that happens between him, his parents and his flock. Therefore, there are two kinds of conflicts faced by Jonathan. They are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts.
1. The Intrapersonal Conflict
The intrapersonal conflicts faced by Jonathan are worthwhile to analyze. They are interesting because they involve human spirits and beliefs. In this
novelette, Jonathan’s intrapersonal conflicts are as follows:
a. Learning to Fly
This conflict begins when Jonathan is learning to fly. In all his efforts, he always fails. In the beginning he empowers his body to fly higher, yet he finally
stalls and falls down. Since seagulls never fly higher, therefore, Jonathan falls down. In fact, to stall in the air for a seagull is disgraced and dishonored. Jonathan
does not care for being disgrace and dishonor. He keeps stretching his wings again. Seagulls, as you know, never falter, never stall. To stall in the air is for them
disgrace and dishonor. But Jonathan Livingston Seagull, unashamed, stretching his wings again in
that trembling hard curve-slowing, slowing, and stalling once more-was no ordinary bird Bach 13.
Since Jonathan is a hardworking seagull, he never stops learning to fly. In
the beginning, he always fails but he never gives up. Jonathan continues learning to fly every day. He really loves to fly. Jonathan is quite different from other seagulls
in his flock. The other gulls do not think like Jonathan. Being able to fly better in the sky is not a matter for them. As a result, most of birds in the flock fly with the
simplest technique. Yet, Jonathan has another way of thinking. The most important thing in his life is flying. Jonathan loves to fly very much while other seagulls do
not love to fly. However, Jonathan never thinks to be popular among seagulls in his flock. One thing for sure is that Jonathan learns to fly because not of being famous.
He learns practices and does the experiment of flying because he loves it Bach 14. One day, he stops flying. He tries hard to be like other seagulls. He flies in
low-level, together with others to get food. It is not easy to be the same like other gulls. It looks very strange for Jonathan. Until he stops being like the rest of other
gulls. He thinks that it is so pointless. He prefers to learn fly than tries to fight for some bread.
For the next days he tried to behave like the other gulls; he really tried, screeching and fighting with the flock around the piers and fishing boats,
diving on scraps of fish and bread. But he couldn’t make it work. It’s all so pointless, he thought, deliberately dropping a hard-won anchovy to a hungry
old gull chasing him. I could be spending all this time learning to fly. There’s so much to learn Bach 15.
As that decision comes out from his head, Jonathan flies to the sky. He learns to fly again. There are many new single movements he can do in the air.
Many times he tries to fly. Finally, he gets himself to find a breakthrough. Unfortunately, the flock does not receive it. In the centre of the flock for the shame
means that he will be outcast from the flock. It shocks him so much. Jonathan feels like being hit with a board then his knees are weak. His feathers are sagged. He
thinks a lot. He does not believe that he stands to the center for the shame Bach 34.
Here, in the deep of his heart and beyond his mind, Jonathan argues by himself. Why he is blamed for the irresponsibility. In the process of thinking,
Jonathan has an internal conflict. He is confused. Will he speak to the Council Flock or not? However, he encourages himself to speak back to the Council.
Jonathan does not believe that he is wrong in the eyes of his flock. He must be a hero for the flock because he finds a breakthrough. After arguing by himself,
Jonathan encourages himself and decides to speak back to the Council Flock. Jonathan faces an avoidance-avoidance conflict. According to Worchel and
Cooper 461, an avoidance-avoidance conflict is a conflict when a person has two equally unattractive alternatives and the person has to choose one of them. Jonathan
faces a conflict where he has to choose one of the unattractive alternatives. In order to solve this conflict, Jonathan tries to manage his conflict by
managing his emotions. According to Beebe and Redmon 314-326, conflicts can be managed into four ways. Those are managing emotions, managing informations,
managing goals, and managing the problems. As a smart seagull, Jonathan tries to keep his anger so that he can think clearly and solve the problem wisely. Then, he
negotiates himself in the form of distributive negotiation. Isenhart and Spangle 45- 152 state that distributive negotiation is a type of negotiation in which both sides
said their goals and advantages in achieving the goals. Both parties are forcing their demands and threats. In other words, it is bargaining approach to solve the conflict
they have. They make other party to receive their demands and interest to achieve their goals. It means that the conflict resolution process in distributive negotiation
applies a win-lose solution. In this case, Jonathan wants to speak back to the Council Flock so that he
can prove that he is right is bargaining with his wanting to keep the relationship with the Council Flock by keeping honor them in his silence. Because Jonathan is a
smart and brave seagull, he decides to speak back to the Council Flock. He thinks that speaking to the flock and then telling what he has found out there are more
important. By telling the reason Jonathan hopes that seagulls can enjoy their life. His wanting to speak back to the flock wins the negotiation process.
b. Flying at night
