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CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW
In this chapter, the researcherdiscusses the theories related to the study. This literary review consists of two major parts. They are theoretical description
and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
In this theoretical description, the researcher discusses and focuses on the theoriesrelated tothis research. There are three parts; perception, role play, and
speaking.
1. Perception
a. Definition of Perception
According to Altman, Valenzi, and Hodgetts 1985: 85, perception is“the
result of interpreting the stimuli meaningfully by which people select and group the stimuli”. In addition, George and Jones 2005 states that perception is “the
process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the input f rom individual’s
senses hearing, smell, touch, vision, and taste in order to give meanings to their environment”. McShame and Glinow 2005 also define perception as the process
of receiving information and making sense of the world around us. Based on the definitions above, itcan be concluded that perception is the opinion or point of
view of the perceiver of an object or an event which exists or happens in the
9 environment or in the world. It is possible that each person hashisher own
perception of a phenomenon based on hisher own way of thinking.
b. The Process of Perception
According to Altman at al. 1985:86, a perceptual process begins when the individual’s sensor select the data from the stimulus. Sensory receptors store
the stimulus that are obtained from the environment and then transfer it to the brain. Altmanat al. 1985:86 also states
that “the sensor selects the data from stimulus and allow individual to interpret to the sensory message”. Next,
perception is formed after the stimulus isinterpreted by the brain. Finally, the result of the individual’s perception will lead them to different behavior response.
Furthermore, Altman at al. 1985: 86 defines the perceptual process as shown in figure below:
Figure 2.1 The Perceptual Process Altman at al., 1985, p. 86
c. Factors Influencing Perception
According to Altmanat al. 1985, there are four factors that can influence someone’s perception; there are selection of stimuli, organization of stimuli,
situation, and the person’s self concept. The first factor that can influence
Stimuli Sensors’
selection of stimuli
Perception, organization,
and interpretation
of stimuli Behavioral
response
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