is thought. The author expresses the character’s thought in the story. By knowing the character’s thought, the readers can analyze what goes in his or her mind. The
last is mannerism. The author can illustrate a person’s mannerism, habit or modes of behavior which may also tell the readers something about the character.
4. Conflict
One of the experiences that men have concerns facing the conflict and how to solve them. Facing the conflict and resolving the conflict they have are one of
the examples from experience that men have. There are three points will be discussed in this section namely definition of conflict, the kinds of conflict, and the
conflict resolution.
a. Definition
Conflict is a condition when a person cannot complete the mutual action together or in the same time. Jones and Gerard as cited in Worchel and Cooper
460, state that conflict is a state that requires a person when he is motivated to make two or more mutual incompatible actions. However, Hocker and Willmot as
cited in Isenhart and Spangle 3 state that conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two independent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare resources
and interference from the other party in achieving their goal.
b. Types of conflict
Conflicts consist of two types. The first type is intrapersonal conflict and the second conflict is interpersonal conflict. Worchel and Cooper 460-464, clarify
intrapersonal conflict is a conflict within an individual when he or she makes a decision between two or more alternatives while other people do not behave as what
the individual expects them to do. Worchel and Cooper also say that intrapersonal conflict consists of four kinds 460-464. Those are approach-approach, avoidance-
avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double approach-avoidance conflicts. An approach-approach conflict is a conflict in which a person can only
choose one action toward two positive goals. This conflict is the simplest conflict because the person has to choose and make a decision between two attractive
alternatives. Approach-approach conflict is rather different with an avoidance-avoidance
conflict because in avoidance-avoidance conflict a person has two equally unattractive alternatives and the person has to make decision between the two
unattractive alternatives. Approach- avoidance is a conflict when a person must choose one goal
which has both attractive and unattractive qualities. The person is trapped in this conflict because he she is afraid and doubt to choose the goal.
Last is a double approach-avoidance conflict. This is the most common conflict situation and it contains two goals which both have positive and negative
sides. In choosing the goal, a person influences by some factors. Those factors are the kind of the goal, how close a person is to the goal, and the amount of the goal.
The second conflict is the interpersonal conflict. It is a conflict which happens between two or more people when they are involved in achieving the
incompatible goal. A condition when two people or parties disagree with the way in achieving the goal causes interpersonal conflict. The example of real situation for
this conflict is a conflict happens between a taxi driver and his passenger. The conflict arises when the passenger does not want to pay the taxi cost. He gets out
soon and run away, yet the taxi driver catch him. In the next seconds, the taxi driver hit him then put him into the police office.
Beebe and Redmon 297-300 state that the interpersonal conflict can be divided into three types. They are pseudo conflict, simple conflict, ego conflict.
Pseudo conflict is a conflict caused by the lack of understanding between the individual and parties. Simple conflict happens because of the differences on
definition, goal, ideas, and perceptions. For example there are two students learn pronunciation. Yet their pronunciation is different. Because of that, they argue each
other. The last is ego conflict. It happens when the personal defenses attached to each individual in a group.
c. Causes of Conflicts
