.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 70(4): 143-149.
Kleinsmith, L.J. (2006). Principle of Cancer Biology. Pearson International
Edition. California: Pearson Education Inc. Hal. 12,36,135-136.
Kobayashi, A., Greenblatt, R.M., Anastos, K., Minkoff, H., Massad, L.S.,
Young,
M. (2004). Fungtional Attribute of Mucosal Immunity in Cervical
Intraephithelial Neoplasia and Effects of HIV Infection. Cancer Research.
64: 6766-6774.
Kurnijasanti, R., Hamid, S.I., dan Rahmawati, K. (2008). Efek Sitotoksik In Vitro
dari Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Terhadap Kultur
Sel Kanker Mieloma. Media Eksakta. 7(1): 48-54.
Kusumadewi, W.A. (2011). Uji Efek Antiproliferatif Senyawa Euganol Terhadap
Kultur Sel Kanker Serviks (HeLa Cell Line). Skripsi. Jakarta: Fakultas
Farmasi Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah. Hal 14.
Malole, M.B.M. (1990). Kultur Sel dan Jaringan Hewan. Bogor: Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
Njan, A.A, Adza, B., Agaba, A.G., Byamgaba, D., Diaz, S., dan Bansberg, D.R.
(2008). The Analgesic and Antiplasmodial Activities and Toxicology of
Vernonia amygdalina. J. Med. Food. 11: 574-581.
Nwanjo, H.U., (2005). Efficacy Of Aqueous Leaf Extract Of Vernonia
amygdalina On Plasma Lipoprotein And Oxidative Status in Diabetic Rat
Models. Nigerian Journal Of Physiological Sciences. 20(1-2): 39-42.
Nwanjo, H.U., dan Nwokoro, E.A. (2004). Antidiabetic And Biochemical Effects
Of Aqueous Extract Of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf In Normoglycaemic
And Diabetic Rats. J. Innov. Life Sci. (7): 6-10.
Oyugi, D.A., Luo, X., Lee, K.S., Hill, B., dan Izevbigie, E.B. (2009). Activity
Markers of The Anti-Breast Carcinoma Cell Growth Fractions of Vernonia
amygdalina Extracts. Exp. Biol. Medicine. 234(4): 410-417.
Piersma S.J., Jordanova E.S, van Poelgeest M.I.E, Kwappenberg K.M.C, van der
Hulst J.M, et all. (2007). High Number of Intraepithelial CD8+TumorInfiltrating Lymphocytes is Associated with the Absence of Lymph Node
Metastases in Patients with Large Early-Stage Cervical Cancer. Cancer
Research. 67: 354-361.
Prayong, P., Barusrux, S., dan Weerapreeyakul, N. (2008). Cytotoxy Activity
Screening of Some Indigeneous Thai Pants. Fitoterapia. 79: 598-601.
55
Qomariyah, N., ( 2003 ). Herbal medicine: Pentingnya Mengenal dan Memahaminya. Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran Kesehatan. 1(2): 38-41.
Rasjidi, I. (2007). Panduan Penatalaksanaan Kanker Ginokologi Berdasarkan
Evidance Base. Jakarta:EGC.
Riono, Y. (1999). Kanker Leher Rahim. Australia: Dept of Surgery Holywood
Hospital. Hal 1-4.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., dan Manitas, T. (1989). Molecular Cloning a
Laboratory. Edisi Kedua. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press. Hal 75-79.
Sarkarar, D.M., dan Deshmuskh, V.N. (2011). Etnopharmalogical Review of
Traditional Medical Plants for Anticancer Activity. International Journal
of PharmTech Research. 3(1): 298-308.
Sembiring, G.I., (2013). Efek Inotropik Dan Kronotropik Ekstrak Etanol Daun
Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) Pada Isolat Jantung Tikus. Skripsi.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU.
Setiawan, A. (2012). Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika
(Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Terhadap Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. Skripsi.
Medan: Falkutas Farmasi USU.
