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under the CP, the relative pronoun which moves to the initial position of the pronoun John. Once the position is vacated, the trace marks the original position
of the Wh phrase. The resulted phrase is the same as the phrase which is left.
e. The Syntactic Structure of the Adjective Clause
Another important colour of the X schema is the use of tree diagrams which can be used to represent the syntactic structure of a sentence. Alip 2006
states that by using tree diagrams, several and theoretically unlimited number of operations can be presented in the same diagram. Furthermore, Fromkin et al.
2003: 140-143 also elaborate that tree diagrams describe grammatical relation between words, phrases and sentences.
In other words, tree diagrams are representation of the language forms. In addition, this tree diagram also shows how those forms are generated. Therefore,
it does not only deal with the surface structure or language performance but also deals with the deep structure in which sentences are processed in speakers’ mind.
Furthermore, Alip 2006 also suggests the use of tree diagram in the scope of language teaching as a tool in analysing linguistic phenomena because of its
practicality. The following paragraph shows the application of the tree diagram in analysing the adjective clause of sentence [4].
One of the practical uses of tree diagram is to show how sentences are generated. Sentence [4], as an example, can be analysed using the tree diagrams to
show its syntactic structure. Figure 2.9 shows the merge operations of the deep structure of the sentence [4] which is rooted in a speaker’s mind.
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Figure 2.9 The Deep Structure of a Sentence Containing an Adjective Clause
The tree diagram as it is depicted by Figure 2.9 is able to capture the original arrangement or the deep structure of the sentence [4]. By applying the Wh
movement to the deep structure it will result in a surface structure as Figure 2.10 illustrates.
Figure 2.10 The Surface Structure of a Sentence Containing an Adjective Clause
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Comparing Figure 2.9 to Figure 2.10, the tree diagrams clearly show the syntactic structures of the sentence. It does not only capture the merge of each syntactic
category merges but also captures the transformation from the deep structures into the surface structures.
Based on the use of the tree diagram to analyse a sentence which contains an adjective clause as Figure 2.10 illustrates, it is clear that the tree diagram is
able to capture the merge operation of each syntactic category as well as the movement and the trace of a category. The merge operations result on the deep
structure in which the relative pronoun whom is in its original position. The movement operation then captures the movement of the relative pronoun whom
into new position which results the surface structure.
B. Theoretical Framework
X bar schema provides analytical explanation on how sentences like the adjective clause is generated. The core of the X schema is the head, specifiers and
complement. The X captures the hierarchical structures of phrases and sentence in the form of tree diagram. In particular, X schema captures four generalisations
O’Grady et al., 2005: 156. First, all phrases have a three-level structure X, X and XP. Second, all phrases contain a head X. Third, if there is a complement, it
is attached at the intermediate X level as a sister. Finally, if there is a specifier it is attached at the XP level. Head is the obligatory feature of a phrase whereas
specifier and complement can merge to the head alternatively through merger PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
