References CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTION

116 ƒ Give some exercises about words categories ƒ Elicit and discuss the students’ answer ƒ Explain the concepts and theories of head, specifier and complement ƒ Give some exercise about head, specifer and complementizer ƒ Elicit and discuss the students’ answer ƒ Do the exercises ƒ Follow the discussion ƒ Listen to the lecturer ƒ Do the exercise ƒ Follow the discussion 10 minutes 10 minutes 20 minutes 20 minutes 20 minutes Post-Activities 5 minutes ƒ Review some important points about the material ƒ Listen to the lecturer 5 minutes

E. References

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman Nina Hymas. 2003. An Introduction to Language. 7 th ed. Boston: ThomsonWadsworth. O’Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff Janie Rees-Miller. 2005. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 5 th ed. Boston: BedfordSt. Martin’s Radford, Andrew. 1997. Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English: A Minimalist Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Radford, Andrew. 1997. Syntax: A Minimalist Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 117 MERGE OPERATIONS A. Category Category: A term used to denote a set of expressions which share a common set of linguistic properties. In syntax, the term is used for expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties. There are two categories. They are lexical categories and nonlexical categories Lexical Categories Examples noun N verb V adjective A preposition P adverb Adv Harry, boy, wheat, policy, moisture, bravery arrive, discuss, melt, hear, remain, dislike good, tall, old, intelligent, beautiful, fond to, in, on, near, at, by slowly, quietly, now, always, perhaps Nonlexical Categories Examples determiner Det auxiliary verb Aux modal nonmodal conjunction Con degree word Deg the, a, this, these, that will, can, may, must, should, could be, have and, or, but too, so, very, more, quite B. Determining Word’s Category There are three ways of determining words category. Words’ category can be determined by meaning, inflection and distribution. 1. Meaning Nouns typically name entities, including individuals Harry, Sue and objects book, desk. Verbs, on the other hands, characteristically designate actions jump, sing, sensations feel, hurt, and states be, remain. Adjectives are to designate a property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns. In a parallel way, adverbs typically denote properties and attributes of the actions, sensations, and sates designated by verbs. 2. Inflections Meaning is only one of several criteria to determine word’s category. Inflection can also be very useful for distinguishing among different categories of words. Category Inflectional affix Examples noun plural –s possessive –‘s books, chairs, doctors John’s, the man’s verb past tense –ed progressive –ing third person singular –s arrived, melted, hopped arriving, melting, hopping arrives, melts, hops adjective comparative –er superlative –est taller, faster, smarter tallest, fastest, smartest 118

C. Exercise 1. Indicate the category of each word.