Sheets, R., ( 2000 ). History and Characterization of the Vero Cell Line. In: The
Vaccine and Related Biological Product Advisory Commite. Hal 2.
Siswandono, dan Soekarjo B. (2000). Kimia Medisinal. Edisi II. Surabaya:
Airlangga University Press. Hal 407-426.
Stockert, J.C., Blazquez-Castro, A., Canette, M., Horobin, R.W., dan Villanueva,
A. (2012). MTT Assay For Cell Viability: Intracelluler Localization Of
The Formazan Product is In Lipid Droplets. Acta Histochemica 114: 785796.
Sujuliyani, (2012). Isolasi Dan Produksi Senyawa Dengan Aktivitas Sitotoksik
Terhadap Sel Kanker Leher Rahim (HeLa) Dan Sel Kanker Payudara
(T47D) Dari Kapang Laut Emericella nidulans Asal Perairan Wakatobi
Sulawesi Tenggara. Tesis. Bekasi: Magister Ilmu Kelautan UI. Hal 19.
Sukardja, G.D.I. (2000). Onkologi Klinik. Edisi ke II. Surabaya: Airlangga
University Press. Hal 60-61.
Swiuwerts, A.M. (1995). The MTT Tetrazolium Salt Assay Scrutinizied: How
to
56
Use This Assay Reliably to Measure Metabolic Activity of Cell Culture In
Vitro For The Assessment of Growth Characteristic, IC50- Values and Cell
Survival. Eur J Clin ChemBiochem. 33: 813-823.
Tapan, E. (2005). Kanker, Antioksidan & Terapi Komplementer. Jakarta: PT. Elex
Media Komputindo. Hal 13-17.
Tjay, H.T., dan Rahardja, K. (2002). Obat-Obat Penting. Khasiat, Penggunaan,
dan Efek-efek Sampingnya. Edisi Kelima. Jakarta: Elex Media
Komputindo. Hal 197-205.
Tjay, H.T., dan Rahardja, K. (2007). Obat-Obat Penting. Khasiat, Penggunaan,
dan Efek-efek Sampingnya. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Hal 208209.
Winarno, K.E., Mazda, R., Hindra, dan Winarno, H. (2010). Pengaruh Iradiasi
Gamma Pada Aktivitas Sitotoksik daging Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria
macrocarpa) (Scheff) Boerl. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi Nuklir
Indonesia. II(2): 72.
Witsqa, S.A.A. (2014). Efek Kombinasi Fraksi Non N-heksan Ekstrak Etanol
Sarang Semut (mymecodia tuberosa Jack) Dengan Antikanker
Doksorubisin Terhadap Sel Limfosit, Sel Vero dan TD47 in Vitro. Skripsi.
Yogyakarta: Farmasi UGM. Hal 10-11.
Yadav, V.R., Sahdeo, P., Bokyung, S., Ramaswamy, K., dan Bharat, B.A. (2010).
Review: Targetting Inflammatory Pathways by Triterpenoids for
Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Toxins. 2(1): 2428-2466.
Yatim, F. (2005). Penyakit Kandungan. Jakarta: Pustaka Populer Obor. Hal 44-57.
Yeap, K., Hoyong, W., Beh, K., Liang, S., Ky, H., Yousr, N., dan Alitheen, B.
(2010). Vernonia amygdalina, an Ethnoveterinary and Etnomedical Used
Green Vegetable with Multiple Bioactivity. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research. 4(25): 2787-2812.
Yusrina. (2014). Uji Efek Antidiabetes Nanopartikel Daun Afrika (Vernonia
amygdalina Del.) Pada Mencit Jantan Yang Di Induksi Aloksan. Skripsi.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU. Hal 20-21.
57
Anonim, (2013). Cervical Cancer. Diambil dari: http://comprehensivewomen
shealthservice.com . Diakses pada tanggal 17 September 2013.
Andriyani, R., dan Udin, Z. (2010). Studi Potensi Ekstrak Brucea javanica
Sebagai Bioaktif Antikanker Payudara Terhadap Sel T47D. JKTI. 12(1):
8-14.
