Terms, Definitions and Examples Description of the Course Goal Learning Objectives

112 Adjectives Clause Main Clauses, Subordinate Clauses and Relative Pronouns

A. Terms, Definitions and Examples

Terms Definition Examples Word Word is the smallest free form of language which means something and can be spoken or written Go, so, timid, man, on, stay, book, pen, stupid, cool, etc Phrase Phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject and a verb his story, red car, the green car, on Friday, her teacher, at the corner, beautiful girl, etc Clause Clause is a group of words containing; a subject and a verb. because he was late, as soon as he came, after the sun rises, etc Independent Clause Independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. Sue lives in New York. I know. I closed the door. Dependent Clause A dependent clause is a clause which cannot stands alone. It must be connected to an Independent clause. where sue lives, what you did, when they arrive, who lives there, whom I met, etc

B. Adjective Clauses

As the name suggests, the adjective clause functions like an adjective. An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies or gives further information about a noun. Please note this example [1] beautiful girl The adjective beautiful in the noun phrase beautiful girl gives further information about the noun girl. Please compare with the following matrix clause. [2] The boy who is smart is standing at the corner functions Similarly, the clause who is smart in the sentence [2] gives further information about the noun phrase The boy. Therefore, the clause who is smart is called an adjective clause. In addition, the main clause and the adjective clause are combined by a relative pronoun. The use of the relative pronoun is varied based on the noun which is modified.

1. Who

The relative pronoun who introduces an adjective clause when it modifies or gives further explanation about people. The relative pronoun who replaces the use of he, she, or they. The sentence below illustrates it. [3] I thanked the woman who helped me. The presence of the relative pronoun who in the clause who helped me introduces that it is an adjective clause. Sentence [3] consists of an independent clause [2a] and dependent clause [2b]. [3a] I thanked the woman. [3b] The woman helped me. The phrase the woman in [3b] corresponds to the phrase the woman in [3a] therefore the relative pronoun who is used when those two sentences are combined in which one those sentences functions as a modifier. 113

2. Which

Conversely, the relative pronoun which introduces an adjective clause when it modifies or gives further explanation about things. Sentence [4] illustrates the use of which in an adjective clause. [4] Where is the cheese which was in the fridge? Following the same arguments, sentence [4] consists of a dependent clause [4a] and an independent clause [4b]. [4a] Where is the cheese? [4b] It was in the fridge. The pronoun it in [4b] corresponds to the phrase the cheese in [4a]. Therefore, the relative pronoun which takes the position of the pronoun to form the sentence [3].

3. Whom

Similarly to the former relative pronoun, the relative pronoun whom introduces an adjective clause when it modifies about people. However, whom is generally used only in formal English. In speaking who is commonly used instead of whom. However, in the perspective of grammar the relative pronoun whom is used when it is the object of the verb in an adjective clause. Sentence [5] illustrates the use of whom in an adjective clause. [5] The man whom I met was Lecter. Based on the arguments that an adjective clause connects to an independent clause, sentence [5a] and [5b] comprise [5]. [5a] The man was Lecter [5b] I met him. Comparing [5a] and [5b] the presence of the relative pronoun whom is clear then. The object pronoun him which functions as an object corresponds to the noun Lecter. Therefore, the relative pronoun whom occupies the object position to make up sentence [5].

4. That

Another relative pronoun which introduces either people or things is that. The relative pronoun that occupies same properties as which and who. Instead of using who and which, that can be used in an adjective clause. Following the arguments then, sentence [6] and [7] below share the same meaning as sentence [3] and [4]. [6] I thanked the woman that helped me. [7] Where is the cheese that was in the fridge. A final point which should be clear is that those relative pronouns also occurs in a noun clause. The relative pronoun who, which and that can function as a connector in a noun clause. However, the nature of the noun clause naturally distinguishes from an adjective clause. As the name suggest, a noun clause is a clause which is treated like a noun. Therefore, it can occupy the position of subject, object and object preposition whereas an adjective clause cannot. It should be another point which needs to be taken in to account in considering an adjective clause in a sentence. 114

C. Exercise 1. Combine these following sentences to be a sentence which contain an adjective

clause. 1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. 2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away. 3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient. 4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. 5. Some people was arrested. They have now been released. 6. The students was very handsome. I met the students. 7. The boy was my friends. You met the boy. 8. The woman was away on holiday. I wanted to see her. 9. The man was a burglar. I saw him 10. The book is expensive. The book is on the table.

2. Indicate the main clause and the adjective clause of the following sentences.

1. Barbara works for a company that makes washing machine. MC: SC: 2. The book is about a girl who runs away from home. MC: SC: 3. Alexander Bell was the man who invented the telephone. MC: SC: 4. A mystery is something which cannot be explained. MC: SC: 5. I don’t like people who are never on time. MC: SC: 6. The cheese which was on fridge was missing. MC: SC: 7. The woman whom I kissed was a supermodel. MC: SC: 8. The students whom we met yesterday were brilliant. MC: SC: 9. The lady whom I asked to dance was the most beautiful woman. MC: SC: 10. The landlord whom we visited yesterday was very cheapskate. MC: SC: 115 LESSON PLAN MEETING ONE

A. Description of the Course

Name of the course : English Morpho-Syntax Topic : Merge Operation Sub Topic : Head, Specifier and Complementizer Time Allocation : 100 minutes Number of Students : ± 40 students

B. Goal

At the end of the course students are able to understand the major concepts of English Syntax, the syntax of phrases, the syntax of clauses, special constructions, and some semantics interpretation of English constructions.

C. Learning Objectives

5. The students are able to name correctly words based on their syntactic categories. 6. The students are able to classify words based on their syntactic categories. 7. The students are able to recognise the head, specifier and complementizer of phrases. 8. The students are able to demonstrate merge operations of simple phrases. D. Learning Activities Time Allocation Learning Activities Teacher Students Time Allocation minutes Pre-Activities 5 minutes ƒ Greet the students ƒ Introduce the merge operation material ƒ Respond to the lecturer ƒ Listen to the lecturer 3’ 2’ Main Activities 90 minutes ƒ Explain the concepts and theories of words categories ƒ Listen to the lecturer 10 minutes 116 ƒ Give some exercises about words categories ƒ Elicit and discuss the students’ answer ƒ Explain the concepts and theories of head, specifier and complement ƒ Give some exercise about head, specifer and complementizer ƒ Elicit and discuss the students’ answer ƒ Do the exercises ƒ Follow the discussion ƒ Listen to the lecturer ƒ Do the exercise ƒ Follow the discussion 10 minutes 10 minutes 20 minutes 20 minutes 20 minutes Post-Activities 5 minutes ƒ Review some important points about the material ƒ Listen to the lecturer 5 minutes

E. References