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resulted phrase after the movement was an IP. This answer was incorrect because IP labels the merger between the NP John and the I without any movement
operations. Finally, there were three students 6.67 answered that the phrase which was resulted after the movement operation is a VP. This answer was also
incorrect since VP labeled the merge operation between the verb bought and the NP which before it moved. In addition, there was one 2.22 student did not
answer the question.
c. Wh Movement and Trace on Inflection Phrase
The last four questions measured the students’ performance on the Wh movement and trace. In general these four questions were intended to measure the
students’ performance to review, to recognise and to apply the principle of the Wh movement on an inflection phrase IP. In other words, they should consider the
relation between the complementizer phrase CP and the inflection phrase IP of the matrix clause as well as the deep structure and the surface structure.
According to O’Grady et al. 2005: 170, a transformation only change an element’s position. It does not change and eliminate any categories of words.
Thus, the Wh movement which is dubbed as a NP that occurs in the CP retains the same. It is sustained by Radford 1997: 219 that properties which are left behind
must have the same feature as it used to. Furthermore, once it is vacated by the Wh movement of the Wh phrase under the CP, the Wh leaves an empty category
which is called traces t O’Grady et al., 2005: 170 and Radford, 1997: 220-222. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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On question number seven, the students were required to locate the original position of the relative pronoun whom in sentence [4] based on the tree
diagram as Figure 4.3a illustrates. [4] The man whom you met is my teacher.
In order to answer correctly, certainly the students should understand the concepts and theories of the trace. They should also understand the concepts and theories of
the deep structure and the surface structure.
Figure 4.3a The Tree Diagram of the Question Number 7 and 8
The occurrence of the relative pronoun whom in sentence [4] clearly showed that it was an adjective clause. Therefore, according to Celce-Murcia and
Larsen-Freeman 1999: 571-573 and Murphy 1985: 182 and 184, sentence [4] consisted of two sentences in which one of the sentences was embedded into
another sentence. Those two sentences are [4a] and [4b]. In this case, [4b] embedded into [4a] to form a complex sentence.
[4a] The man is my teacher. [4b] You met the man.
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Comparing [4a], [4b] and [4], the [4b] embedded to the [4a]. The presence of the relative pronoun whom was because it replaced the phrase the man in [4b]
Murphy, 1985: 186. By following the arguments above, sentence [4] has the deep structure as
Figure 4.3b illustrates in which the phrase the man is already replaced by the relative pronoun whom.
Figure 4.3b The D-Structure of the Sentence [4]
The word you was a noun, therefore it should be noted as N. The word met was a verb, therefore, it took V as the category. The word whom, since it replaced the
phrase the man, it should be dubbed as N. The verb met merged with the relative pronoun whom and formed a VP. However, the verb met it should be dubbed as I
Fromkin et al., 2003: 133 and O’Grady et al., 2005: 160. Finally, the I took the word you as the specifier and it turned out to be an IP. However, this IP attached
into the main clause to modify the NP of the main clause. Therefore, if it was perceived in a larger scope, this IP functioned as a CP. On the other hand, NP
which was modified by the CP labeled the merge between the determiner the and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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the noun man. Finally, the auxiliary verb is merged to the NP my teacher to form an I. A final point which should be noted was about the relative pronoun whom.
As the nature of an adjective clause which resembles to Wh question, the relative pronoun moved into another position O’Grady et al., 2005: 175. Applying this
movement, it would result into the surface structure as Figure 4.3c illustrates.
Figure 4.3c The S-Structure of the Sentence [4]
In Figure 4.3c it was clear that the trace captured the relative pronoun whom movement into another position under the CP. The trace also showed the empty
position which was left had the same category as the new position. The trace also located that the original position of the relative pronoun was merger with the verb
met. The feature +Rel O’Grady et al., 2005: 184 was only to show that it was an adjective clause. At the end, the NP of the phrase the man which was modified by
the CP merged with the I to form an IP as Figure 4.3c illustrates. Based on the test, most of the students answered correctly. There were 36
students 80 overcame this question. They were able to locate that the original PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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position of the relative pronoun whom was merger with the verb met then moved under the CP next to the NP which was modified. However, there were four
students 8.89 stated that the relative pronoun whom did not move. Certainly, this answer was incorrect because it violated the rule which required to move the
relative pronoun under the position of CP O’Grady et al., 2005: 175. Figure 4.3c clearly depicted this arguments. Furthermore, there were five students 11.11
answered that the original position of the relative pronoun was on the determiner my. It was also incorrect because it had been the nature of the relative pronoun to
replace the noun or pronoun which preceded it. In the case of sentence [4], the relative pronouns modified the subject of the main clause Azar, 1999: 268 and
Murphy, 1985: 184. Furthermore, the trace also did not capture that the relative pronoun moved from the position of the determiner my.
On the other hand, on question number eight, the students were required to find the head of the IP of the main clause. It had been mentioned above that [4a] is
the main clause and [4b] embedded in the main clause as an adjective clause. The embedding was also clearly depicted in Figure 4.3c. Figure 4.3c depicted clearly
that IP consisted of merge operation between the I and the NP which was modified by the CP. As O’Grady et al. 2005: 160-161 and as well as Fromkin et
al. 2003: 134-135 put forward, the I category was the head of a sentence. Based on the Figure 4.3c, there were two I categories. The one belonged to the verb met
and another belonged to the auxiliary verb is. However, it was the I category which belonged to the auxiliary verb is became the head of the main clause. It was
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because the I of the verb met was located under the position of CP. In other words, it was the head of the CP.