Atangwho, I.J., Ebong, P.E., Egbung, G.E., dan Obi, A.U. (2010). Extract of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. (African Bitter Leaf) Can Reverse Pancreatic
Cellular Lesion after Alloxan Damage in the Rat. Australian Journal of
Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(5): 711-716.
ATCC. (2011). HeLa Cell. Diambil dari: http://www.attc.org. Diakses pada
tanggal 24 April 2011.
Baguley B.C. (2010). Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Cancer. Molecular
Biotechnology.vol.46 (3): 308-316.
Borutto, F., and Comparetto C. (2012). Human Papiloma Virus: Natural history of
a viral infection in the genesis of a cancer. In F Baruto and MD Ridder
(Eds). HPV and Cervical Cancer: Achievements in Prevention and
Future Prospect. New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Hal. 78.
Cree, I.A. (2011). Cancer Cell Culture: Methods and Protocols. Edisi Kedua.
New York: Springer Humana Press. Hal 237-244.
Desen, W. (2008). Buku Ajar Onkologi Klinis. Edisi 2. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit
FKUI. Hal 1-6, 473-476.
Dewi, N.R.K., Kuncoro, H., dan Rijai, L. (2015). Potensi Sitotoksik Ekstrak Air
Daun Sirih Hitam (Piper sp.). Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan. 1(1): 11.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Hal 744.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia. Jilid VI. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Hal 300-304,306.
Ditjen POM. (2000).Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Hal 1, 10-11.
53
Doyle, A., Griffiths, J.B. dan Newell, D.G. (2000). Cell and Tissue Culture:
Laboratory Procedures, Edisi ke III. New York: Jhon Wiley & Son. Hal
12-16, 23-24, 48-49.
Ejoh, R.A., Nkonga. D.V., Inocent, G., dan Moses, M.C. (2007). Nutritional
Componens of Some Non-Conventional Leafy Vegetables Counsumed in
Cameroon. Pak. J. Nutr. 6(1): 712-717.
Erasto, P., Grierson, D.S., dan Afolayan, A.J. (2008). Bioactive Sesquiterpene
Lactones from The Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Int. J. Environ. Res.
Public Health. 5(5): 342-348.
Freshney, I.A. (2000). Culture Of Animal Cells. A Manual of Basic Technique.
Edisi ke IV. Toronto: Willey-Liss. Hal 329-344.
Ginting, R.A. (2012). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Skrining Fitokimia Serta Uji
Antimutagenik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile)
Pada Mencit Jantan Menggunakan Metode Mikronukleus. Skripsi. Medan:
Fakultas Farmasi USU.
Goodwin, E.C., DiMaio, D. (2000). Repression of Human Papillomavirus
Oncogenes in HeLa Cervical Carcinoma Cells Causes the Orderly
Reactivication of Dormant Tumor Suppressor Pathways. Biochemistry.
(97): 23.
Hanahan, D., and Weinberg, R.A. (2000). The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell. 100:
57-70.
Handayani, R., Sugiyanto, dan Salmah, N. (2001). Uji Sitotoksisitas Senyawa
Aktif Komponen Daun Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr Terhadap
Beberapa Cell Line. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia. 12(3): 140-151.
Ibrahim, G., Abdurahman, E.M., dan Katayal, U.A. (2004). Pharmacognostic
Studies On The Leaves Of Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae). Nig. J.
Nat. Orid. And Med. 08(1): 8-10.
Ijeh, I.I., dan Ejike, E.C. (2010). Current Perspectives on the Medical Potentials
of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Medical Plants Research. 57:
1051-1061.
Igile, G.O., Oleszek, W., Jurzysta, M., Burd, S., Fafunso, M., dan Fasanmade,
A.A. (1994). Flavoniods, from Vernonia amygdalina and Their
Antioxidant Activities. J Agric Food Chem. 42: 2445-2448.
