Murphy 1972: 161-173 also proposes some methods that can be used by the author to make the readers understand the characters and make the
characters alive for the readers. 1. Personal description
The author describes a character by using the character’s appearance and clothes. They may be skin colour, hair, eyes, nose, hands, and other parts
of the character’s body, as well as how he wears the clothes or what kind of clothes he wears.
2. Character as seen by others Describing the character through the eyes and opinions of other characters
is the second way used by the author to describe a character. Others can express their views, attitudes, opinions, and comments to the character
they discussed. 3. Speech
The author will make some conversations in his literary work for a character, although the character has to talk to his self. Whatever a person
speaks, whenever he is in a conversation with another, and any opinions he puts forward, he is giving us clues to his characters.
4. Past life In this method, the author creates some events in the past life of the
character. The author gives the readers clues to understand the character more from what had happen in the past by letting the readers learn about
the past life of the character. 11
5. Conversation of others The author creates conversations of other characters in which they talk
about the character to help the readers to understand the character more. 6. Reactions
How the character reacts to some situations and events will be a clue to a character’s characteristics.
7. Direct comment To describe a character the author can give some comments on the
character directly. 8. Thought
The author can also give the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. In this way, the readers are in a privileged position. They
have a secret listening device plugged into the inmost thought of a character in a novel.
9. Mannerism This last way is describing a character by telling the readers about the
character’s mannerism and habits. The methods of characterization above are used by the author to make the
readers aware of the characters of the people he writes in his novel. By using one or some of the methods, the author carries the readers along by the story so that
they will think that the characters created are the same as real people. 12
3. Theory of Critical Approach
In analyzing a literary work, an approach is needed to lead the researcher to understand the literary work better. According to Rohrberger and
Woods 1971: 6-15, there are five types of critical approach that can be implemented in analyzing a work of literature. They are formalist approach
which analyses the aesthetic values of a novel from the harmonious involvement of all parts of the novel; biographical approach which focuses on
the author’s personality, life, and development; sociocultural – historical approach focusing on the civilization or history in which the literary works are
produced to lead us to criticism of the people’s life in society at the time the literary object was being written; mythopoeic approach emphasizing on the
universal patterns of human thoughts, such as myths and folk rites; and psychological approach which emphasizes on human psychology and believes
that human’s creativity, thought, behaviour, and other psychological aspects give influence to the literary object.
4. Theory of Personality and Personality Development a. Theory of Personality
Theory of personality is one of attempts to explain human behaviours. Psychology cannot be separated from personality. Benedetty 1997: 180 says
that the psychological traits are the most essential category in terms of characterization. Psychology refers to the inner working of the minds, such as
emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Psychological traits always 13
precede the actions of characters. Personality is very important in many areas of psychology, and many methods have been developed to measure someone’s
personality accurately. The personality analysts also try to provide concepts to identify some factors that influence the development of personality and
everyday behaviours of an individual. According to Kalish 1973: 52, personality is dynamic organization of
characteristic attributes which lead to behaviour and distinguishing one individual from other individuals. It refers to the total individual and includes
needs, motives, methods of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concepts, role behaviours, attitudes, values, and abilities. Human’s personality can be
influenced by many factors, including by his environment Allport, 1970: 48. Environment may be the culture, customs, and traditions around him.
Pervin and John 1997: 4 say that personality represents some characteristics of a person that account for consistent patterns of feeling,
thinking, and behaving.
b. Components of Personality
According to Pervin and John 1997: 5, there are four components of personality, namely structure, process, growth and development, and
psychopathology and behaviour change. Structure refers to more stable and enduring aspects of personality. The
structural concepts are response, habit, trait, and type. They are popular in efforts to conceptualize what people are like. The concept of trait refers to the
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