Based on the test, there were only 11 students 24.44 answered correctly that the auxiliary verb is functions as the head. On the other hand, there
were 27 students 60 answered the question incorrectly by stating the NP the man was the head of the main clause. It was certainly incorrect because of its role.
Although the NP was on the position under the IP, it was not the head because it did not specify the time frame and marked the tense as it was suggested by the
literatures Fromkin et al., 2003: 134-135 and O’Grady et al., 2005: 160-161. Furthermore, there were two students 4.44 answered the verb met as the head.
It was incorrect because the I of the verb met was located under the position of CP. CP embedded in the main clause and only functioned as the modifier of the
NP the man. Therefore, the verb under this category was not the head of the main clause O’Grady et al., 2005: 156. Finally, there were five students 11.11
answered the IP as the main clause. The IP was not the head of the main clause because the IP was the result of the merge operation of the I which was the head
of the main clause and the NP which was modified by the CP. The IP was also not the head of the main clause because it did not mark or specify the sentence’s
tense. Question number nine was similar to question number seven. The question
required the students to locate the original position of the relative pronoun that in sentence [5]. However, the difference was on the absence of the auxiliary verb as
the head in the IP or the matrix clause. Besides, sentence [5] was also different PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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from the sentence [4] in its nature. Sentence [5] was an object-object adjective clause whereas sentence [4] was a subject-object adjective clause. In spite of the
difference, sentence [5] shared similar analyses to the former. [5] I took the book that you mentioned.
The Figure 4.4a illustrates the tree diagram of sentence [5] in which the students need to analyse.
Figure 4.4a The Tree Diagram of the Question number 9 and 10
The first points that should be look at the sentence [5] was the presence of the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that could be used instead of which
Azar, 1999: 268 and Murphy, 1985: 184. The presence of the relative pronoun that also suggested that sentence [5] contained an adjective clause. Therefore,
sentence [5] could be broken into two sentences and became [5a] and [5b] [5a] I took the book.
[5b] You mentioned the book. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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By comparing sentence [5] and the two new sentences [5a] and [5b], it was clear that sentence [5b] embedded into the sentence [5a] and then functioned as a
modifier or an adjective clause. The phrase the book in [5b] was replaced by the relative pronoun that because it corresponded to the phrase the book in [5a].
Following the arguments above of sentence [5], the deep structures of the sentence could be illustrated on Figure 4.4b.
Figure 4.4b The D-Structure of the Sentence [5]
The relative pronoun that was noted as N because it replaced the noun phrase the book. The word mentioned was dubbed as I because it marked the tense and
specified the time frame Fromkin et al., 2003: 133-134. The I merged together with the relative pronoun that and formed an I which functioned as the head.
Next, it merged together to the noun you which was noted as N and turned out to be an IP. However, this IP embedded into the main clause. Therefore, this IP
should be noted as a CP Fromkin et al., 2003: 148-149 and O’Grady et al., 2005: 166. On the other hand, the phrase the book merged with the verb took which
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functioned as the head of the matrix clause to form an I. The I merged to the pronoun I to form the IP. By applying the movement operation which required to
move the Wh phrase under the CP, it would result the surface structures as Figure 4.4c illustrates. Needless to say, the trace should also be considered because the
trace marked clearly the Wh movement as well as the indicated the position which was left.
Figure 4.4c The S-Structure of the Sentence [5]
The trace captured the movement of the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that functioned as the complement of the verb mentioned moves to the
position under the CP. The category which was left after the movement remained the same as the new category of the relative pronoun under the CP. The +Rel
feature was to show that it was a relative or an adjective clause. Based on the test, most of the students answered the question correctly.
There were 35 students 77.78 answered correctly. They stated that the original position of the relative pronoun that before the movement operation was as the
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complement of the verb mentioned. However, there were seven students or 15.56 answered that +Rel was the original position of the relative pronoun
that. It was certainly incorrect because this feature was only to show that this phrase was a relative clause O’Grady et. al., 2005: 184. Moreover, based on
Figure 4.4c the trace did not capture the movement. Finally, there were three students 6.67 answered that I under the position of CP was the original
position of the relative pronoun that. It was also incorrect because I was used only for category which was related to the tense and time frame state Fromkin et al.,
2003: 134-135 and O’Grady et al., 2005: 160-161 whereas the relative pronoun was closely associated with the state of noun or pronoun. Furthermore, the trace
also did not capture the movement from this position. The question number ten required the students to figure out the role of the
complementizer phrase in the matrix clause [5]. Based on Figure 4.4c, the node CP was under the NP. Therefore, it meant that the role of the CP modified the NP
Fromkin et al., 2003: 148 and O’Grady et al., 2005: 166. It was also in line with the arguments that the CP was an adjective clause which functioned as a modifier
Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman, 1999: 576-577 The result of the test showed that there were 24 students 53.33 stated
that the role of CP was to modify the NP. On the other hand, there were 14 students 31.11 incorrectly answered by stating that CP modified the
complement. It was incorrect because CP functioned as the complement of the NP. Furthermore, there were four students 8.89 answered that the CP modified
the VP. It was incorrect because the CP position was under the NP. Therefore, it PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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was the NP which was modified. Finally, there were one student 2.22 answered that CP functioned as the head. It was also incorrect because the head
should be occupied by a category which showed the sentence tense and marked the time frame. The CP did not take up those two roles. In addition, there were
two students 4.44 left the answer empty.
d. Drawing the Tree Diagram