Kanadaswami, C., Lung, T.L., Ping-Ping H.L., Jiuan, J.H., Ferng, C.K., Ying,
T.H., et all. (2005). The Antitumor Activities of Flavonoids. In Vivo
Journal. 19(3): 895-897.
54
Kamuhabwa, A., Nshimo, C., dan de Witte, P. (2000). Cytotoxicity of Some
Medicinal Plant Extracts Used in Tanzanian Tradisional Medicine.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 70(4): 143-149.
Kleinsmith, L.J. (2006). Principle of Cancer Biology. Pearson International
Edition. California: Pearson Education Inc. Hal. 12,36,135-136.
Kobayashi, A., Greenblatt, R.M., Anastos, K., Minkoff, H., Massad, L.S.,
Young,
M. (2004). Fungtional Attribute of Mucosal Immunity in Cervical
Intraephithelial Neoplasia and Effects of HIV Infection. Cancer Research.
64: 6766-6774.
Kurnijasanti, R., Hamid, S.I., dan Rahmawati, K. (2008). Efek Sitotoksik In Vitro
dari Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Terhadap Kultur
Sel Kanker Mieloma. Media Eksakta. 7(1): 48-54.
Kusumadewi, W.A. (2011). Uji Efek Antiproliferatif Senyawa Euganol Terhadap
Kultur Sel Kanker Serviks (HeLa Cell Line). Skripsi. Jakarta: Fakultas
Farmasi Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah. Hal 14.
Malole, M.B.M. (1990). Kultur Sel dan Jaringan Hewan. Bogor: Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
Njan, A.A, Adza, B., Agaba, A.G., Byamgaba, D., Diaz, S., dan Bansberg, D.R.
(2008). The Analgesic and Antiplasmodial Activities and Toxicology of
Vernonia amygdalina. J. Med. Food. 11: 574-581.
Nwanjo, H.U., (2005). Efficacy Of Aqueous Leaf Extract Of Vernonia
amygdalina On Plasma Lipoprotein And Oxidative Status in Diabetic Rat
Models. Nigerian Journal Of Physiological Sciences. 20(1-2): 39-42.
Nwanjo, H.U., dan Nwokoro, E.A. (2004). Antidiabetic And Biochemical Effects
Of Aqueous Extract Of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf In Normoglycaemic
And Diabetic Rats. J. Innov. Life Sci. (7): 6-10.
Oyugi, D.A., Luo, X., Lee, K.S., Hill, B., dan Izevbigie, E.B. (2009). Activity
Markers of The Anti-Breast Carcinoma Cell Growth Fractions of Vernonia
amygdalina Extracts. Exp. Biol. Medicine. 234(4): 410-417.
Piersma S.J., Jordanova E.S, van Poelgeest M.I.E, Kwappenberg K.M.C, van der
Hulst J.M, et all. (2007). High Number of Intraepithelial CD8+TumorInfiltrating Lymphocytes is Associated with the Absence of Lymph Node
Metastases in Patients with Large Early-Stage Cervical Cancer. Cancer
Research. 67: 354-361.
Prayong, P., Barusrux, S., dan Weerapreeyakul, N. (2008). Cytotoxy Activity
Screening of Some Indigeneous Thai Pants. Fitoterapia. 79: 598-601.
55
Qomariyah, N., ( 2003 ). Herbal medicine: Pentingnya Mengenal dan Memahaminya. Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran Kesehatan. 1(2): 38-41.
Rasjidi, I. (2007). Panduan Penatalaksanaan Kanker Ginokologi Berdasarkan
Evidance Base. Jakarta:EGC.
Riono, Y. (1999). Kanker Leher Rahim. Australia: Dept of Surgery Holywood
Hospital. Hal 1-4.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., dan Manitas, T. (1989). Molecular Cloning a
Laboratory. Edisi Kedua. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press. Hal 75-79.
Sarkarar, D.M., dan Deshmuskh, V.N. (2011). Etnopharmalogical Review of
Traditional Medical Plants for Anticancer Activity. International Journal
of PharmTech Research. 3(1): 298-308.
Sembiring, G.I., (2013). Efek Inotropik Dan Kronotropik Ekstrak Etanol Daun
Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) Pada Isolat Jantung Tikus. Skripsi.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU.
Setiawan, A. (2012). Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika
(Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Terhadap Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. Skripsi.
Medan: Falkutas Farmasi USU.
Sheets, R., ( 2000 ). History and Characterization of the Vero Cell Line. In: The
Vaccine and Related Biological Product Advisory Commite. Hal 2.
Siswandono, dan Soekarjo B. (2000). Kimia Medisinal. Edisi II. Surabaya:
Airlangga University Press. Hal 407-426.
Stockert, J.C., Blazquez-Castro, A., Canette, M., Horobin, R.W., dan Villanueva,
A. (2012). MTT Assay For Cell Viability: Intracelluler Localization Of
The Formazan Product is In Lipid Droplets. Acta Histochemica 114: 785796.
Sujuliyani, (2012). Isolasi Dan Produksi Senyawa Dengan Aktivitas Sitotoksik
Terhadap Sel Kanker Leher Rahim (HeLa) Dan Sel Kanker Payudara
(T47D) Dari Kapang Laut Emericella nidulans Asal Perairan Wakatobi
Sulawesi Tenggara. Tesis. Bekasi: Magister Ilmu Kelautan UI. Hal 19.
Sukardja, G.D.I. (2000). Onkologi Klinik. Edisi ke II. Surabaya: Airlangga
University Press. Hal 60-61.
Swiuwerts, A.M. (1995). The MTT Tetrazolium Salt Assay Scrutinizied: How
to
56
Use This Assay Reliably to Measure Metabolic Activity of Cell Culture In
Vitro For The Assessment of Growth Characteristic, IC50- Values and Cell
Survival. Eur J Clin ChemBiochem. 33: 813-823.
Tapan, E. (2005). Kanker, Antioksidan & Terapi Komplementer. Jakarta: PT. Elex
Media Komputindo. Hal 13-17.
Tjay, H.T., dan Rahardja, K. (2002). Obat-Obat Penting. Khasiat, Penggunaan,
dan Efek-efek Sampingnya. Edisi Kelima. Jakarta: Elex Media
Komputindo. Hal 197-205.
Tjay, H.T., dan Rahardja, K. (2007). Obat-Obat Penting. Khasiat, Penggunaan,
dan Efek-efek Sampingnya. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Hal 208209.
Winarno, K.E., Mazda, R., Hindra, dan Winarno, H. (2010). Pengaruh Iradiasi
Gamma Pada Aktivitas Sitotoksik daging Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria
macrocarpa) (Scheff) Boerl. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi Nuklir
Indonesia. II(2): 72.
Witsqa, S.A.A. (2014). Efek Kombinasi Fraksi Non N-heksan Ekstrak Etanol
Sarang Semut (mymecodia tuberosa Jack) Dengan Antikanker
Doksorubisin Terhadap Sel Limfosit, Sel Vero dan TD47 in Vitro. Skripsi.
Yogyakarta: Farmasi UGM. Hal 10-11.
Yadav, V.R., Sahdeo, P., Bokyung, S., Ramaswamy, K., dan Bharat, B.A. (2010).
Review: Targetting Inflammatory Pathways by Triterpenoids for
Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Toxins. 2(1): 2428-2466.
Yatim, F. (2005). Penyakit Kandungan. Jakarta: Pustaka Populer Obor. Hal 44-57.
Yeap, K., Hoyong, W., Beh, K., Liang, S., Ky, H., Yousr, N., dan Alitheen, B.
(2010). Vernonia amygdalina, an Ethnoveterinary and Etnomedical Used
Green Vegetable with Multiple Bioactivity. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research. 4(25): 2787-2812.
Yusrina. (2014). Uji Efek Antidiabetes Nanopartikel Daun Afrika (Vernonia
amygdalina Del.) Pada Mencit Jantan Yang Di Induksi Aloksan. Skripsi.
Medan: Fakultas Farmasi USU. Hal 20-21.
57